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{{Short description|Austrian philosopher (1853–1920)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| image = Meinong.jpg
| image = Alexius Meinong 1900.jpg
| caption =
| caption =Meinong, {{circa}} 1900
| name = Alexius Meinong
| name = Alexius Meinong
| birth_name = Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim
| birth_date = {{birth date|1853|7|17|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1853|7|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lviv|Lemberg]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria]], [[Austrian Empire]] (now [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]])
| birth_place = [[Lviv|Lemberg]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], [[Austrian Empire]] (present-day [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1920|11|27|1853|7|17|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1920|11|27|1853|7|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Graz]], [[Styria]], [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]]
| death_place = [[Graz]], [[Styria]], [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]]
| education = [[University of Vienna]] (PhD, 1874)
| education = [[University of Vienna]] (PhD, 1874)
| institutions = [[University of Graz]]<br>(1882–1920)<br>[[Graz Psychological Institute]]<br>(1894–1920)
| institutions = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Graz]] (1882–1920)
* [[Graz Psychological Institute]] (1894–1920)
}}
⚫
| school_tradition = [[School of Brentano]]<br />[[Graz School]]<br />[[Austrian realism]]<ref>''Gestalt Theory: Official Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA)'', '''22''', Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between [[Continental philosophy|Continental Phenomenology]] (late Husserl, [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty|Merleau-Ponty]]) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".</ref>
| school_tradition = {{plainlist|
⚫
| main_interests = [[Ontology]], [[Abstract object theory|theory of objects]], [[philosophy of language]], [[philosophy of mind]], [[Value theory|theory of value]]
* [[School of Brentano]]
⚫
| notable_ideas = [[Abstract object theory|Theory of objects]], [[nonexistent object]]s, [[Meinong's jungle]], [[Dual property strategy|nuclear vs. extranuclear (constitutive vs. extra-constitutive)]] [[Property (philosophy)|properties]] (''konstitutorische vs. außerkonstitutorische Bestimmungen'') of objects,<ref>Alexius Meinong, 1915 ''Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit'', Barth, p. 176. Reprinted in Alexius Meinong, 1972, ''Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit'', in Rudolf Haller and Rudolf Kindinger (eds.), ''Alexius Meinong Gesamtausgabe'' VI, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.</ref><ref name=SEP/><ref name=SEP2>{{cite SEP |url-id=nonexistent-objects |title=Nonexistent Objects |last=Reicher |first=Maria}}</ref> the existence–subsistence–absistence distinction
* [[Graz School]]
| influences = [[David Hume]], [[Franz Brentano]]
⚫
* [[Austrian realism]]<ref>''Gestalt Theory: Official Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA)'', '''22''', Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between Continental Phenomenology (late Husserl, Merleau-Ponty) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".</ref>
| influenced = [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ernst Mally]], [[Richard Hönigswald]], [[Héctor-Neri Castañeda]],<ref>Héctor-Neri Castañeda, "Thinking and the Structure of the World: Discours d'Ontologie", Critica '''6'''(18):43–86 (1972).</ref> [[Roderick Chisholm]], [[Terence Parsons]], [[Graham Priest]],<ref>Graham Priest, ''Towards Non-Being: The Logic and Metaphysics of Intentionality'', Oxford University Press, 2005, p. vii.</ref> [[Richard Sylvan|Richard Routley]], [[William J. Rapaport]],<ref>Dale Jacquette, ''Meinongian Logic: The Semantics of Existence and Nonexistence'', Walter de Gruyter, 1996, p. 12.</ref> [[Edward N. Zalta]], [[George Stout]],<ref>Liliana Albertazzi, ''Immanent Realism: An Introduction to Brentano'', Springer, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixKdUUAuVCQC&pg=PT321 p. 321].</ref> [[Panayot Butchvarov]]
}}
⚫
| main_interests = [[Ontology]], [[Abstract object theory|theory of objects]], [[philosophy of language]], [[philosophy of mind]], [[value theory]]
⚫
| notable_ideas = [[Abstract object theory|Theory of objects]], [[nonexistent object]]s, [[Meinong's jungle]], [[Dual property strategy|nuclear vs. extranuclear (constitutive vs. extra-constitutive)]] [[Property (philosophy)|properties]] (''konstitutorische vs. außerkonstitutorische Bestimmungen'') of objects,<ref>Alexius Meinong, 1915 ''Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit'', Barth, p. 176. Reprinted in Alexius Meinong, 1972, ''Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit'', in Rudolf Haller and Rudolf Kindinger (eds.), ''Alexius Meinong Gesamtausgabe'' VI, Graz: [[Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt]].</ref><ref name="SEP" /><ref name="SEP2">{{cite SEP |url-id=nonexistent-objects |title=Nonexistent Objects |last=Reicher |first=Maria}}</ref> the existence–subsistence–absistence distinction, wide and narrow negation<ref>Marek, Johann, "Alexius Meinong", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman.</ref>
| academic_advisors = [[Franz Brentano]]
| academic_advisors = [[Franz Brentano]]
}}
}}
[[File:Ritter Meinong von Handschuchsheim (1851) – Gerd Hruška.png|thumb|Meinong von Handschuchsheim family arms, granted with the title of [[Ritter]] in 1851.]]
[[File:Ritter Meinong von Handschuchsheim (1851) – Gerd Hruška.png|thumb|Meinong von Handschuchsheim family arms, granted with the title of [[Ritter]] in 1851.]]


'''Alexius Meinong, [[Ritter]] von Handschuchsheim''' (17 July 1853&nbsp;– 27 November 1920) was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[philosopher]], a [[Philosophical realism|realist]] known for his unique [[ontology]]. He also made contributions to [[philosophy of mind]] and [[Value theory|theory of value]].<ref>Jacquette, D., ''Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being'' (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7jswCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 pp. 1–3].</ref>{{rp|1–3}}
'''Alexius Meinong [[Ritter]] von Handschuchsheim''' (17 July 1853 – 27 November 1920) was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[philosopher]], a [[Philosophical realism|realist]] known for his unique [[ontology]] and theory of objects. He also made contributions to [[philosophy of mind]] and [[Value theory|theory of value]].<ref>Jacquette, D., ''Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being'' (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=7jswCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 pp. 1–3].</ref>{{rp|1–3}}
{{toclimit|3}}
{{toclimit|3}}


==Life==
==Life==
Alexius Meinong's father was the Italian officer Anton von Meinong (1799–1870), who was granted the hereditary title of [[Ritter]] in 1851 and reached the rank of [[Major General]] in 1858 before retiring in 1859.
Alexius Meinong's father was officer Anton von Meinong (1799–1870), who was granted the hereditary title of [[Ritter]] in 1851 and reached the rank of [[Major General]] in 1858 before retiring in 1859.


