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The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See include titles, chivalric orders, distinctions and medals honoured by the Holy See, with the Pope as the fount of honour, for deeds and merits of their recipients to the benefit of the Holy See, the Catholic Church, or their respective communities, societies, nations and the world at large.

Some of these honours are defunct or currently dormant, while some are still actively conferred.

Chivalric orders

Papal orders of knighthood or Pontifical orders of knighthood are orders of knighthood bestowed in the name of the Pope of the Catholic Church by his authority as head of the Holy See and sovereign of the Vatican City State. Historically, membership in these orders was either conferred by Papal bulls not signed by the Pope or by apostolic letters signed by the Pope himself. Since the reforms of these orders in the beginning of the 20th century, the diplomas have been signed by the Cardinal Secretary of State.

The Papal Orders of Knighthood comprise five orders awarded directly by the Holy See and two others which it 'recognises and supports': the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. (The term equestrian in this context refers to the nature of these orders as knightly – conferring knighthood on members – derived from the Equestrians (Equites), a social class of Ancient Rome.)

Supreme Order of Christ (no members as of 31 July 1993)
Order of the Golden Spur (no members as of 23 April 2019)
Order of Pius IX
Order of Saint Gregory the Great
Order of Saint Sylvester

Of the papal orders, the highest and most infrequently awarded is the Supreme Order of Christ; the second order is the equally rare Order of the Golden Spur; the third is the Order of Pius IX; the fourth is the Order of Saint Gregory the Great; and the fifth is the Order of Saint Sylvester.

The awards of the Orders of Christ and the Golden Spur are made at the express wish of the Pope in consultation with the Cardinal Secretary of State.
Awards of the Order of Pius IX (or Pian Order) are made to heads of state and senior members of their household at the time of official visits to the Holy See, to senior members of diplomatic missions accredited to the Vatican, and exceptionally, to those who have particularly served the Pope or the Holy See, at the discretion of the Cardinal Secretary of State.
Awards of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great and the Order of Saint Sylvester are generally made on the recommendation of diocesan bishops, with the support of the apostolic nuncio.

Supreme Order of Christ

Tracing its origins to the dissolution of the Knights Templar, the Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ was established in 1319 in the Kingdom of Portugal and recognised by the Papal bull Ad ea ex quibus of 15 March 1319 of Pope John XXII.^[1] Some historians claim that under the terms of Ad ea ex quibus, the Popes instituted the right to award the membership of the Order themselves, though its text does not explicitly treat of this right.^[2] The position of the Catholic Church is that the Pope is the head of every religious order, and thus he can grant admission to these orders without the permission of their superiors general.^[3] The awarding of the Pope of the Supreme Order of Christ motu proprio brought the Papacy and the Crown of Portugal into conflict on several occasions, as the King of Portugal believed himself to be the only legitimate fons honorum of the Order. Protests regarding this conflict were made to Rome as late as 1825.^[1]

During a reorganisation of the Papal orders in 1905, Pope Pius X rendered the Supreme Order of Christ as the most senior Papal honour. On 15 April 1966, in the Papal bull Equestres ordinis, Pope Paul VI limited the award to Roman Catholic heads of state in commemoration of significant events that the Pope personally attended. The most recent presentation of the Order was to Frà Angelo de Mojana, 77th Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, in 1987. The last living member of the Order was King Baudouin of Belgium, who died in 1993.^[4]

Order of the Golden Spur/Militia

The second highest Papal order is the Order of the Golden Spur, also denominated the "Order of the Golden Militia". There is a lack of clear historical evidence of its foundation, but it is certain that it is the oldest of the Papal Orders. Broad authority to grant the Order diminished its prestige, and led Pope Gregory XVI to place the Order under the patronage of the Order of St. Sylvester in 1841. As part of this reorganization, the Pope limited the ability to grant the Order and revoked the appointments of those who were not granted it by Papal brief. In 1905 Pope Pius X separated the Order from the Order of St. Sylvester, establishing it as the Order of the Golden Militia.^[3] He also limited the number of knights to one hundred. A Papal bull of 1966 further limited it to Christian sovereigns and heads of state. That bull also denominated it the "Order of the Golden Militia", but the Annuario Pontificio lists it under two names, both as the "Order of the Golden Spur" and as the "Order of the Golden Militia".^[5] Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg was the last living knight of the Order.^[6]

Order of Pius IX

The third highest Papal order is the Order of Pius IX, founded on 17 June 1847 by Pope Pius IX.^[3] The Order of Pius IX is the highest Papal order currently awarded.^[7] There previously existed an Order of Pian Knights, founded in the 16th century, which later fell into abeyance. It is not related to this order. The Order of Pius IX is the first of the Papal Orders, by order of precedence, to include different grades. The highest grade is the Collar, followed by the Grand Cross, Commander with Star, Commander, and Knight. The Order may be presented to non-Catholic Christians and to non-Christians.^[5]

Order of Saint Gregory the Great

The fourth highest Papal order is the Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great. Pope Gregory XVI established the order on 1 September 1831 by the Papal brief Quod summis. It is awarded in four classes, with military and civil divisions. It was initially founded to reward meritorious civic or military service to the Papal States.^[3] Through the reforms of 1905, the Order was modified so that the classes paralleled those of the Order of Pius IX, excluding the collar. The Order is currently awarded for conspicuous service to the Catholic Church, without regard to religious affiliation.^[5] These awards are typically given premised on recommendations from bishops or Papal nuncios for specific services rendered to the Catholic Church. Membership in the Order of St. Gregory the Great does not carry the religious obligations of the military orders, making it the preferred award of merit for individual service to the Catholic Church. Since 1994, women have been appointed as "dames" in the same classes as men.^[8]

Order of Saint Sylvester

The fifth highest Papal order is the Order of St. Sylvester. In 1841, Pope Gregory XVI reformed the Order of the Golden Spur as an order of merit, with recipients appointed by Papal brief. This reformed order was known as the "Order of St. Sylvester and the Golden Militia". The reforms of 1905 resulted in the separation of that order into the Order of St. Sylvester and the Order of the Golden Spur.^[3] The Order of St. Sylvester is presented in the same classes and grades as the Order of St. Gregory the Great, and is typically awarded to recognize and reward members of the laity for active service in the apostolates. It may also be presented to non-Catholics.^[5]

Orders under the protection of the Holy See

The term Papal Orders of Knighthood officially includes the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre, a religious order of chivalry, as it is under the direct protection of the Pope, who is sovereign of the order, and which has a Cardinal as Grand Master. The Order is headquartered in the Vatican City State.

