Persian units of measurement: Difference between revisions

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An official system of weights and measures was established^{[citation needed]} in the ancient Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty (550-350 BCE). The shekel and mina ("profane" or "sacred") were units of both weight and volume. A shekel or mina weight was equal to the weight of that volume of water. The talent was a measure of weight used for large amounts of coinage. Some related units were used in Persia in the 19th century, and are still used in contemporary Iran.

Ancient Persian units

Length

Persian unit	Persian name	Relation to previous unit	Metric Value	Imperial Value
digit finger	انگشت (angosht)^[1]		≈ 20 mm^{[citation needed]}	≈ 0.8 in
hand	dva	5 aiwas	≈ 100 mm^{[citation needed]}	≈ 4 in
foot	trayas	3 dva	≈ 300 mm^{[citation needed]}	≈ 1 foot
four-hands	remen	4 dva	≈ 400 mm^{[citation needed]}	≈ 16 in
cubit (five-hands)	pank'a dva	5 dva	≈ 500 mm^{[citation needed]}	≈ 20 in
great cubit (six-hands)	(k)swacsh dva	6 dva	≈ 600 mm^{[citation needed]}	≈ 2 ft
pace	pank'a	5 trayas	≈ 1.5 m^{[citation needed]}	≈ 5 ft^{[citation needed]}
ten-foot	daca trayas	2 pank'a	≈ 3 m^{[citation needed]}	≈ 10 ft
hundred-foot	chebel	8 daca trayas	≈ 24 m^{[citation needed]}	≈ 80 ft
league, the distance a horse could walk in one hour.^{[citation needed]}	parasang	250 chebel	≈ 6 km^{[citation needed]}	≈ 3.75 miles^{[citation needed]}
mansion, one day's march on the Royal Road.	(Greek stathmos)	4 or 5 parasang	≈ 24–30 km	≈ 14–18 miles
Asparsa	Asparsa^[2]^[3]^[4]		≈ 187–195 m and = 360 cubits

Volume

The shekel and mina ("profane" or "sacred") were units of both weight and volume. A shekel or mina weight was equal to the weight of that volume of water. Note that the values given for the mina do not match the definitions.

1 shekel = 8.3 ml (approximately 1 cubic aiwas).

1 profane mina = 50 shekel = 500 ml (approximately 27 cubic aiwas).

1 sacred mina = 60 shekel = 600 ml (approximately 1 cubic dva).

1 talent (volume) = 60 profane mina = 25 liters (approximately 1 cubic trayas).

Weight

The talent was a measure of weight used for large amounts of coinage (bullion, bulk coin), rather than an individual coin. Seven Babylonian talents equalled ten Attic talents, according to a list of the revenues of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) recorded in Herodotus.^[5]^[6]

𐎣𐎼𐏁 (karša) or 𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠 (karšayā) is a unit of weight equal to 10 Babylonian shekels or 1⁄6 Babylonian mina weighing approximately 83 g (2.9 oz).^[7]

Units used in modern Persia (Iran)

Some related units were used in Persia in the 19th century, and are still used in contemporary Iran.

Length

1 arsani or ulna = 52-64 cm.

1 arish = 38.27 inches (97.21 cm)^[8]

1 chebel = 40 arsani = 21-25 meters or 23-30 yards.

1 farsang (parasang) = 6.23 km in 19th century Persia.

1 farsang = 10 kilometers in modern Iran and Turkey.

Volume

1 chenica = 1.32 liters.

References

^ Efendi, C.; Crane, H. (1987). Risāle-i Miʻmāriyye. Muquarnas Supplements Studies in Islamic Architecture Series (in Latvian). E.J. Brill. p. 76. ISBN 978-90-04-07846-8. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ "Ancient Measurements". smithlifescience.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.
^ "Abbreviations". loghatnaameh.org (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
^ "Measures from Antiquity and the Bible". users.aol.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 1998.
^ Herodotus, Book III, 90-96
^ Burn, Andrew R. (1984). Persia and the Greeks: the defence of the West, c. 546-478 BC. [London]: Duckworth. pp. 123–126. ISBN 0-7156-1765-6.
^ "British Museum No. 91117 Inscribed weight". britishmuseum.org.
^ Rose, Joshua (1900). Pattern Makers Assistant (9th ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Co. p. 264.