From 1868 to 1870, Meinong studied at the [[Akademisches Gymnasium]], [[Vienna]]. In 1870, he entered the [[University of Vienna]] law school where he was drawn to [[Carl Menger]]'s lectures on economics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The School of Franz Brentano|last=Albertazzi|first=Liliana|last2=Libardi|first2=Massimo|last3=Poli|first3=Roberto|date=1995|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=|isbn=0792337662|location=Dordrecht|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dz2DBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT132 132]}}</ref> In summer 1874, he earned a doctorate in history by writing a thesis on [[Arnold of Brescia]].<ref>Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R., eds., ''The School of Alexius Meinong'' (Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 2017), p. 51.</ref> It was during the winter term (1874–1875) that he began to focus on [[history]] and philosophy. Meinong became a pupil of [[Franz Brentano]], who was then a recent addition to the philosophical faculty. Meinong would later claim that his mentor did not directly influence his shift into philosophy, though he did acknowledge that during this time Brentano may have helped him improve his progress in philosophy.<ref name=":1" /> Meinong studied under Brentano with [[Edmund Husserl]], who would also become a notable and influential philosopher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals: From Hume Studies I to Logical Investigations II|last=Rollinger|first=R. D.|date=1993|publisher=Rodopi|year=|isbn=9789051835731|location=Atlanta, GA|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dG75BEoLUL0C&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA1 1–7]}}</ref>{{rp|1–7}} Both their works exhibited parallel developments, particularly from 1891 to 1904.<ref name=":2" /> Both are recognized for their respective contribution to philosophical research.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Context of the Phenomenological Movement|last=Spiegelberg|first=Herbert|author-link=Herbert Spiegelberg|date=1981|publisher=Springer|year=|isbn=9789048182626|location=Dordrecht|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVVFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 146]}}</ref>
From 1868 to 1870, Meinong studied at the [[Akademisches Gymnasium]], [[Vienna]]. In 1870, he entered the [[University of Vienna]] law school where he was drawn to [[Carl Menger]]'s lectures on economics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The School of Franz Brentano|last=Albertazzi|first=Liliana|last2=Libardi|first2=Massimo|last3=Poli|first3=Roberto|date=1995|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=978-0-7923-3766-9|location=Dordrecht|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dz2DBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT132 132]}}</ref> In summer 1874, he earned a doctorate in history by writing a thesis on [[Arnold of Brescia]].<ref>Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R., eds., ''The School of Alexius Meinong'' (Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 2017), p. 51.</ref> It was during the winter term (1874–1875) that he began to focus on [[history]] and [[philosophy]]. Meinong became a pupil of [[Franz Brentano]], who was then a recent addition to the philosophical faculty. Meinong would later claim that his mentor did not directly influence his shift into philosophy, though he did acknowledge that during that time Brentano may have helped him improve his progress in philosophy.<ref name=":1" /> Meinong studied under Brentano with [[Edmund Husserl]], who would also become a notable and influential philosopher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals: From Hume Studies I to Logical Investigations II|last=Rollinger|first=R. D.|date=1993|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-5183-573-1|location=Atlanta, GA|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dG75BEoLUL0C&pg=PA1 1–7]}}</ref>{{rp|1–7}} Both their works exhibited parallel developments, particularly from 1891 to 1904.<ref name=":2" /> Both are recognized for their respective contribution to philosophical research.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Context of the Phenomenological Movement|last=Spiegelberg|first=Herbert|author-link=Herbert Spiegelberg|date=1981|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-8262-6|location=Dordrecht|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVVFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 146]}}</ref>


In 1882, Meinong became a professor at the [[University of Graz]]<ref name=":0" /> and was later promoted as Chair of its Philosophy department. During his tenure, he founded the [[Graz Psychological Institute]] (Grazer Psychologische Institut; founded in 1894) and the [[Graz School]] of experimental psychology. Meinong supervised the promotions of [[Christian von Ehrenfels]] (founder of [[Gestalt psychology|''Gestalt'' psychology]]) and [[Adalbert Meingast]], as well as the habilitation of [[Alois Höfler]] and [[Anton Oelzelt-Newin]].<ref>Haller, R., ed., ''Meinong and the Theory of Objects'' (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Editions Rodopi B.V., 1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc5CRpT_VCAC&pg=PA8 p. 8].</ref>
In 1882, Meinong became a professor at the [[University of Graz]]<ref name=":0" /> and was later promoted as chair of its philosophy department. During his tenure, he founded the [[Graz Psychological Institute]] (Grazer Psychologische Institut; founded in 1894) and the [[Graz School]] of experimental psychology. Meinong supervised the doctorates of [[Christian von Ehrenfels]] (founder of [[Gestalt psychology|''Gestalt'' psychology]]) and [[Adalbert Meingast]], as well as the [[habilitation]] of [[Alois Höfler]] and [[Anton Oelzelt-Newin]].<ref>Haller, R., ed., ''Meinong and the Theory of Objects'' (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Editions Rodopi B.V., 1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc5CRpT_VCAC&pg=PA8 p. 8].</ref>{{Failed verification|reason=The reference does not mention habilitation.|date=August 2021}}