Several military religious orders were established at the time of, and since, the Crusades. Of these, only the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and the Order of Malta are recognised by the Holy See.^[9]

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a sovereign order of chivalry. The Order and the Holy See exchange ambassadors. The Pope is not Sovereign of the Order nor does he appoint members to the ranks of knighthood. He is, however, the first to be informed following the election of the Grand Master and appoints a Cardinal Protector of the Order. The Grand Master, a lay professed religious, ranks as a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and his accorded the title Eminent Highness and Prince.

Order of the Holy Sepulchre

The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem traces its founding to the First Crusade, although not as an organised crusading order but an association of knights. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1182, it remained an order of chivalry. In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII suppressed the Order and ruled that it was to be merged with the Knights Hospitaller. In 1496, Pope Alexander VI restored the independence of the Order, decreed that the Order would no longer be governed by the office of Custodian, and further decreed that the senior office of the Order would henceforth be raised to the rank of "Grand Master", reserving this title for himself and his successors. In 1847, Pope Pius IX reorganized the Order and placed it under the direct protection of the Holy See. In 1949, Pope Pius XII decreed that the Grand Master of the Order would henceforth be a cardinal appointed directly by the Pope, who would remain Sovereign of the Order. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem is ex officio Grand Prior of the Order, while the lay head is the Governor-General.^[10] The present Cardinal Grand Master is Fernando Filoni succeeding Edwin Frederick O'Brien, on 8 December 2019.^[11]

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Order of Malta also traces its history to the late 11th century, but it first became a religious military order by a bull of Pope Paschal II of 1113. The Grand Master is elected by the Council Complete of State of the Order^[12] and serves for life or until abdication. Before a person elected as the Grand Master takes the oath of office, the Pope must be informed of the election.^[13] The Pope also appoints the Cardinal Patron and a prelate of the Order.^[14]

Defunct/dormant orders

Other Catholic chivalric orders

Historically, many military orders and other chivalric orders were founded in association with the Holy See. Most of them became extinct, were suppressed, or merged with contemporary chivalric orders. Some of them survived under the protection of the Holy See as in the list above. A few of them remained as patrimony of dynastic royal houses. Some of these dynastic orders of knighthood were recognised as Roman Catholic by Papal bulls of the Holy See, and although they are no more affiliated with or protected by the Holy See, some of them are still exclusively designated for Catholics.^[15]

In response to a proliferation of self-proclaimed chivalric orders claiming recognition from the Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See's Secretariat of State issued a statement clarifying that "other than its own Equestrian Orders [...] the Holy See recognises and supports only the Sovereign Military Order of Malta [...] and the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre".^[16] All other self-styled chivalric orders, the statement continued, "whether of recent origin or mediaeval foundation, are not recognised by the Holy See" and "the Holy See does not guarantee their historical or juridical legitimacy, their ends or organisational structures... to prevent the continuation of abuses which may result in harm to people of good faith, the Holy See confirms that it attributes absolutely no value whatsoever to certificates of membership or insignia issued by these groups, and it considers inappropriate the use of churches or chapels for their so-called 'ceremonies of investiture'."^[9]

The Teutonic Order is no longer an order of chivalry, but is a purely religious order within the Roman Church.^[17] The Teutonic Order was founded as a hospital brotherhood in 1190 in Acre, Israel. In 1198, the Order became a religious military order of chivalry. However, since 1929 it has been a purely religious order of priests, brothers and sisters, with a category of 12 honorary knights and an unlimited number of associates, known as Marianer. Its headquarters are in Vienna, Austria. The current Grand Master of the Teutonic Order is Frank Bayard.^[18]

Other distinctions

Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice

The medal was established in 1888 and is awarded by the Pope to members of the clergy and laity for service to the Catholic Church and the Pope. Until 1996, it was the highest Papal decoration that could be awarded to women.^[19]

Benemerenti medal

The Benemerenti Medal is awarded by the Pope to members of the clergy and laity for service to the Catholic Church. The tradition can be traced back to the 18th century.

Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross

The Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross was established in 1901. It is an honour awarded in the name of the Pope as a recognition of merit to pilgrims to the Holy Land.^[20]

Golden Rose

The Golden Rose is a gold ornament. Recipients have included churches and sanctuaries, royalty, military figures, and governments.

Defunct/dormant distinctions

Titles and honours

Political titles

References

^ ^a ^b de Bragança, José Vicente. "The Military Order of Christ and the Papal Croce di Cristo". Portuguese Military Orders. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Papal Orders". Chivalricorders.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rock, P.M.J. (1913). "Pontifical Decorations" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Todorov, Borislav (15 April 1966). "Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain". PapalKnights.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sainty, Guy Stair. "History of the Papal Orders". Burke's Peerage. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ World Orders of Knighthood & Merit. "Did you know?". wokm.co.uk. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ Todorov, Borislav. "Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain". PapalKnights.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Sainty, Guy Stair (7 February 1905). "The Papal Order of Saint Gregory the Great". Chivalricorders.org. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Note of Clarification From the Secretariat of State". Vatican News. December 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.
^ "Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem". Vatican City. Grand Magisterium of OESSG. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 15.03.2012". press.catholica.va. Retrieved 14 April 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ Constitutional Charter 1998, Article 14.
^ "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ "Le Associazioni dei". icocregister.org.
^ "NOTE OF CLARIFICATION FROM THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE". Order of Malta. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ Deutscher Orden. "Ausschließliche Authentizität des Deutschen Ordens". deutscher-orden.at. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
^ "Deutscher Orden". Teutonic Knights. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ "Ehrenzeichen (auch als ""Ehrenkreuz"" bezeichnet) ""Pro Ecclesia et Pontefice""". Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ "The decoration created by Leon XIII for the Holy Land Pilgrims". custodia.org. Gerusalemme – San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour's Monastery. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ Fraser, Antonia. The Wives of Henry VIII. p. 95.

