Artuqids: Difference between revisions

Artuqid State
Artuklu Beyliği
Artuqid State Artuklu Beyliği
1102–1409
Capital	Hasankeyf, Diyarbakır, Harput, Mardin, in chronological order
Common languages	Turkish, Arabic, Syriac
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Beylik
Bey
History
• Establishment	1102
• Takeover by Zengid Dynasty (Aleppo)	1127
• Vassal of the Ayyubid Sultanate (Hasenkeyf)	1232
• Takeover by Sultanate of Rum (Harput)	1234
• Annexation by Kara Koyunlu (Mardin)	1409
Currency	dinar
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Seljuk Empire
	Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)
Kara Koyunlu
Today part of	Syria; Turkey

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The Artuqid dynasty (alternatively Artukid, Ortoqid, or Ortokid; Turkish: Artuklu Beyliği, Artuklular, pl. Artukoğulları; Turkmen: Artykly begligi, Artykogullary; Azerbaijani: Artuklu bəyliyi, Artıqlılar) was established in 1102 as an Anatolian Beylik (Principality) of the Seljuk Empire. It formed a Turkoman dynasty rooted in the Oghuz Döğer tribe, and followed the Sunni Muslim faith.^[1]^[2]^[3] It ruled in eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. The Artuqid dynasty took its name from its founder, Artuk Bey, who was of the Döger branch of the Oghuz Turks and ruled one of the Turkmen beyliks of the Seljuk Empire. Artuk's sons and descendants ruled the three branches in the region: Sökmen's descendants ruled the region around Hasankeyf between 1102 and 1231; Ilghazi's branch ruled from Mardin and Mayyafariqin between 1106 and 1186 (until 1409 as vassals) and Aleppo from 1117–1128; and the Harput line starting in 1112 under the Sökmen branch, and was independent between 1185 and 1233.

History

The dynasty was founded by Artuk, son of Eksük, a general originally under Malik-Shah I and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I. Tutush appointed Artuk governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuk died in 1091, and was succeeded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi who were expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098; the Fatimids lost the city to the Crusaders the following year after the siege of Jerusalem of 1099.^[4]

Sökmen and Ilghazi established themselves in Diyarbakır, Mardin, and Hasankeyf in al-Jazira where they came into conflict with the Seljuk sultanate. Sökmen, bey of Mardin, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sökmen in Mardin and imposed his control over Aleppo at the request of the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. The next year, Ilghazi defeated the Crusader state Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis of 1119.^[4]

After pillaging the County of Edessa, Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121, he went north towards Armenia with his son-in-law Mazyad Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja. Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated by David IV of Georgia at the Battle of Didgori of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew Belek Ghazi nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered by Assassins in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of Zengi, atabeg of Mosul, in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd, bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan. Kara Aslan allied with Joscelin II of Edessa against the Zengids, and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa, the first of the Crusader states to fall (see Siege of Edessa). The Artuqids became vassals of the Zengids during the reign of Nur al-Din Zengi (r. 1146–1174).^[9]

Kara Aslan's son Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against Kilij Arslan II, Seljuk sultan of Rûm, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In the peace settlement with Kilij Arslan II, Saladin gained control of the Artuqid territory, even though the Artuqids were still technically vassals of Mosul, which Saladin did not control.^[9] The Seljuk Empire completely disintegrated soon after that in 1194.^[4]

The Artuqid dynasty remained in nominal command of al-Jazira, but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198 and its center was moved here, but was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 when it attempted to form an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was destroyed by the Sultanate of Rum due to following a slippery policy between the Ayyubids and Seljuqs. The Mardin branch survived for longer, but as a vassal of the Ayyubids, Sultanate of Rûm, Il-Khanate and the Timurids.^[9] Qara Arslan (r.1260-1292), ruler of Mardin, submitted to the Mongol Hulegu.^[9] The Kara Koyunlu captured Mardin and finally put an end to Artuqid rule in 1409.^[4]

Art

Malabadi Bridge was built by the Artuqids.^[10]

Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments. Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and the art of metalworking. The door and door handles of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

They made the most significant additions to Diyarbakır City Walls. Urfa Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden and Yedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by the Artuqid ruler Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the Artuqid double-headed eagle on its walls.