==Work==
==Work==
===Ontology===
===Ontology===
{{main|Russellian view}}
{{main|Russellian view}}
Meinong wrote two early essays on [[David Hume]], the first dealing with his theory of [[Abstract object|abstraction]], the second with his theory of [[Relations (philosophy)|relations]], and was relatively strongly influenced by [[British empiricism]]. He is most noted, however, for his ''Theory of Objects'' (full title: ''Investigations in Theory of Objects and Psychology'', {{lang-de|Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie}}, 1904), which grew out of his work on [[intentionality]] and his belief in the possibility of intending [[nonexistent object]]s. Whatever can be the target of a [[mental act]], Meinong calls an "object."<ref name=SEP>{{cite SEP |url-id=meinong |title=Alexius Meinong |last=Marek |first=Johann}}</ref>
Meinong wrote two early essays on [[David Hume]], the first dealing with his theory of [[Abstract object|abstraction]], the second with his theory of [[Relations (philosophy)|relations]], and was relatively strongly influenced by [[British empiricism]]. He is most noted, however, for his edited book ''Theory of Objects'' (full title: ''Investigations in Theory of Objects and Psychology'', {{lang-de|Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie}}, 1904), which grew out of his work on [[intentionality]] and his belief in the possibility of intending [[nonexistent object]]s. Whatever can be the target of a [[mental act]], Meinong calls an "object."<ref name="SEP">{{cite SEP |url-id=meinong |title=Alexius Meinong |last=Marek |first=Johann}}</ref>


His [[Abstract object theory|theory of objects]], now known as "Meinongian object theory,"<ref name=SEP2/> is based around the purported empirical observation that it is possible to think about something, such as a golden mountain, even though that object does not exist. Since we can refer to such things, they must have some sort of being. Meinong thus distinguishes the "being" of a thing, in virtue of which it may be an object of thought, from a thing's "existence", which is the substantive ontological status ascribed to — for example — horses but not to unicorns. Meinong called such nonexistent objects "homeless";<ref>In Über die Stellung der Gegenstadntheorie im System der Wissenschaften.</ref> others have nicknamed their place of residence "[[Meinong's jungle]]" because of their great number and exotic nature.
His [[Abstract object theory|theory of objects]],<ref>Meinong, "Über Gegenstandstheorie", in Alexius Meinong, ed. (1904). [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu00mein ''Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie''], Leipzig: Barth, pp. 1–51.</ref> now known as "Meinongian object theory,"<ref name="SEP2" /> is based around the purported empirical observation that it is possible to think about something, such as a golden mountain, even though that object does not exist. Since we can refer to such things, they must have some sort of being. Meinong thus distinguishes the "being" of a thing, in virtue of which it may be an [[Object of the mind|object of thought]], from a thing's "existence", which is the substantive ontological status ascribed to—for example—horses but not to unicorns. Meinong called such nonexistent objects "homeless";<ref>In Über die Stellung der Gegenstadntheorie im System der Wissenschaften.</ref> others have nicknamed their place of residence "[[Meinong's jungle]]" because of their great number and exotic nature.


Historically, Meinong has been treated, especially by [[Gilbert Ryle]],<ref>Ryle, G., "Intentionality—Theory and the Nature of Thinking", in R. Haller, ed., ''Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein'' ([[Graz]]: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972), [https://books.google.com/books?id=pHw6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11 pp. 8–9]. Ryle here compliments Meinong in two ways, first, rather backhandedly, for showing us what not to do in theorizing about intentional content. But the second compliment echoes Russell's admiration for Meinong's acute observation in pinpointing problems, his habit of tenaciously inferring consequences, and his nose for fine distinctions.</ref>{{rp|8–9}} as an eccentric whose theory of objects was allegedly dealt a severe blow in [[Bertrand Russell]]'s essay "[[On Denoting]]" (1905) (see [[Russellian view]]). However, Russell himself thought highly of the vast majority of Meinong's work and, until formulating his [[theory of descriptions]], held similar views about nonexistent objects.<ref>See Russell's article, "Meinong's Theory of Complexes and Assumptions", reprinted in his collection, ''Essays in Analysis'', ed. Douglas Lackey (New York: George Braziller, 1973) This anthology contains five pieces dealing with Meinong's work, three of them reviews in which Russell expresses a good deal of admiration, in spite of significant misgivings about Meinong's ontology.</ref> Further, recent Meinongians such as [[Terence Parsons]] and [[Roderick Chisholm]] have established the consistency of a Meinongian theory of objects, while others (e.g., [[Karel Lambert]]) have defended the uselessness of such a theory.<ref>Sierszulska, A., ''Meinong on Meaning and Truth: A Theory of Knowledge'' (Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag, 2005), [https://books.google.cz/books?id=bRCQVbOCqHMC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 159–160].</ref>
Historically, Meinong has been treated, especially by [[Gilbert Ryle]],<ref>Ryle, G., "Intentionality-Theory and the Nature of Thinking", in R. Haller, ed., ''Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein'' (Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972), pp. 8–9. Ryle here compliments Meinong in two ways, first, rather backhandedly, for showing us what not to do in theorizing about intentional content. But the second compliment echoes Russell's admiration for Meinong's acute observation in pinpointing problems, his habit of tenaciously inferring consequences, and his nose for fine distinctions.</ref>{{rp|8–9}} as an [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]] whose theory of objects was allegedly dealt a severe blow in [[Bertrand Russell]]'s essay "[[On Denoting]]" (1905) (see [[Russellian view]]). However, Russell himself thought highly of the vast majority of Meinong's work and, until formulating his [[theory of descriptions]], held similar views about [[Object of the mind#Nonexistent objects|nonexistent objects]].<ref>See Russell's article, "Meinong's Theory of Complexes and Assumptions", reprinted in his collection, ''Essays in Analysis'', ed. Douglas Lackey (New York: George Braziller, 1973) This anthology contains five pieces dealing with Meinong's work, three of them reviews in which Russell expresses a good deal of admiration, in spite of significant misgivings about Meinong's ontology.</ref> Further, recent Meinongians such as [[Terence Parsons]] and [[Roderick Chisholm]] have established the consistency of a Meinongian theory of objects, while others (e.g., [[Karel Lambert]]) have defended the uselessness of such a theory.<ref>Sierszulska, A., ''Meinong on Meaning and Truth: A Theory of Knowledge'' (Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag, 2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=bRCQVbOCqHMC&pg=PA159 pp. 159–160].</ref>