Sources and external links

Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. p. 196. ISBN 0-670-86745-4.
Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Vatican, by Megan Robertson (at Medals of the World website)
The Knights of The Holy See by Alessandra Malesci Baccani, Office of the Knighthood of Honors and Heraldic, official website of the Italian government
Kay Ehling und Jörg Ernesti: Glänzende Propaganda. Kirchengeschichte auf Papstmedaillen. Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 2019, ISBN 978-3451376986

[braganca-1] Bragança, José Vicente. "The Military Order of Christ and the Papal Croce di Cristo". Portuguese Military Orders. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[sainty-2] Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Papal Orders". Chivalricorders.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[cathenc-3] Rock, P.M.J. (1913). "Pontifical Decorations" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[4] Todorov, Borislav (15 April 1966). "Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain". PapalKnights.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[sainty2-5] Sainty, Guy Stair. "History of the Papal Orders". Burke's Peerage. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[6] World Orders of Knighthood & Merit. "Did you know?". wokm.co.uk. Retrieved 8 April 2012.

[7] Todorov, Borislav. "Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain". PapalKnights.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[8] Sainty, Guy Stair (7 February 1905). "The Papal Order of Saint Gregory the Great". Chivalricorders.org. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[news.va-9] "Note of Clarification From the Secretariat of State". Vatican News. December 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.

[10] "Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem". Vatican City. Grand Magisterium of OESSG. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

[11] "Rinunce e Nomine, 15.03.2012". press.catholica.va. Retrieved 14 April 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}

[12] "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

[13] Constitutional Charter 1998, Article 14.

[14] "Sovereign Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

[15] "Le Associazioni dei". icocregister.org.

[16] "NOTE OF CLARIFICATION FROM THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE". Order of Malta. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2020.

[OT_PR-17] Deutscher Orden. "Ausschließliche Authentizität des Deutschen Ordens". deutscher-orden.at. Retrieved 3 July 2019.

[18] "Deutscher Orden". Teutonic Knights. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

[kuenker-19] "Ehrenzeichen (auch als ""Ehrenkreuz"" bezeichnet) ""Pro Ecclesia et Pontefice""". Retrieved 30 April 2018.