This standards- or measurement-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[c709-1] Efendi, C.; Crane, H. (1987). Risāle-i Miʻmāriyye. Muquarnas Supplements Studies in Islamic Architecture Series (in Latvian). E.J. Brill. p. 76. ISBN 978-90-04-07846-8. Retrieved 22 May 2024.

[2] "Ancient Measurements". smithlifescience.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013.

[3] "Abbreviations". loghatnaameh.org (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2014-05-13.

[4] "Measures from Antiquity and the Bible". users.aol.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 1998.

[5] Herodotus, Book III, 90-96

[6] Burn, Andrew R. (1984). Persia and the Greeks: the defence of the West, c. 546-478 BC. [London]: Duckworth. pp. 123–126. ISBN 0-7156-1765-6.

[7] "British Museum No. 91117 Inscribed weight". britishmuseum.org.

[rose-8] Rose, Joshua (1900). Pattern Makers Assistant (9th ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Co. p. 264.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+An official system of weights and measures was established{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} in the ancient
-{{no lead}}
+[[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] under the Achaemenid dynasty (550-350 BCE). The shekel and mina ("profane" or "sacred") were units of both weight and volume. A shekel or mina weight was equal to the weight of that volume of water. The talent was a measure of weight used for large amounts of coinage. Some related units were used in Persia in the 19th century, and are still used in contemporary Iran.
 ==Ancient Persian units==
-An official system of weights and measures was established{{cn|date=February 2015}} in the ancient
-[[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] under the Achaemenid dynasty (550-350 BCE).
 ===Length===
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 !Imperial Value
 |-
-| finger
+| [[digit (unit)|digit]]<br />finger
+|align=right| {{lang|fa|انگشت}} (angosht)<ref name="c709">{{cite book |last=Efendi |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJk3AAAAIAAJ |title=Risāle-i Miʻmāriyye |last2=Crane |first2=H. |publisher=[[E.J. Brill]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-90-04-07846-8 |series=Muquarnas Supplements Studies in Islamic Architecture Series |page=76 |language=lv |access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref>
-|align=right| ''aiwas''
 |align=right|
-| ≈&nbsp;20&nbsp;mm{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;20&nbsp;mm{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 | ≈&nbsp;0.8 [[inch|in]]
 |-
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |align=right| ''dva''
 |align=right| 5 ''aiwas''
-| ≈&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;100&nbsp;mm{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 | ≈&nbsp;4 in
 |-
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 |align=right| ''trayas''
 |align=right| 3 ''dva''
-| ≈&nbsp;300&nbsp;mm{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;300&nbsp;mm{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 | ≈&nbsp;1 [[foot (length)|foot]]
 |-
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 |align=right| ''remen''
 |align=right| 4 ''dva''
-| ≈&nbsp;400&nbsp;mm{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;400&nbsp;mm{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 | ≈&nbsp;16 in
 |-
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 |align=right| ''pank'a dva''
 |align=right|5 ''dva''
-| ≈&nbsp;500&nbsp;mm{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;500&nbsp;mm{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 | ≈&nbsp;20 in
 |-
 | great cubit (six-hands)
-|align=right| (k)swacsh dva''
+|align=right| ''(k)swacsh dva''
 |align=right|6 ''dva''
-| ≈&nbsp;600&nbsp;mm{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;600&nbsp;mm{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
-| ≈&nbsp;2 ft
+| ≈&nbsp;2&nbsp;ft
 |-
 | pace
 |align=right| ''pank'a''
 |align=right|5 ''trayas''
-| ≈&nbsp;1.5 [[Meter|m]]{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;1.5 [[Meter|m]]{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
-| ≈&nbsp;5 ft{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;5&nbsp;ft{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 |-
 | ten-foot