Meinong is also seen to be controversial in the field of [[philosophy of language]] for holding the view that "[[existence]]" is merely a property of an object, just as color or mass might be a property. Closer readers of his work, however, accept that Meinong held the view that objects are "indifferent to being"<ref name="Meinong, A. 1960 Page 86">Meinong, A. “The Theory of Objects” in ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960). 86</ref> and that they stand "beyond being and non-being".<ref name="Meinong, A. 1960 Page 86"/> On this view Meinong is expressly denying that existence is a property of an object. For Meinong, what an object is, its real essence, depends on the properties of the object.<ref>[[John Niemeyer Findlay|Findlay, J. N.]] “Meinong’s Theory of Objects”. Oxford University Press. (1933) P. 49.</ref> These properties are genuinely possessed whether the object exists or not, and so existence cannot be a mere property of an object.<ref name=":1">Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R., eds., ''The School of Alexius Meinong'' (Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 2017), p. 502.</ref>
Meinong is also seen to be controversial in the field of [[philosophy of language]] for holding the view that "[[existence]]" is merely a property of an object, just as [[color]] or [[mass]] might be a property. Closer readers of his work, however, accept that Meinong held the view that objects are "indifferent to being"<ref name="Meinong, A. 1960 Page 86">Meinong, A. "The Theory of Objects" in ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960). p. 86.</ref> and that they stand "beyond being and non-being".<ref name="Meinong, A. 1960 Page 86" /> On this view Meinong is expressly denying that existence is a property of an object. For Meinong, what an object is, its real [[essence]], depends on the properties of the object.<ref>[[John Niemeyer Findlay|Findlay, J. N.]], ''Meinong's Theory of Objects''. Oxford University Press, 1933, p. 49.</ref> These properties are genuinely possessed whether the object exists or not, and so existence cannot be a mere property of an object.<ref name=":1">Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R., eds., ''The School of Alexius Meinong'' (Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 2017), p. 502.</ref>


===Types of objects===
===Types of objects===
Meinong holds that objects can be divided into three categories on the basis of their ontological status. Objects may have one of the following three modalities of being and non-being:
Meinong holds that objects can be divided into three categories on the basis of their ontological status. Objects may have one of the following three modalities of being and non-being:<ref>Chisholm, R. M., "Homeless Objects", in ''Brentano and Meinong Studies'' ([[Amsterdam]]: [[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]], 1982), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMxh6HzA-7UC&pg=PA37 pp. 37–52].</ref>{{rp|37–52}}
* Existence (''Existenz'', verb: ''existieren''), or actual reality (''Wirklichkeit''), which denotes the material and temporal being of an object
* Existence (''Existenz'', verb: ''existieren''), or actual reality (''Wirklichkeit''), which denotes the material and temporal being of an object
* Subsistence (''Bestand'', verb: ''bestehen''), which denotes the being of an object in a non-temporal sense.
* Subsistence (''Bestand'', verb: ''bestehen''), which denotes the being of an object in a non-temporal sense.
* Absistence or being-given (''Gegebenheit'', as in the German use ''es gibt'', i.e. "there are", "it is given"), which denotes being an object but not having being.
* Absistence or being-given (''Gegebenheit'', as in the German use ''es gibt'', i.e. "there are", "it is given"), which denotes being an object but not having being.


Certain objects can exist (mountains, birds, etc.); others cannot in principle ever exist, such as the objects of mathematics (numbers, theorems, etc.): such objects simply subsist. Finally, a third class of objects cannot even subsist, such as impossible objects (e.g. square circle, wooden iron, etc.). Being-given is not a minimal mode of being, because it is not a mode of being at all. Rather, to be "given" is just to be an object. Being-given, termed "absistence" by [[John Niemeyer Findlay|J. N. Findlay]], is better thought of as a mode of non-being than as a mode of being.<ref>Though Meinong speaks of it loosely as a "third order of being" in his "The Theory of Objects" in ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm, (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960) 84.</ref> Absistence, unlike existence and subsistence, does not have a negation; everything absists. (Note that all objects absist, while some subset of these subsist, of which a yet-smaller subset exist.) The result that everything absists allows Meinong to deal with our ability to affirm the non-being (''Nichtsein'') of an object. Its absistence is evidenced by our act of intending it, which is logically prior to our denying that it has being.<ref>A version of the argument is given in "The Theory of Objects", ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm, (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960) 85.</ref>
Certain objects can exist (mountains, birds, etc.); others cannot in principle ever exist, such as the objects of mathematics (numbers, theorems, etc.): such objects simply subsist. Finally, a third class of objects cannot even subsist, such as impossible objects (e.g. square circle, wooden iron, etc.). Being-given is not a minimal mode of being, because it is not a mode of being at all. Rather, to be "given" is just to be an object. Being-given, termed "absistence" by [[John Niemeyer Findlay|J. N. Findlay]], is better thought of as a mode of non-being than as a mode of being.<ref>Though Meinong speaks of it loosely as a "third order of being" in his "The Theory of Objects" in ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960), p. 84.</ref> Absistence, unlike existence and subsistence, does not have a negation; everything absists. (Note that all objects absist, while some subset of these subsist, of which a yet-smaller subset exist.) The result that everything absists allows Meinong to deal with our ability to affirm the non-being (''Nichtsein'') of an object. Its absistence is evidenced by our act of intending it, which is logically prior to our denying that it has being.<ref>A version of the argument is given in "The Theory of Objects", ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960), p. 85.</ref>


===Object and subject===
===Object and subject===
Meinong distinguishes four classes of "objects":<ref>Albertazzi, L., ed., ''The Dawn of Cognitive Science: Early European Contributors'' ([[Berlin]]/[[Heidelberg]]: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], 2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd19BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 p. 133].</ref>{{rp|133}}
Meinong distinguishes four classes of "objects":<ref>Albertazzi, L., ed., ''The Dawn of Cognitive Science: Early European Contributors'' ([[Berlin]]/[[Heidelberg]]: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], 2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd19BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 p. 133].</ref>{{rp|133}}

* Object (''Objekt''), which can be real (like horses) or ideal (like the concepts of difference, identity, etc.)
* Object (''Objekt''), which can be real (like horses) or ideal (like the concepts of difference, identity, etc.)
* Objective (''Objectiv''), e.g. the affirmation of the being (''Sein'') or non-being (''Nichtsein''), of a being-such (''Sosein''), or a being-with (''Mitsein'') - parallel to existential, categorical and hypothetical judgements. Objectives are close to what contemporary philosophers call states of affairs (where these may be actual—may "obtain"—or not).
* Objective (''Objectiv''), e.g. the affirmation of the being (''Sein'') or non-being (''Nichtsein''), of a being-such (''Sosein''), or a being-with (''Mitsein''), of an object—parallel to existential, categorical and hypothetical judgements. Objectives are close to what contemporary philosophers call states of affairs (where these may be actual—may "obtain"—or not)
* Dignitative, e.g. the true, the good, the beautiful
* Dignitative, e.g. the true, the good, the beautiful
* [[Desiderative mood|Desiderative]], e.g. duties, ends, etc.<ref>Lapointe, S., ed., ''Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century: The History of the Philosophy of Mind'', Vol. 5 ([[Abingdon-on-Thames]]: [[Routledge]], 2019), [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209 pp. 209–210].</ref>{{rp|209–210}}
* Desiderative, e.g. duties, ends, etc.