[CUSTODIA-20] "The decoration created by Leon XIII for the Holy Land Pilgrims". custodia.org. Gerusalemme – San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour's Monastery. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[21] Fraser, Antonia. The Wives of Henry VIII. p. 95.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Papal Orders and decoration of merit of the Holy See}}
 {{distinguish|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}
+{{Multiple issues|
 {{Expand German|date=January 2016}}
+{{Expand Italian|date=January 2020}}
+}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
 {{Roman Catholicism}}
 The '''orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See''' include [[title of honour|titles]], [[chivalric order]]s, [[Award|distinctions]] and [[medal]]s honoured by the [[Holy See]], with the [[Pope]] as the [[fount of honour]], for deeds and merits of their recipients to the benefit of the Holy See, the [[Catholic Church]], or their respective communities, societies, nations and the world at large.
@@ Line 9: / Line 15: @@
 ''Papal orders of knighthood'' or ''Pontifical orders of knighthood'' are [[order of knighthood|orders of knighthood]] bestowed in the name of the Pope of the Catholic Church by his authority as head of the Holy See and [[sovereignty|sovereign]] of the [[Vatican City State]]. Historically, membership in these orders was either conferred by [[Papal bull]]s not signed by the Pope or by [[Ecclesiastical letter|apostolic letters]] signed by the Pope himself. Since the reforms of these orders in the beginning of the 20th century, the [[diploma]]s have been signed by the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]].
+The Papal Orders of Knighthood comprise five orders awarded directly by the Holy See and two others which it 'recognises and supports': the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] and the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]]. (The term ''equestrian'' in this context refers to the nature of these orders as knightly – conferring knighthood on members – derived from the Equestrians ([[Equites]]), a [[Social class in ancient Rome|social class of Ancient Rome]].)
-In general, ''Papal orders of knighthood'' refers to the five equestrian orders of the Holy See awarded directly by the Supreme Pontiff as head of the Catholic Church, Holy See and Vatican City State - as temporal sovereign and font of honour (similar to the orders given by other heads of state).
-The term ''equestrian'' in this context refers to the nature of these orders as knightly - conferring knighthood on members - derived from the Equestrians ([[Equites]]), a [[Social class in ancient Rome|social class of Ancient Rome]].
-* [[Supreme Order of Christ]] (no members as of 1993)
+* [[Supreme Order of Christ]] (no members as of 31 July 1993)
 * [[Order of the Golden Spur]] (no members as of 23 April 2019)
 * [[Order of Pius IX]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 23: @@
 * [[Order of Saint Sylvester]]
-Of the papal orders, the highest and most infrequently awarded is the [[Order of Christ (papacy)|Supreme Order of Christ]]; the second order is the equally rare [[Order of the Golden Spur]]; the third is the [[Order of Pius IX]]; the fourth is the [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great]]; and the fifth is the [[Order of Saint Sylvester|Order of Saint Sylvester Pope and Martyr]].
+Of the papal orders, the highest and most infrequently awarded is the [[Order of Christ (papacy)|Supreme Order of Christ]]; the second order is the equally rare [[Order of the Golden Spur]]; the third is the [[Order of Pius IX]]; the fourth is the [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great]]; and the fifth is the [[Order of Saint Sylvester]].
 *The awards of the Orders of Christ and the Golden Spur are made at the express wish of the Pope in consultation with the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]].
 *Awards of the Order of Pius IX (or Pian Order) are made to [[Head of state|heads of state]] and senior members of their household at the time of official visits to the Holy See, to senior members of diplomatic missions accredited to the Vatican, and exceptionally, to those who have particularly served the Pope or the Holy See, at the discretion of the Cardinal Secretary of State.
@@ Line 26: / Line 31: @@
 {{main|Supreme Order of Christ}}
-Tracing its origins to the dissolution of the [[Knights Templar]], the [[History of the Order of Christ|Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] was established in 1319 in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and recognised by the [[Papal bull]] ''Ad ea ex quibus'' of 15 March 1319 of [[Pope John XXII]].<ref name=braganca>{{cite web |last=de Bragança |first=José Vicente |title=The Military Order of Christ and the Papal Croce di Cristo |url=//jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html |work=Portuguese Military Orders |accessdate=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506100231/http://jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html |archivedate=6 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some historians claim that under the terms of ''Ad ea ex quibus'', the Popes instituted the right to award the membership of the Order themselves, though its text does not explicitly treat of this right.<ref name=sainty>{{cite web|last=Sainty |first=Guy Stair |title=The Papal Orders |url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/christ.htm |work=Chivalricorders.org |accessdate=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511162402/http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/christ.htm |archivedate=11 May 2008 }}</ref> The position of the [[Catholic Church]] is that the [[Pope]] is the head of every religious order, and thus he can grant admission to these orders without the permission of their [[superior general|superiors general]].<ref name=cathenc>{{CathEncy |wstitle= Pontifical Decorations |first=P.M.J. |last=Rock |accessdate =14 April 2012}}</ref> The awarding of the Pope of the [[Supreme Order of Christ]] ''[[motu proprio]]'' brought the Papacy and the [[Crown of Portugal]] into conflict on several occasions, as the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] believed himself to be the only legitimate ''[[Fount of honour|fons honorum]]'' of the Order. Protests regarding this conflict were made to [[Rome]] as late as 1825.<ref name=braganca/>
+Tracing its origins to the dissolution of the [[Knights Templar]], the [[History of the Order of Christ|Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] was established in 1319 in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and recognised by the [[Papal bull]] ''Ad ea ex quibus'' of 15 March 1319 of [[Pope John XXII]].<ref name=braganca>{{cite web |last=de Bragança |first=José Vicente |title=The Military Order of Christ and the Papal Croce di Cristo |url=//jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html |work=Portuguese Military Orders |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506100231/http://jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html |archive-date=6 May 2008 }}</ref> Some historians claim that under the terms of ''Ad ea ex quibus'', the Popes instituted the right to award the membership of the Order themselves, though its text does not explicitly treat of this right.<ref name=sainty>{{cite web|last=Sainty |first=Guy Stair |title=The Papal Orders |url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/christ.htm |work=Chivalricorders.org |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511162402/http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/christ.htm |archive-date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> The position of the [[Catholic Church]] is that the [[Pope]] is the head of every religious order, and thus he can grant admission to these orders without the permission of their [[superior general|superiors general]].<ref name=cathenc>{{CathEncy |wstitle= Pontifical Decorations |first=P.M.J. |last=Rock}}</ref> The awarding of the Pope of the [[Supreme Order of Christ]] ''[[motu proprio]]'' brought the Papacy and the [[Crown of Portugal]] into conflict on several occasions, as the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] believed himself to be the only legitimate ''[[Fount of honour|fons honorum]]'' of the Order. Protests regarding this conflict were made to [[Rome]] as late as 1825.<ref name=braganca/>
