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The cloud top (or the top of the cloud) is the highest altitude of the visible portion of a cloud. It is traditionally expressed either in metres above the Earth (or planetary) surface, or as the corresponding pressure level in hectopascal (hPa, equivalent to the traditional but now obsolete millibar).

Measurement

The cloud top is where the snow, rain and sleet come from. Cloud top height can be estimated from the ground by triangulation. However, this is often inconvenient as this is practically feasible only for isolated clouds in full view of (and some horizontal distance away from) the observers. Ground-based radars can be used to derive this cloud property.

An alternative (but also more expensive) approach is to acquire airborne observations either visually or using specific instruments such as a lidar. This technique is very appropriate to characterize individual clouds (and specifically to control or evaluate the accuracy of other methods) but becomes unmanageable to repetitively monitor clouds over large areas.

Cloud top height may be derived from satellite measurements, either through stereophotogrammetry (using pairs of images acquired at different observation angles) or by converting temperature measurements into estimations of height. An example of the stereo technique using the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument and using the Along Track Scanning Radiometer instruments (ATSR-1, ATSR-2 and AATSR).

Cloud top pressure can also be used as an indicator of cloud top height.^[1] The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) provides real-time cloud top pressure maps of the conterminous United States derived from data obtained from the GOES 11 and GOES 12 satellites.^[2]

Weather and climate relevance

In convective clouds, the cloud top is largely influenced by the strength of the convection activity, which itself may depend on surface properties, in particular the supply of heat and water vapor below the cloud. Cloud top height is often much more variable than cloud base elevation.

Clouds greatly affect the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere. In the solar spectral domain, cloud albedo is directly related to the nature, size and shape of cloud particles, which themselves are affected by the height of the cloud top. In the thermal domain, water is a strong absorber (and thus emitter, according to Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation). Hence clouds cool down from the top through infrared radiation at the prevailing temperature: the higher the cloud top, the cooler the particles and the lower the rate of emission.

References

Huschke, Ralph E. (1959) Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Second printing-1970.

^ "Cloud Parameter Definitions And Measurement Methods". NASA ISCCP.
^ "Cloud Top Pressure (GOES 11/12)". CIMSS.

External links

[1] "Cloud Parameter Definitions And Measurement Methods". NASA ISCCP.

[2] "Cloud Top Pressure (GOES 11/12)". CIMSS.

[1]

[2]