To these four classes of objects correspond four classes of psychological acts:
To these four classes of objects correspond four classes of psychological acts:
Line 61: Line 68:
* Thought (''das Denken''), for the objectives
* Thought (''das Denken''), for the objectives
* Feeling (''das Fühlen''), for dignitatives
* Feeling (''das Fühlen''), for dignitatives
* Desire (''das Begehren''), for the desideratives.
* Desire (''das Begehren''), for the desideratives


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
===Books===
===Books===
* Meinong, A. (1885). ''Über philosophische Wissenschaft und ihre Propädeutik''
* Meinong, A. (1885). ''Über philosophische Wissenschaft und ihre Propädeutik''.
* Meinong, A. (1894). ''Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie''
* Meinong, A. (1894). ''Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie''.
* Meinong, A. (1902). ''Über Annahmen'', 1st ed.
* Meinong, A. (1902). ''Über Annahmen'', 1st ed.
* Meinong, A., ed. (1904). [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu00mein ''Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie''] (''Investigations in Theory of Objects and Psychology'')
* Meinong, A., ed. (1904). [https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu00mein ''Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie''] (''Investigations in Theory of Objects and Psychology''), Leipzig: Barth (contains Alexius Meinong, "Über Gegenstandstheorie", pp.&nbsp;1–51).
* Meinong, A. (1910). ''Über Annahmen'', 2nd ed.
* Meinong, A. (1910). ''Über Annahmen'', 2nd ed.
* Meinong, A. (1915). ''Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit''
* Meinong, A. (1915). ''Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit''.
* Meinong, A. (1917). ''Über emotionale Präsentation''
* Meinong, A. (1917). ''Über emotionale Präsentation''.


===Articles===
===Articles===
* Meinong, A. (1877). "Hume Studien I. Zur Geschichte und Kritik des modernen Nominalismus" in ''Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 78:185–260.
* Meinong, A. (1877). "Hume Studien I. Zur Geschichte und Kritik des modernen Nominalismus", in ''Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 78:185–260.
* Meinong, A. (1882). "Hume Studien II. Zur Relationstheorie" in ''Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 101:573–752.
* Meinong, A. (1882). "Hume Studien II. Zur Relationstheorie", in ''Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 101:573–752.
* Meinong, A. (1891). "Zur psychologie der Komplexionen und Relationen" in ''Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane'', II:245–265.
* Meinong, A. (1891). "Zur psychologie der Komplexionen und Relationen", in ''Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane'', II:245–265.
* Meinong, A. (1899). "Über Gegenstände höherer Ordnung und deren Verhältniss zur inneren Wahrnehmung" in ''Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane'', 21, pp.&nbsp;187–272.
* Meinong, A. (1899). "Über Gegenstände höherer Ordnung und deren Verhältniss zur inneren Wahrnehmung", in ''Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane'', 21, pp.&nbsp;187–272.


===Books together with other authors===
===Books together with other authors===
Line 83: Line 90:


===Posthumously edited works===
===Posthumously edited works===
* Haller, R., Kindinger, R., and [[Roderick Chisholm|Chisholm, R.]], editors, (1968–78). ''Gesamtausgabe'', 7 vols., Akademische Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz.
* Haller, R., Kindinger, R., and [[Roderick Chisholm|Chisholm, R.]], editors (1968–78). ''Gesamtausgabe'', 7 vols., [[Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt]], Graz.
* Meinong, A. (1965). ''Philosophenbriefe'', ed. Kindinger, R., Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
* Meinong, A. (1965). ''Philosophenbriefe'', ed. Kindinger, R., Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.


===English translations===
===English translations===
* ''On Assumptions'', trans. James Heanue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
* ''On Assumptions'' (''Über Annahmen''), trans. James Heanue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
* ''On Emotional Presentation'', trans. M.-L. Schubert Kalsi. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1972.
* ''On Emotional Presentation'' (''Über emotionale Präsentation''), trans. M.-L. Schubert Kalsi. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1972.
* "The Theory of Objects", trans. [[Isaac Levi|I. Levi]], D. B. Terrell, and R. Chisholm. In ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1981, pp.&nbsp;76–117.
* "The Theory of Objects" ("Über Gegenstandstheorie"), trans. [[Isaac Levi|I. Levi]], D. B. Terrell, and R. Chisholm. In ''Realism and the Background of Phenomenology'', ed. Roderick Chisholm. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1981, pp.&nbsp;76–117.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 100: Line 107:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
===Books===
===Books===
* Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., and Poli, R., editors (2001). ''The School of Alexius Meinong''. Aldershot: Ashgate. {{ISBN|1-84014-374-6}}
* Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., and Poli, R., editors (2001). ''The School of Alexius Meinong''. Aldershot: Ashgate. {{ISBN|978-1-84014-374-4}}
* [[Gustav Bergmann|Bergmann, G.]]. ''Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong.'' Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
* [[Gustav Bergmann|Bergmann, G.]] ''Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong.'' Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
* Chisholm, R. ''Brentano and Meinong Studies.'' Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1982.
* Chisholm, R. ''Brentano and Meinong Studies.'' Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1982.
* Dölling, E. ''Wahrheit Suchen und Wahrheit Bekennen. Alexius Meinong: Skizze seines Lebens.'' Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999. {{ISBN|90-420-0774-5}}
* Dölling, E. ''Wahrheit Suchen und Wahrheit Bekennen. Alexius Meinong: Skizze seines Lebens.'' Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999. {{ISBN|978-90-420-0774-1}}
* Findlay, J. N. ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values,'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
* Findlay, J. N. ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values,'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
* Grossman, R. ''Meinong.'' London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. {{ISBN|0-7100-7831-5}}
* Grossman, R. ''Meinong.'' London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. {{ISBN|978-0-7100-7831-5}}
* Haller, R., editor. ''Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein''. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972.
* Haller, R., editor. ''Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein''. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972.
* Lindenfeld, D. F. ''The Transformation of Positivism: Alexius Meinong and European Thought'', 1880–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-520-03994-7}}
* Lindenfeld, D. F. ''The Transformation of Positivism: Alexius Meinong and European Thought'', 1880–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03994-0}}
* Rollinger, R. D. ''Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals''. Number XX in ''Studien zur Österreichischen Philosophie''. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1993. {{ISBN|90-5183-573-6}}
* Rollinger, R. D. ''Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals''. Number XX in ''Studien zur Österreichischen Philosophie''. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1993. {{ISBN|978-90-5183-573-1}}
* Rollinger, Robin D. ''Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object''. Frankfurt am Main: Ontos, 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-86838-005-7}}
* Rollinger, Robin D. ''Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object''. Frankfurt am Main: Ontos, 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-86838-005-7}}
* Routley, R. (1982). ''Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond''. Ridgeview Pub Co. {{ISBN|978-0-685-05636-3}}. (Also published by the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 1979.)
* Routley, R. (1982). ''Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond''. Ridgeview Pub Co. {{ISBN|978-0-685-05636-3}}. (Also published by the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 1979.)
* Schubert Kalsi, Marie-Luise. ''Alexius Meinong: On Objects of Higher Order and Husserl's Phenomenology''. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. {{ISBN|90-247-2033-8}}
* Schubert Kalsi, Marie-Luise. ''Alexius Meinong: On Objects of Higher Order and Husserl's Phenomenology''. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. {{ISBN|978-90-247-2033-0}}
* Smith, Barry. ''Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano''. Chicago: Open Court, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8126-9307-8}}
* Smith, Barry. ''Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano''. Chicago: Open Court, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-8126-9307-2}}