-During a reorganisation of the Papal orders in 1905, [[Pope Pius X]] rendered the [[Supreme Order of Christ]] as the most senior Papal honour. On 15 April 1966, in the [[Papal bull]] ''Equestres ordinis'', [[Pope Paul VI]] limited the award to [[Roman Catholic]] heads of state in commemoration of significant events that the [[Pope]] personally attended. The most recent presentation of the Order was to Frà [[Angelo de Mojana]], 77th [[Prince of the Church|Prince]] and [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], in 1987. The last living member of the Order was [[King of the Belgians|King]] [[Baudouin of Belgium]], who died in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |first=Borislav |last=Todorov |url=http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-christ.html |title=Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain |publisher=PapalKnights.org.uk |date=15 April 1966 |accessdate=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054702/http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-christ.html# |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+During a reorganisation of the Papal orders in 1905, [[Pope Pius X]] rendered the [[Supreme Order of Christ]] as the most senior Papal honour. On 15 April 1966, in the [[Papal bull]] ''Equestres ordinis'', [[Pope Paul VI]] limited the award to [[Roman Catholic]] heads of state in commemoration of significant events that the [[Pope]] personally attended. The most recent presentation of the Order was to Frà [[Angelo de Mojana]], 77th [[Prince of the Church|Prince]] and [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], in 1987. The last living member of the Order was [[King of the Belgians|King]] [[Baudouin of Belgium]], who died in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |first=Borislav |last=Todorov |url=http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-christ.html |title=Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain |publisher=PapalKnights.org.uk |date=15 April 1966 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054702/http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-christ.html# |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===Order of the Golden Spur/Militia===
 {{main|Order of the Golden Spur}}
-The second highest Papal order is the [[Order of the Golden Spur]], also denominated the "Order of the Golden Militia". There is a lack of clear historical evidence of its foundation, but it is certain that ''it is the oldest of the Papal Orders''. Broad authority to grant the Order diminished its prestige, and led [[Pope Gregory XVI]] to place the Order under the patronage of the [[Order of St. Sylvester]] in 1841. As part of this reorganization, the Pope limited the ability to grant the Order and revoked the appointments of those who were not granted it by [[Papal brief]]. In 1905 [[Pope Pius X]] separated the Order from the [[Order of St. Sylvester]], establishing it as the [[Order of the Golden Militia]].<ref name=cathenc/> He also limited the number of knights to one hundred. A [[Papal bull]] of 1966 further limited it to Christian sovereigns and heads of state. That bull also denominated it the "Order of the Golden Militia", but the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' lists it under two names, both as the "Order of the Golden Spur" and as the "Order of the Golden Militia".<ref name=sainty2>{{cite web |last=Sainty |first=Guy Stair |title=History of the Papal Orders |url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/papal.htm |publisher=[[Burke's Peerage]] |accessdate=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813144855/http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/papal.htm# |archive-date=13 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] was the last living knight of the Order.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Orders of Knighthood & Merit |title=Did you know?|url=http://www.wokm.co.uk/interestingfacts.asp |work=wokm.co.uk |accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref>
+The second highest Papal order is the [[Order of the Golden Spur]], also denominated the "Order of the Golden Militia". There is a lack of clear historical evidence of its foundation, but it is certain that it is the oldest of the Papal Orders. Broad authority to grant the Order diminished its prestige, and led [[Pope Gregory XVI]] to place the Order under the patronage of the [[Order of St. Sylvester]] in 1841. As part of this reorganization, the Pope limited the ability to grant the Order and revoked the appointments of those who were not granted it by [[Papal brief]]. In 1905 [[Pope Pius X]] separated the Order from the [[Order of St. Sylvester]], establishing it as the [[Order of the Golden Militia]].<ref name=cathenc/> He also limited the number of knights to one hundred. A [[Papal bull]] of 1966 further limited it to Christian sovereigns and heads of state. That bull also denominated it the "Order of the Golden Militia", but the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' lists it under two names, both as the "Order of the Golden Spur" and as the "Order of the Golden Militia".<ref name=sainty2>{{cite web |last=Sainty |first=Guy Stair |title=History of the Papal Orders |url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/papal.htm |publisher=[[Burke's Peerage]] |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813144855/http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/papal.htm# |archive-date=13 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] was the last living knight of the Order.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Orders of Knighthood & Merit |title=Did you know?|url=http://www.wokm.co.uk/interestingfacts.asp |work=wokm.co.uk |access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref>
 ===Order of Pius IX===
 {{main|Order of Pius IX}}
-The third highest Papal order is the [[Order of Pius IX]], founded on 17 June 1847 by [[Pope Pius IX]].<ref name=cathenc/> The [[Order of Pius IX]] is the highest Papal order currently awarded.<ref>{{cite web |first=Borislav |last=Todorov |url=http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-piusix.html |title=Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain |publisher=PapalKnights.org.uk |accessdate=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206024630/http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-piusix.html |archivedate=6 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There previously existed an Order of Pian Knights, founded in the 16th century, which later fell into [[abeyance]]. It is not related to this order. ''The [[Order of Pius IX]] is the first of the Papal Orders, by order of precedence, to include different grades.'' The highest grade is the [[Collar (Order of Knighthood)|Collar]], followed by the [[Grand Cross]], Commander with Star, Commander, and Knight. The Order may be presented to non-Catholic Christians and to non-Christians.<ref name=sainty2/>
+The third highest Papal order is the [[Order of Pius IX]], founded on 17 June 1847 by [[Pope Pius IX]].<ref name=cathenc/> The [[Order of Pius IX]] is the highest Papal order currently awarded.<ref>{{cite web |first=Borislav |last=Todorov |url=http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-piusix.html |title=Association of Papal Orders in Great Britain |publisher=PapalKnights.org.uk |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206024630/http://www.papalknights.org.uk/order-piusix.html |archive-date=6 February 2012 }}</ref> There previously existed an Order of Pian Knights, founded in the 16th century, which later fell into [[abeyance]]. It is not related to this order. The [[Order of Pius IX]] is the first of the Papal Orders, by order of precedence, to include different grades. The highest grade is the [[Collar (Order of Knighthood)|Collar]], followed by the [[Grand Cross]], Commander with Star, Commander, and Knight. The Order may be presented to non-Catholic Christians and to non-Christians.<ref name=sainty2/>
 ===Order of Saint Gregory the Great===
 {{main|Order of Saint Gregory the Great}}
-The fourth highest Papal order is the [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great|Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great]]. [[Pope Gregory XVI]] established the order on 1 September 1831 by the [[Papal brief]] ''Quod summis''. It is awarded in four classes, with military and civil divisions. It was initially founded to reward meritorious civic or military service to the [[Papal States]].<ref name=cathenc/> Through the reforms of 1905, the Order was modified so that the classes paralleled those of the [[Order of Pius IX]], excluding the collar. The Order is currently awarded for conspicuous service to the [[Catholic Church]], without regard to religious affiliation.<ref name=sainty2/> These awards are typically given premised on recommendations from bishops or Papal nuncios for specific services rendered to the [[Catholic Church]]. Membership in the Order of St. Gregory the Great does not carry the religious obligations of the military orders, making it the preferred award of merit for individual service to the [[Catholic Church]]. Since 1994, women have been appointed as "dames" in the same classes as men.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sainty |first=Guy Stair |url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/gregory.htm |title=The Papal Order of Saint Gregory the Great |publisher=Chivalricorders.org |date=7 February 1905 |accessdate=14 April 2012}}</ref>