 |align=right| ''daca trayas''
-|align=right| ''pank'a''
+|align=right|2 ''pank'a''
-| ≈&nbsp;3 m{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;3 m{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
-| ≈&nbsp;10 ft
+| ≈&nbsp;10&nbsp;ft
 |-
 | hundred-foot
 |align=right| ''chebel''
 |align=right| 8 ''daca trayas''
-| ≈&nbsp;24 m{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;24 m{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
-| ≈&nbsp;80 ft
+| ≈&nbsp;80&nbsp;ft
 |-
-| league, the distance a [[horse]] could walk in one hour.{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| league, the distance a [[horse]] could walk in one hour.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 |align=right| ''[[parasang]]''
 |align=right| 250 ''chebel''
-| ≈&nbsp;6 [[kilometer|km]]{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;6 [[kilometer|km]]{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
-| ≈&nbsp;3.75 [[mile]]s{{cn|date=February 2015}}
+| ≈&nbsp;3.75 [[mile]]s{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 |-
 |mansion, one day's march on the [[Royal Road]].
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 |-
 |Asparsa
-|align=right|Asparsa<ref>http://www.smithlifescience.com/AncientMeasurements.htm</ref><ref>http://www.loghatnaameh.org/dehkhodaworddetail-08b73cdcf25247689c183b1eaeec389f-fa.html</ref><ref>Measures from Antiquity and the Bible; http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/antbible.html</ref>
+|align=right|Asparsa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Measurements |url=http://www.smithlifescience.com/AncientMeasurements.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105075335/https://www.smithlifescience.com/AncientMeasurements.htm |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |website=smithlifescience.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abbreviations |url=http://www.loghatnaameh.org/dehkhodaworddetail-08b73cdcf25247689c183b1eaeec389f-fa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815123944/http://www.loghatnaameh.org/dehkhodaworddetail-08b73cdcf25247689c183b1eaeec389f-fa.html |archive-date=2012-08-15 |access-date=2014-05-13 |website=loghatnaameh.org |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Measures from Antiquity and the Bible |url=http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/antbible.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205012408/http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/antbible.html |archive-date=December 5, 1998 |website=users.aol.com}}<!-- Wow, isn't that the oldest Wayback Archive reference I have seen on Wikipedia. 1998 is crazy. --></ref>
 |align=right|
 | ≈&nbsp;187–195&nbsp;m and =&nbsp;360 [[cubits]]
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 ===Weight===
 The '''talent''' was a measure of weight used for large amounts of coinage (bullion, bulk coin), rather than an individual coin. Seven [[Babylonia]]n talents equalled ten Attic talents, according to a list of the revenues of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia)]] recorded in [[Herodotus]].<ref>Herodotus, Book III, 90-96</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Burn, Andrew R. |title=Persia and the Greeks: the defence of the West, c. 546-478 BC |publisher=Duckworth |location=[London] |year=1984 |pages=123–126 |isbn=0-7156-1765-6}}</ref>
+'''𐎣𐎼𐏁''' (karša) or '''𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠''' (karšayā) is a unit of weight equal to 10 Babylonian ''shekels'' or {{frac|6}} Babylonian ''mina'' weighing approximately {{cvt|83|g}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Museum No. 91117 Inscribed weight |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1888-0512-Bu-257 |website=britishmuseum.org}}</ref>
 ==Units used in modern Persia (Iran)==
@@ Line 106: / Line 108: @@
  | last =Rose
  | first =Joshua
- | authorlink =
  | title =Pattern Makers Assistant
  | publisher =D. van Nostrand Co.
@@ Line 113: / Line 114: @@
  | location =New York
  | pages =264}}</ref>
-: 1 ''chebel'' = 40 ''arsani'' = 21-25 meters
+: 1 ''chebel'' = 40 ''arsani'' = 21-25 meters or 23-30 yards.
 : 1 ''farsang'' (parasang) = 6.23 km in 19th century Persia.
-: 1 ''farsang'' = 10 km in modern Iran and [[Turkey]].
+: 1 ''farsang'' = 10 kilometers in modern Iran and [[Turkey]].
 ===Volume===