===Articles===
===Articles===
Line 127: Line 134:


===Journals===
===Journals===
* Schramm, A., editor. ''Meinong Studies&nbsp;— Meinong Studien'', Volume 1 (2005). Ontos Verlag.
* Schramm, A., editor. ''Meinong Studies – Meinong Studien'', Volume 1 (2005). Ontos Verlag.


===Podcasts===
===Podcasts===
* The philosopher [[A. C. Grayling]] discusses Meinong in a podcast about Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions.
* The philosopher [[A. C. Grayling]] discusses Meinong in a podcast about Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions on [http://philosophybites.com/2009/12/ac-grayling-on-bertrand-russells-theory-of-descriptions.html Philosophy Bites].


==External links==
==External links==
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* [https://www.ontology.co/meinonga.htm Alexius Meinong's Theory of Objects]
* [https://www.ontology.co/meinonga.htm Alexius Meinong's Theory of Objects]
* [https://www.ontology.co/biblio/meinonga-editions.htm Alexius Meinong: Editions, Translations, Bibliographic Resources]
* [https://www.ontology.co/biblio/meinonga-editions.htm Alexius Meinong: Editions, Translations, Bibliographic Resources]
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n83-2057}}
* [http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=123739 Alexius Meinong's page on the Mathematics Genealogy Project]
* [http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=123739 Alexius Meinong's page on the Mathematics Genealogy Project]


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[[Category:19th-century essayists]]
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[[Category:20th-century Austrian writers]]
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[[Category:Abstract object theory]]
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[[Category:Phenomenologists]]
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[[Category:Abstract object theory]]

Revision as of 17:36, 21 May 2024

Alexius Meinong
Meinong, c. 1900
Born
Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim

(1853-07-17)17 July 1853
Lemberg, Galicia, Austrian Empire (present-day Lviv, Ukraine)
Died27 November 1920(1920-11-27) (aged 67)
Graz, Styria, Austria
EducationUniversity of Vienna (PhD, 1874)
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
School
Institutions
Academic advisorsFranz Brentano
Main interests
Ontology, theory of objects, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, value theory
Notable ideas
Theory of objects, nonexistent objects, Meinong's jungle, nuclear vs. extranuclear (constitutive vs. extra-constitutive) properties (konstitutorische vs. außerkonstitutorische Bestimmungen) of objects,[2][3][4] the existence–subsistence–absistence distinction, wide and narrow negation[5]
Meinong von Handschuchsheim family arms, granted with the title of Ritter in 1851.

Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim (17 July 1853 – 27 November 1920) was an Austrian philosopher, a realist known for his unique ontology and theory of objects. He also made contributions to philosophy of mind and theory of value.[6]: 1–3 

Life

Alexius Meinong's father was officer Anton von Meinong (1799–1870), who was granted the hereditary title of Ritter in 1851 and reached the rank of Major General in 1858 before retiring in 1859.

From 1868 to 1870, Meinong studied at the Akademisches Gymnasium, Vienna. In 1870, he entered the University of Vienna law school where he was drawn to Carl Menger's lectures on economics.[7] In summer 1874, he earned a doctorate in history by writing a thesis on Arnold of Brescia.[8] It was during the winter term (1874–1875) that he began to focus on history and philosophy. Meinong became a pupil of Franz Brentano, who was then a recent addition to the philosophical faculty. Meinong would later claim that his mentor did not directly influence his shift into philosophy, though he did acknowledge that during that time Brentano may have helped him improve his progress in philosophy.[9] Meinong studied under Brentano with Edmund Husserl, who would also become a notable and influential philosopher.[10]: 1–7  Both their works exhibited parallel developments, particularly from 1891 to 1904.[10] Both are recognized for their respective contribution to philosophical research.[11]

In 1882, Meinong became a professor at the University of Graz[7] and was later promoted as chair of its philosophy department. During his tenure, he founded the Graz Psychological Institute (Grazer Psychologische Institut; founded in 1894) and the Graz School of experimental psychology. Meinong supervised the doctorates of Christian von Ehrenfels (founder of Gestalt psychology) and Adalbert Meingast, as well as the habilitation of Alois Höfler and Anton Oelzelt-Newin.[12][failed verification]

Work

Ontology

Main article: Russellian view

Meinong wrote two early essays on David Hume, the first dealing with his theory of abstraction, the second with his theory of relations, and was relatively strongly influenced by British empiricism. He is most noted, however, for his edited book Theory of Objects (full title: Investigations in Theory of Objects and Psychology, German: Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie, 1904), which grew out of his work on intentionality and his belief in the possibility of intending nonexistent objects. Whatever can be the target of a mental act, Meinong calls an "object."[3]

His theory of objects,[13] now known as "Meinongian object theory,"[4] is based around the purported empirical observation that it is possible to think about something, such as a golden mountain, even though that object does not exist. Since we can refer to such things, they must have some sort of being. Meinong thus distinguishes the "being" of a thing, in virtue of which it may be an object of thought, from a thing's "existence", which is the substantive ontological status ascribed to—for example—horses but not to unicorns. Meinong called such nonexistent objects "homeless";[14] others have nicknamed their place of residence "Meinong's jungle" because of their great number and exotic nature.