+The fourth highest Papal order is the [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great|Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great]]. [[Pope Gregory XVI]] established the order on 1 September 1831 by the [[Papal brief]] ''Quod summis''. It is awarded in four classes, with military and civil divisions. It was initially founded to reward meritorious civic or military service to the [[Papal States]].<ref name=cathenc/> Through the reforms of 1905, the Order was modified so that the classes paralleled those of the [[Order of Pius IX]], excluding the collar. The Order is currently awarded for conspicuous service to the [[Catholic Church]], without regard to religious affiliation.<ref name=sainty2/> These awards are typically given premised on recommendations from bishops or Papal nuncios for specific services rendered to the [[Catholic Church]]. Membership in the Order of St. Gregory the Great does not carry the religious obligations of the military orders, making it the preferred award of merit for individual service to the [[Catholic Church]]. Since 1994, women have been appointed as "dames" in the same classes as men.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sainty |first=Guy Stair |url=http://www.chivalricorders.org/vatican/gregory.htm |title=The Papal Order of Saint Gregory the Great |publisher=Chivalricorders.org |date=7 February 1905 |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref>
-===Order of Saint Sylvester Pope and Martyr===
+===Order of Saint Sylvester===
 {{main|Order of Saint Sylvester}}
-The fifth highest Papal order is the [[Order of St. Sylvester Pope and Martyr]]. In 1841, [[Pope Gregory XVI]] reformed the [[Order of the Golden Spur]] as an order of merit, with recipients appointed by [[Papal brief]]. This reformed order was known as the "Order of St. Sylvester and the Golden Militia". The reforms of 1905 resulted in the separation of that order into the [[Order of St. Sylvester]] and the [[Order of the Golden Spur]].<ref name=cathenc/> The [[Order of St. Sylvester]] is presented in the same classes and grades as the [[Order of St. Gregory the Great]], and is typically awarded to recognize and reward members of the [[laity]] for active service in the [[apostolates]]. It may also be presented to non-Catholics.<ref name=sainty2/>
+The fifth highest Papal order is the [[Order of St. Sylvester Pope and Martyr|Order of St. Sylvester]]. In 1841, [[Pope Gregory XVI]] reformed the [[Order of the Golden Spur]] as an order of merit, with recipients appointed by [[Papal brief]]. This reformed order was known as the "Order of St. Sylvester and the Golden Militia". The reforms of 1905 resulted in the separation of that order into the [[Order of St. Sylvester]] and the [[Order of the Golden Spur]].<ref name=cathenc/> The [[Order of St. Sylvester]] is presented in the same classes and grades as the [[Order of St. Gregory the Great]], and is typically awarded to recognize and reward members of the [[laity]] for active service in the [[apostolates]]. It may also be presented to non-Catholics.<ref name=sainty2/>
-===Orders under the protection of the Apostolic See===
+===Orders under the protection of the Holy See===
 The term [[Papal Orders of Knighthood]] officially includes the Equestrian [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]], a religious order of chivalry, as it is under the direct protection of the Pope, who is sovereign of the order, and which has a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] as [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]]. The Order is headquartered in the [[Vatican City State]].
-Several military religious orders were established at the time of, and since, the [[Crusades]]. Of these only the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and the Order of Malta are recognised by the [[Apostolic See]]:<ref name="news.va">Press Release of the Secretariat of State (Holy See), December 2012: http://www.news.va/en/news/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-stat</ref>
+Several military religious orders were established at the time of, and since, the [[Crusades]]. Of these, only the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and the Order of Malta are recognised by the [[Holy See]].<ref name="news.va">{{cite web|title=Note of Clarification From the Secretariat of State|work=Vatican News|date=December 2012|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-stat|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161018232302/http://www.news.va/en/news/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-stat|archive-date=2016-10-18}}</ref>
-The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] is a sovereign order of chivalry. The Order and the [[Apostolic See]] exchange ambassadors. The [[Pope]] is not Sovereign of the Order nor does he appoint members to the ranks of knighthood. He is, however, the first to be informed following the election of the Grand Master and appoints a Cardinal Protector of the Order. The Grand Master, a lay professed religious, ranks as a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and his accorded the title ''Eminent Highness and Prince''.
+The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] is a sovereign order of chivalry. The Order and the Holy See exchange ambassadors. The Pope is not Sovereign of the Order nor does he appoint members to the ranks of knighthood. He is, however, the first to be informed following the election of the Grand Master and appoints a Cardinal Protector of the Order. The Grand Master, a lay professed religious, ranks as a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and his accorded the title ''Eminent Highness and Prince''.
 ====Order of the Holy Sepulchre====
 {{main|Order of the Holy Sepulchre}}
-The [[Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]] traces its founding to the [[First Crusade]], although not as an organised crusading order but an association of knights. After the fall of [[Jerusalem]] in 1182, it remained an order of chivalry. In 1489, [[Pope Innocent VIII]] suppressed the Order and ruled that it was to be merged with the Knights Hospitaller. In 1496, [[Pope Alexander VI]] restored the independence of the Order, decreed that the Order would no longer be governed by the office of Custodian, and further decreed that the senior office of the Order would henceforth be raised to the rank of "Grand Master", reserving this title for himself and his successors. In 1847, [[Pope Pius IX]] reorganized the Order and placed it under the direct protection of the [[Apostolic See]]. In 1949, [[Pope Pius XII]] decreed that the Grand Master of the Order would henceforth be a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] appointed directly by the Pope, who would remain Sovereign of the Order. The [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] is ''[[ex officio]]'' Grand Prior of the Order, while the lay head is the Governor-General.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/oessh/en/subindex_en.html |work=Vatican City |publisher=Grand Magisterium of OESSG |accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref> The present Cardinal Grand Master is [[Edwin Frederick O'Brien]], who was appointed on 15 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 15.03.2012 |url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28922.php?index=28922&po_date=15.03.2012&lang=en |work=press.catholica.va |accessdate=14 April 2012 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem traces its founding to the [[First Crusade]], although not as an organised crusading order but an association of knights. After the fall of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] in 1182, it remained an order of chivalry. In 1489, [[Pope Innocent VIII]] suppressed the Order and ruled that it was to be merged with the Knights Hospitaller. In 1496, [[Pope Alexander VI]] restored the independence of the Order, decreed that the Order would no longer be governed by the office of Custodian, and further decreed that the senior office of the Order would henceforth be raised to the rank of "Grand Master", reserving this title for himself and his successors. In 1847, [[Pope Pius IX]] reorganized the Order and placed it under the direct protection of the Holy See. In 1949, [[Pope Pius XII]] decreed that the Grand Master of the Order would henceforth be a cardinal appointed directly by the Pope, who would remain Sovereign of the Order. The [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] is ''[[ex officio]]'' Grand Prior of the Order, while the lay head is the Governor-General.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/oessh/en/subindex_en.html |work=Vatican City |publisher=Grand Magisterium of OESSG |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> The present Cardinal Grand Master is [[Fernando Filoni]] succeeding [[Edwin Frederick O'Brien]], on 8 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 15.03.2012 |url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28922.php?index=28922&po_date=15.03.2012&lang=en |work=press.catholica.va |access-date=14 April 2012 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 ====Sovereign Military Order of Malta====