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+[[File:Blanket of Clouds (14415796771) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View of clouds from above]]
-The '''cloud top''' (or the top of the cloud) is the largest [[altitude]] of the visible portion of the [[cloud]]. It is traditionally expressed either in [[metre]]s above the Earth (or planetary) surface, or as the corresponding [[pressure]] level in [[hectopascal]] (hPa, equivalent to the traditional but now obsolete [[millibar]]).
+The '''cloud top''' (or the top of the cloud) is the highest [[altitude]] of the visible portion of a [[cloud]]. It is traditionally expressed either in metres above the Earth (or planetary) surface, or as the corresponding [[pressure]] level in [[hectopascal]] (hPa, equivalent to the traditional but now obsolete [[millibar]]).
 ==Measurement==
+The cloud top is where the snow, rain and sleet come from.
+Cloud top height can be estimated from the ground by [[triangulation]]. However, this is often inconvenient as this is practically feasible only for isolated clouds in full view of (and some horizontal distance away from) the observers. Ground-based radars can be used to derive this cloud property.
+An alternative (but also more expensive) approach is to acquire airborne observations either visually or using specific instruments such as a [[lidar]]. This technique is very appropriate to characterize individual clouds (and specifically to control or evaluate the accuracy of other methods) but becomes unmanageable to repetitively monitor clouds over large areas.
-Cloud top height can be estimated from the ground by [[triangulation]]. However, this is often inconvenient as this practically feasible only for isolated clouds in full view of (and some horizontal distance away from) the observers. Ground-based radars can be used to derive this cloud property (see this [http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~qfu/Publications/ar.hollars.2004.pdf paper] for a comparison of this approach to a satellite-based method).
+Cloud top height may be derived from [[satellite]] measurements, either through [[stereophotogrammetry]] (using pairs of images acquired at different observation angles) or by converting temperature measurements into estimations of height. An example of the stereo technique using the [[MISR|Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer]] (MISR) instrument and using the [[AATSR|Along Track Scanning Radiometer]] instruments (ATSR-1, ATSR-2 and AATSR).
-An alternative (but also more expensive) approach is to acquire airborne observations either visually or using specific instruments such as a lidar. This technique is very appropriate to characterize individual clouds (and specifically to control or evaluate the accuracy of other methods) but becomes unmanageable to repetitively monitor clouds over large areas (see this [http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/_docs/Frey_1999.pdf paper] for an example using this approach).
+[[Cloud top pressure]] can also be used as an indicator of cloud top height.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/cloudtypes.html |title=Cloud Parameter Definitions And Measurement Methods |publisher= NASA [[ISCCP]]}}</ref> The [[Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies]] (CIMSS) provides real-time cloud top pressure maps of the conterminous United States derived from data obtained from the [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite |GOES]] 11 and GOES 12 satellites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/rt/viewdata.php?product=ct_us |title=Cloud Top Pressure (GOES 11/12) |publisher=CIMSS}}</ref>
-Cloud top height may be derived from [[satellite]] measurements, either through stereophotogrammetry (using pairs of images acquired at different observation angles) or by converting temperature measurements into estimations of height. An example of the stereo technique using the [[MISR|Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer]] (MISR) instrument can be found [http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/galhistory/2004_sep_15.html here], and using the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) instrument [http://earth.esa.int/workshops/atsr_workshop_1999/Papers/Muller.pdf here]. An
-example of the estimation of cloud top height from temperature measurements is available from [http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81921.pdf this paper].
 ==Weather and climate relevance==
-In convective clouds, the cloud top is largely influenced by the strength of the clouds penis [[convection]] activity, which itself may depend on surface properties, in particular the supply of heat and water vapor below the cloud. Cloud top height is often much more variable than [[cloud base]] elevation.
+In convective clouds, the cloud top is largely influenced by the strength of the [[convection]] activity, which itself may depend on surface properties, in particular the supply of heat and water vapor below the cloud. Cloud top height is often much more variable than [[cloud base]] elevation.
-Clouds greatly affect the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere. In the solar spectral domain, [[cloud albedo]] is directly related to the nature, size and shape of cloud particles, which themselves are affected by the height of the cloud top. In the thermal domain, water is a strong absorber (and thus emitter, according to [[Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation]]). Hence clouds cool down from the top through infrared radiation at the prevailing temperature: the higher the cloud top, the cooler the particles and the lower the rate of emission. For a synthetic discussion of the impact of clouds (and in particular the role of cloud tops) on the climate system, see the [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm IPCC Third Assessment Report], in particular chapter 7.2.
+Clouds greatly affect the transfer of [[radiation]] in the atmosphere. In the solar spectral domain, [[cloud albedo]] is directly related to the nature, size and shape of cloud particles, which themselves are affected by the height of the cloud top. In the thermal domain, water is a strong absorber (and thus emitter, according to [[Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation]]). Hence clouds cool down from the top through infrared radiation at the prevailing temperature: the higher the cloud top, the cooler the particles and the lower the rate of emission.
 ==See also==
+* [[Cloud height]]
-* [[Cloud height]].
+* [[Cloud cover]]
-* [[Cloud cover]].
 ==References==
+{{refbegin}}
 * Huschke, Ralph E. (1959) ''Glossary of Meteorology'', American Meteorological Society, Boston, Second printing-1970.
+{{refend}}
+{{reflist}}
 ==External links==
 * [http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/ MISR home page]
-* [http://www.arm.gov/measurements/measurement.php?id=cloudtop Measuring instruments]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924170452/http://www.arm.gov/measurements/measurement.php?id=cloudtop Measuring instruments]
+* [http://wdc.dlr.de/data_products/SERVICES/GOME2NRT/cth.php GOME-2 Near-Real-Time Service and archiv]
+* [http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/sat-bin/cloud_tops.cgi NRL Monterey Cloud Tops]
-[[Category:Clouds]]
-[[nn:skytopp]]
+[[Category:Clouds|Top]]
-[[no:skytopp]]
-[[pl:wierzchołek chmury]]