Historically, Meinong has been treated, especially by Gilbert Ryle,[15]: 8–9  as an eccentric whose theory of objects was allegedly dealt a severe blow in Bertrand Russell's essay "On Denoting" (1905) (see Russellian view). However, Russell himself thought highly of the vast majority of Meinong's work and, until formulating his theory of descriptions, held similar views about nonexistent objects.[16] Further, recent Meinongians such as Terence Parsons and Roderick Chisholm have established the consistency of a Meinongian theory of objects, while others (e.g., Karel Lambert) have defended the uselessness of such a theory.[17]

Meinong is also seen to be controversial in the field of philosophy of language for holding the view that "existence" is merely a property of an object, just as color or mass might be a property. Closer readers of his work, however, accept that Meinong held the view that objects are "indifferent to being"[18] and that they stand "beyond being and non-being".[18] On this view Meinong is expressly denying that existence is a property of an object. For Meinong, what an object is, its real essence, depends on the properties of the object.[19] These properties are genuinely possessed whether the object exists or not, and so existence cannot be a mere property of an object.[9]

Types of objects

Meinong holds that objects can be divided into three categories on the basis of their ontological status. Objects may have one of the following three modalities of being and non-being:[20]: 37–52 

  • Existence (Existenz, verb: existieren), or actual reality (Wirklichkeit), which denotes the material and temporal being of an object
  • Subsistence (Bestand, verb: bestehen), which denotes the being of an object in a non-temporal sense.
  • Absistence or being-given (Gegebenheit, as in the German use es gibt, i.e. "there are", "it is given"), which denotes being an object but not having being.

Certain objects can exist (mountains, birds, etc.); others cannot in principle ever exist, such as the objects of mathematics (numbers, theorems, etc.): such objects simply subsist. Finally, a third class of objects cannot even subsist, such as impossible objects (e.g. square circle, wooden iron, etc.). Being-given is not a minimal mode of being, because it is not a mode of being at all. Rather, to be "given" is just to be an object. Being-given, termed "absistence" by J. N. Findlay, is better thought of as a mode of non-being than as a mode of being.[21] Absistence, unlike existence and subsistence, does not have a negation; everything absists. (Note that all objects absist, while some subset of these subsist, of which a yet-smaller subset exist.) The result that everything absists allows Meinong to deal with our ability to affirm the non-being (Nichtsein) of an object. Its absistence is evidenced by our act of intending it, which is logically prior to our denying that it has being.[22]

Object and subject

Meinong distinguishes four classes of "objects":[23]: 133 

  • Object (Objekt), which can be real (like horses) or ideal (like the concepts of difference, identity, etc.)
  • Objective (Objectiv), e.g. the affirmation of the being (Sein) or non-being (Nichtsein), of a being-such (Sosein), or a being-with (Mitsein), of an object—parallel to existential, categorical and hypothetical judgements. Objectives are close to what contemporary philosophers call states of affairs (where these may be actual—may "obtain"—or not)
  • Dignitative, e.g. the true, the good, the beautiful
  • Desiderative, e.g. duties, ends, etc.[24]: 209–210 

To these four classes of objects correspond four classes of psychological acts:

  • (Re)presentation (das Vorstellen), for objects
  • Thought (das Denken), for the objectives
  • Feeling (das Fühlen), for dignitatives
  • Desire (das Begehren), for the desideratives

Bibliography

Books

  • Meinong, A. (1885). Über philosophische Wissenschaft und ihre Propädeutik.
  • Meinong, A. (1894). Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie.
  • Meinong, A. (1902). Über Annahmen, 1st ed.
  • Meinong, A., ed. (1904). Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie (Investigations in Theory of Objects and Psychology), Leipzig: Barth (contains Alexius Meinong, "Über Gegenstandstheorie", pp. 1–51).
  • Meinong, A. (1910). Über Annahmen, 2nd ed.
  • Meinong, A. (1915). Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit.
  • Meinong, A. (1917). Über emotionale Präsentation.

Articles

  • Meinong, A. (1877). "Hume Studien I. Zur Geschichte und Kritik des modernen Nominalismus", in Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 78:185–260.
  • Meinong, A. (1882). "Hume Studien II. Zur Relationstheorie", in Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 101:573–752.
  • Meinong, A. (1891). "Zur psychologie der Komplexionen und Relationen", in Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, II:245–265.
  • Meinong, A. (1899). "Über Gegenstände höherer Ordnung und deren Verhältniss zur inneren Wahrnehmung", in Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, 21, pp. 187–272.

Books together with other authors

  • Höfler, A., & Meinong, A. (1890). Philosophische Propädeutik. Erster Theil: Logik. F. Tempsky / G. Freytag, Vienna.