-{{main|Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}
+{{main|Order of Malta}}
-The Order of Malta also traces its history to the late 11th century, but it first became a religious military order by a bull of [[Pope Paschal II]] of 1113. The Grand Master is elected by the Council Complete of State <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/2015/11/12/council-complete-of-state/ |title=Sovereign Order of Malta |publisher=Orderofmalta.int |date=11 February 2018 |accessdate=11 February 2018}}</ref> of the Order and serves for life or until abdication. Before a person elected as the Grand Master makes the oath of office, the Pope must be informed of the election.<ref>Constitutional Charter 1998, Article 14.</ref>  The Pope also appoints the Cardinal Patron and a prelate of the Order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orderofmalta.int/the-order-and-its-institutions/225/mission/?lang=en |title=Sovereign Order of Malta |publisher=Orderofmalta.int |date=11 March 2008 |accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref>
+The Order of Malta also traces its history to the late 11th century, but it first became a religious military order by a bull of [[Pope Paschal II]] of 1113. The Grand Master is elected by the Council Complete of State of the Order<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/2015/11/12/council-complete-of-state/ |title=Sovereign Order of Malta |publisher=Orderofmalta.int |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> and serves for life or until abdication. Before a person elected as the Grand Master takes the oath of office, the Pope must be informed of the election.<ref>Constitutional Charter 1998, Article 14.</ref> The Pope also appoints the Cardinal Patron and a prelate of the Order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orderofmalta.int/the-order-and-its-institutions/225/mission/?lang=en |title=Sovereign Order of Malta |publisher=Orderofmalta.int |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref>
 === Defunct/dormant orders ===
@@ Line 74: / Line 79: @@
 ===Other Catholic chivalric orders===
-Historically, many [[Military order (monastic society)|military orders]] and other [[chivalric order]]s were founded in association with the Holy See. Most of them became extinct, were suppressed, or merged with contemporary chivalric orders. Some of them survived under the protection of the Holy See as in the list above. A few of them remained as [[Entitlement|patrimony]] of dynastic [[royal house]]s. Some of these [[Dynastic order of knighthood|dynastic orders of knighthood]] were recognised as Roman Catholic by [[Papal bull]]s of the Holy See, and although they are no more affiliated with or protected by the Holy See, some of them are still exclusively designated for Catholics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icocregister.org/aioc/edit28.htm|title=Le Associazioni dei|website=www.icocregister.org}}</ref>
+Historically, many [[Military order (monastic society)|military orders]] and other [[chivalric order]]s were founded in association with the Holy See. Most of them became extinct, were suppressed, or merged with contemporary chivalric orders. Some of them survived under the protection of the Holy See as in the list above. A few of them remained as [[Entitlement|patrimony]] of dynastic [[royal house]]s. Some of these [[Dynastic order of knighthood|dynastic orders of knighthood]] were recognised as Roman Catholic by [[Papal bull]]s of the Holy See, and although they are no more affiliated with or protected by the Holy See, some of them are still exclusively designated for Catholics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icocregister.org/aioc/edit28.htm|title=Le Associazioni dei|website=icocregister.org}}</ref>
-In response to a proliferation of self-proclaimed chivalric orders claiming recognition from the Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See's [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]] issued a statement clarifying that "other than its own Equestrian Orders [...] the Holy See recognises and supports only the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] [...] and the [[Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]". All other [[self-styled chivalric order]]s, the statement continued, "whether of recent origin or mediaeval foundation, are not recognised by the Holy See" and "the Holy See does not guarantee their historical or juridical legitimacy, their ends or organisational structures... to prevent the continuation of abuses which may result in harm to people of good faith, the Holy See confirms that it attributes absolutely no value whatsoever to certificates of membership or insignia issued by these groups, and it considers inappropriate the use of churches or chapels for their so-called 'ceremonies of [[investiture]]'."<ref name="news.va"/>
+In response to a proliferation of self-proclaimed chivalric orders claiming recognition from the Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See's [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]] issued a statement clarifying that "other than its own Equestrian Orders [...] the Holy See recognises and supports only the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] [...] and the [[Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-07|title=NOTE OF CLARIFICATION FROM THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE|url=https://www.orderofmalta.org.au/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-state/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Order of Malta}}</ref> All other [[self-styled chivalric order]]s, the statement continued, "whether of recent origin or mediaeval foundation, are not recognised by the Holy See" and "the Holy See does not guarantee their historical or juridical legitimacy, their ends or organisational structures... to prevent the continuation of abuses which may result in harm to people of good faith, the Holy See confirms that it attributes absolutely no value whatsoever to certificates of membership or insignia issued by these groups, and it considers inappropriate the use of churches or chapels for their so-called 'ceremonies of [[investiture]]'."<ref name="news.va"/>
-The [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic (German)]] Order is no longer an order of chivalry, but is a purely religious order within the Roman Church.<ref name="OT_PR">{{cite web | url=http://www.deutscher-orden.at/site/authentizitaet | title=Ausschließliche Authentizität des Deutschen Ordens | accessdate=2019-07-03 | work=www.deutscher-orden.at | author=Deutscher Orden}}</ref> The Teutonic Order was founded as a hospital brotherhood in 1190 in [[Acre, Israel]]. In 1198 the Order became a religious military order of chivalry. However, since 1929 it has been a purely religious order of priests, brothers, and sisters, with a category of 12 honorary knights and an unlimited number of associates, known as ''Marianer''. Its headquarters is in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. The current [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Grand Master]] is [[Bruno Platter]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deutscher Orden |url=http://www.deutscher-orden.at/content/site/lang/en/index.html?SWS=4da76bcef96dc2621fe4201de3a1ac73 |publisher=[[Teutonic Knights]] |accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref>
+The [[Teutonic Order]] is no longer an order of chivalry, but is a purely religious order within the Roman Church.<ref name="OT_PR">{{cite web | url=http://www.deutscher-orden.at/site/authentizitaet | title=Ausschließliche Authentizität des Deutschen Ordens | access-date=2019-07-03 | work=deutscher-orden.at | author=Deutscher Orden}}</ref> The Teutonic Order was founded as a hospital brotherhood in 1190 in [[Acre, Israel]]. In 1198, the Order became a religious military order of chivalry. However, since 1929 it has been a purely religious order of priests, brothers and sisters, with a category of 12 honorary knights and an unlimited number of associates, known as ''Marianer''. Its headquarters are in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. The current [[Grand Master of the Teutonic Order]] is [[Frank Bayard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deutscher Orden |url=http://www.deutscher-orden.at/content/site/lang/en/index.html?SWS=4da76bcef96dc2621fe4201de3a1ac73 |publisher=[[Teutonic Knights]] |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref>
 == Other distinctions ==
 ===Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice ===
 {{main|Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice}}
-The medal was established in 1888 and is awarded by the Pope to members of the clergy]] and laity for service to the Catholic Church an the Pope. Until 1996, it was the highest Papal decoration that could be awarded to women.<ref name="kuenker">{{cite web|url=https://www.kuenker.de/de/archiv/stueck/84864|title=Ehrenzeichen (auch als ""Ehrenkreuz"" bezeichnet) ""Pro Ecclesia et Pontefice""|accessdate=2018-04-30}}</ref>
+The medal was established in 1888 and is awarded by the Pope to members of the [[clergy]] and [[laity]] for service to the Catholic Church and the Pope. Until 1996, it was the highest Papal decoration that could be awarded to women.<ref name="kuenker">{{cite web|url=https://www.kuenker.de/de/archiv/stueck/84864|title=Ehrenzeichen (auch als ""Ehrenkreuz"" bezeichnet) ""Pro Ecclesia et Pontefice""|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>
 ===Benemerenti medal===
@@ Line 91: / Line 96: @@
 === Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross ===
 {{main|Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross}}
-The Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross was established in 1901. It is an honour awarded in the name of the Pope as a recognition of merit to pilgrims to the [[List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land|Holy Land]].<ref name=CUSTODIA>{{cite web|url=http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=1165 |title=The decoration created by Leon XIII for the Holy Land Pilgrims |accessdate=2015-10-30 |work=www.custodia.org |publisher=Gerusalemme - San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour's Monastery |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032345/http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=1165 |archivedate=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
+The Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross was established in 1901. It is an honour awarded in the name of the Pope as a recognition of merit to pilgrims to the [[List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land|Holy Land]].<ref name=CUSTODIA>{{cite web|url=http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=1165 |title=The decoration created by Leon XIII for the Holy Land Pilgrims |access-date=2015-10-30 |work=custodia.org |publisher=Gerusalemme – San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour's Monastery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032345/http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=1165 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
 === Golden Rose===
 {{main|Golden Rose}}
 The Golden Rose is a gold ornament. Recipients have included churches and sanctuaries, royalty, military figures, and governments.
 === Defunct/dormant distinctions ===
@@ Line 116: / Line 121: @@
 * [[Prince of the Church]]:
 ** [[Prince-primate]]
-** [[Prince-bishop]], especially one of the two [[Co-Princes of Andorra]] (1278-)
+** [[Prince-bishop]], especially one of the two [[Co-Princes of Andorra]] (1278–)
 ** [[Prince-abbot]]
 ** [[Prince-provost]]
 ** [[List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Prince-Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (originally established as [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire]] in 1607)
+*Royal titles:
-====Of non-ecclesiastical and non-religious authorities, i. e., merely political authorities====
-* [[Emperor]]
-** [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (800–1530 by ''[[translatio imperii]]''; see [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor]]):
-*** [[Charlemagne]] (742–814), until:
-*** [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (1500–1558)
-** [[Latin Emperor]] (9 April 1217)
-*** [[Peter II of Courtenay]] (died 1219)
-** [[Emperor of the French]] (1804, subsequent to the [[1804 French constitutional referendum|French constitutional referendum]]; see [[Coronation of Napoleon I]]):
-*** [[Napoleon]] (1769–1821)
-** Imperial [[style (manner of address)|styles]], i. e., [[sobriquet]]s:
-*** [[Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty]]: [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]
-*** [[Imperial and Royal Highness]]: [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
-*** [[Imperial and Royal Majesty]]: [[Napoleon]]
-* [[King]], and [[Monarch|Queen]]:
-** Royal titles:
 *** ''Incomplete''
 ** Royal [[style (manner of address)|styles]], i. e., [[sobriquet]]s:
@@ Line 144: / Line 134: @@
 **** [[Most Faithful Majesty|"Most Faithful Majesty" or "Most Faithful King"]]: [[Kings of Portugal]]
 *** Personal royal [[style (manner of address)|styles]]:
-**** "[[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]]": [[King Henry VIII of England]], but [[Pope Paul III]] revoked it upon his [[excommunication]], and his wife [[Queen Catherine of Aragon]] in her own right;<ref>Antonia Fraser, ''The Wives of Henry VIII'', page 95.</ref> and [[King James V of Scotland]]
+**** "[[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]]": King [[Henry VIII]] of England, but [[Pope Paul III]] revoked it upon his [[excommunication]], and his wife [[Queen Catherine of Aragon]] in her own right;<ref>{{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Antonia|title=The Wives of Henry VIII|page=95}}</ref> and [[King James V of Scotland]]
 **** "Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith" : [[King James IV of Scotland]]
@@ Line 152: / Line 142: @@
 ** [[Prince]]
 ** [[Duke]]
-** [[Count]]
 ** [[Marquis]]
+** [[Count]]
 ** [[Baron]]
@@ Line 178: / Line 168: @@
 * [[:Category:Catholic orders of chivalry]]
 * [[:Category:Catholic ecclesiastical decorations]]
+* [[List of ecclesiastical decorations]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 183: / Line 174: @@
 ==Sources and external links==
+{{Commons category}}
-* {{cite book | last=Noonan, Jr. | first=James-Charles | title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church | year=1996 | publisher=Viking | isbn=0-670-86745-4 | page=196 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon }}
+* {{cite book | last=Noonan, Jr. | first=James-Charles | title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church | year=1996 | publisher=Viking | isbn=0-670-86745-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon/page/196 196] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon/page/196 }}
 * [http://www.medals.org.uk/vatican/vatican-text.htm Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Vatican], by Megan Robertson (at Medals of the World website)
 * [http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/onorificenze_araldica/documentazione/n_ordini_cavallereschi_santa_sede_eng.pdf ''The Knights of The Holy See''] by Alessandra Malesci Baccani, Office of the Knighthood of Honors and Heraldic, official website of the Italian government
@@ Line 193: / Line 185: @@
 {{Catholic Church footer}}
 {{Decorations by country}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}
 [[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See| ]]

v t e Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See
Orders of the Holy See	Supreme Order of Christ Order of the Golden Spur Order of Pope Pius IX Order of St. Gregory the Great Order of St. Sylvester
Orders under protection of the Holy See (with distinctions)	Order of the Holy Sepulchre Palm of Jerusalem Pilgrim Shell Cross of Merit Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order pro Merito Melitensi Medal of the Order pro Merito Melitensi
Other distinctions	Golden Rose Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice Benemerenti medal Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross
Defunct/dormant distinctions (selection)	Order of Saint John of the Lateran Order of Saint Cecilia (1870) Order of the Moor (1870) Order of Saint Sylvester and the Militia Aurata (1905) Advocates of Saint Peter (1909) Blessed sword and hat (1823) Pro Petri Sede (1860) Fidei et Virtuti (1867) Lauretan Cross (c. 1980s) Papal Lateran Cross (1977)
See also	Papal household Papal nobility Black nobility Pontifical academies Swiss Guard Other Catholic orders of chivaly
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