Posthumously edited works

English translations

  • On Assumptions (Über Annahmen), trans. James Heanue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
  • On Emotional Presentation (Über emotionale Präsentation), trans. M.-L. Schubert Kalsi. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1972.
  • "The Theory of Objects" ("Über Gegenstandstheorie"), trans. I. Levi, D. B. Terrell, and R. Chisholm. In Realism and the Background of Phenomenology, ed. Roderick Chisholm. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1981, pp. 76–117.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gestalt Theory: Official Journal of the Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA), 22, Steinkopff, 2000, p. 94: "Attention has varied between Continental Phenomenology (late Husserl, Merleau-Ponty) and Austrian Realism (Brentano, Meinong, Benussi, early Husserl)".
  2. ^ Alexius Meinong, 1915 Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit, Barth, p. 176. Reprinted in Alexius Meinong, 1972, Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit, in Rudolf Haller and Rudolf Kindinger (eds.), Alexius Meinong Gesamtausgabe VI, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
  3. ^ a b Marek, Johann. "Alexius Meinong". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  4. ^ a b Reicher, Maria. "Nonexistent Objects". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  5. ^ Marek, Johann, "Alexius Meinong", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman.
  6. ^ Jacquette, D., Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), pp. 1–3.
  7. ^ a b Albertazzi, Liliana; Libardi, Massimo; Poli, Roberto (1995). The School of Franz Brentano. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7923-3766-9.
  8. ^ Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R., eds., The School of Alexius Meinong (Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 2017), p. 51.
  9. ^ a b Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R., eds., The School of Alexius Meinong (Abingdon-on-Thames, Routledge, 2017), p. 502.
  10. ^ a b Rollinger, R. D. (1993). Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals: From Hume Studies I to Logical Investigations II. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-90-5183-573-1.
  11. ^ Spiegelberg, Herbert (1981). The Context of the Phenomenological Movement. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 146. ISBN 978-90-481-8262-6.
  12. ^ Haller, R., ed., Meinong and the Theory of Objects (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Editions Rodopi B.V., 1996), p. 8.
  13. ^ Meinong, "Über Gegenstandstheorie", in Alexius Meinong, ed. (1904). Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie, Leipzig: Barth, pp. 1–51.
  14. ^ In Über die Stellung der Gegenstadntheorie im System der Wissenschaften.
  15. ^ Ryle, G., "Intentionality-Theory and the Nature of Thinking", in R. Haller, ed., Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein (Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972), pp. 8–9. Ryle here compliments Meinong in two ways, first, rather backhandedly, for showing us what not to do in theorizing about intentional content. But the second compliment echoes Russell's admiration for Meinong's acute observation in pinpointing problems, his habit of tenaciously inferring consequences, and his nose for fine distinctions.
  16. ^ See Russell's article, "Meinong's Theory of Complexes and Assumptions", reprinted in his collection, Essays in Analysis, ed. Douglas Lackey (New York: George Braziller, 1973) This anthology contains five pieces dealing with Meinong's work, three of them reviews in which Russell expresses a good deal of admiration, in spite of significant misgivings about Meinong's ontology.
  17. ^ Sierszulska, A., Meinong on Meaning and Truth: A Theory of Knowledge (Heusenstamm: Ontos Verlag, 2005), pp. 159–160.
  18. ^ a b Meinong, A. "The Theory of Objects" in Realism and the Background of Phenomenology, ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960). p. 86.
  19. ^ Findlay, J. N., Meinong's Theory of Objects. Oxford University Press, 1933, p. 49.
  20. ^ Chisholm, R. M., "Homeless Objects", in Brentano and Meinong Studies (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1982), pp. 37–52.
  21. ^ Though Meinong speaks of it loosely as a "third order of being" in his "The Theory of Objects" in Realism and the Background of Phenomenology, ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960), p. 84.
  22. ^ A version of the argument is given in "The Theory of Objects", Realism and the Background of Phenomenology, ed. Roderick Chisholm (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1960), p. 85.
  23. ^ Albertazzi, L., ed., The Dawn of Cognitive Science: Early European Contributors (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2001), p. 133.
  24. ^ Lapointe, S., ed., Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century: The History of the Philosophy of Mind, Vol. 5 (Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2019), pp. 209–210.

Further reading

Books

  • Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., and Poli, R., editors (2001). The School of Alexius Meinong. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-84014-374-4
  • Bergmann, G. Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
  • Chisholm, R. Brentano and Meinong Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1982.
  • Dölling, E. Wahrheit Suchen und Wahrheit Bekennen. Alexius Meinong: Skizze seines Lebens. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999. ISBN 978-90-420-0774-1
  • Findlay, J. N. Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
  • Grossman, R. Meinong. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. ISBN 978-0-7100-7831-5
  • Haller, R., editor. Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972.
  • Lindenfeld, D. F. The Transformation of Positivism: Alexius Meinong and European Thought, 1880–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-520-03994-0
  • Rollinger, R. D. Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals. Number XX in Studien zur Österreichischen Philosophie. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1993. ISBN 978-90-5183-573-1
  • Rollinger, Robin D. Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object. Frankfurt am Main: Ontos, 2008. ISBN 978-3-86838-005-7
  • Routley, R. (1982). Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond. Ridgeview Pub Co. ISBN 978-0-685-05636-3. (Also published by the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 1979.)
  • Schubert Kalsi, Marie-Luise. Alexius Meinong: On Objects of Higher Order and Husserl's Phenomenology. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-247-2033-0
  • Smith, Barry. Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano. Chicago: Open Court, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8126-9307-2

Articles

  • Chrudzimski, A. (2005). "Abstraktion und Relationen beim jungen Meinong" in [Schramm, 2005], pages 7–62.
  • Dölling, E. (2005). "Eine semiotische Sicht auf Meinongs Annahmenlehre" in [Schramm, 2005], pages 129–158.
  • Kenneth, B. (1970). "Meinong’s Hume Studies. Part I: Meinong’s Nominalism" in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 30:550–567.
  • Kenneth, B. (1971). "Meinong’s Hume Studies. Part II: Meinong’s Analysis of Relations" in PPR, 31:564–584.
  • Rollinger, R. D. (2005). "Meinong and Brentano". In [Schramm, 2005], pages 159–197.
  • Routley, R. and Valerie Routley. "Rehabilitating Meinong's Theory of Objects". Review Internationale de Philosophie 104–105 (1973).
  • Russell, Bertrand. "Meinong's Theory of Complexes and Assumptions" in Essays in Analysis, ed. Douglas Lackey. New York: George Braziller, 1973.
  • Ryle, Gilbert. "Intentionality-Theory and the Nature of Thinking." Review Internationale de Philosophie 104–105 (1973).
  • Schermann, H. (1972). "Husserls II. Logische Untersuchung und Meinongs Hume-Studien I" in [Haller, 1972], pages 103–116.
  • Vendrell-Ferran, I. (2009): "Meinongs Philosophie der Gefühle und ihr Einfluss auf die Grazer Schule" in Meinong Studien III Graz

Journals

  • Schramm, A., editor. Meinong Studies – Meinong Studien, Volume 1 (2005). Ontos Verlag.

Podcasts

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