A large caravanserai in Mardin as well as the civil engineering feat of Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The partially standing Old Bridge, Hasankeyf, was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan.

The Great Mosques of Mardin and Silvan were possibly but in any case considerably developed over the 12th century by several Artuqid rulers on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The congregational mosque of Dunaysir (now Kızıltepe) was commissioned by Yülük Arslan (1184–1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk Arslan (1203–1239).

Magic Mirror of Abu-l-Fadl Artuq Shah of Harput, Eastern Anatolia, ca. 1220-30, David Collection. It is "representative of medieval Islamic examples of the “Chinese” type".^[11]
Basin of Sultan Qara Arslan b. Il-Ghazi, Jazira, Syria, or Egypt, late 13th cen. (1289-92) MIA, Doha.^[12]
Figurative Architectural Piece Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, Istanbul

Literature

The Artuqids are known for their sponsoring of literary works in Arabic.^[13] A copy of al-Sufi's book on astronomy The Book of Fixed Stars, a synthesis of Ptolemy’s Almagest and Arabic astronomical traditions, was made in 1131 in Artuqid Mardin.^[14] Kara Arslan (1148–1174 CE) commissionned a new Arabic translation of De Materia Medica by an Arab Christian author named Abu Salim al-Malti, probably from Malatya.^[13]

The Artuqid ruler Nasr al-Din Mahmud (r. 1201–1222) is known to have commisionned an edition of the Al-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal of Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, devoted to the depiction of mechanical devices, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court (Ahmet III 3472, Topkapı Sarayı Library).^[15]^[16] The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time.^[15] Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was employed at the Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus.^[16] Many of the figures in the manuscript wear the characteristic Turkic dress, with long coat and boots, and the sharbush headgear (of a special type seen only in Artuqid manuscripts, with a very tall cap behind the headplate and the limited usage of fur around the rim).^[17]

An early edition of the Maqamat al-Hariri (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 3929) is also considered as probably belonging to the same Artuqid school of painting.^[18]

"Sign of Sagittarius" by al-Sufi in his book Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābita, Artuqid Mardin, 1131 CE (TSMK, A. 3493).^[19]
Court scene. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).^[15]
Turkic figure. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).^[15]
A Jariya prostitute, in the Maqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3929), also thought to belong to the same Artuqid school of painting.^[20]^[18]

List of rulers

The major branches of the Artuqid dynasty were those based in Hasankeyf, Harput, Mardin and Aleppo.^[21]

Hasankeyf branch

This branch was initially based at Hasankeyf (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to Diyarbakır (Amid) in 1183.

Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1102–1104
Ibrahim of Ḥiṣn Kaifā, son of Sökmen, 1104–1109
Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd (Dāʾūd), son of Sökmen, 1109–1144
Kara Arslan, son of Dāʾūd, 1144–1174)^[22]
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, son of Kara Arslan, 1174–1185^[22]
Sökmen II, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1185–1201^[22]
Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1201–1222^[22]
Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, son of Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, 1222–1232/33.

Following the rule of Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, the territories of the Hasankeyf branch of the Artuqids were taken over by the Ayyubids.

Harput branch

The Harput branch was initially part of the Hasankeyf branch until 1185, gaining independence from Kara Arslan.

Imad ud-din Abu Bakr, son of Kara Arslan, 1185–1204
Ibrahim ibn Abu Bakr, son of Abu Bakr, 1203–1223
Ahmad Khidr, son of Ibrahim, 1223–1234
Artuq Shah, son of Ahmad Khidr, 1234.^[23]

Harput was conquered by Kayqubad I, Seljuk sultan of Rûm, in 1234, as part of his conquering of Anatolia.

Mardin branch

The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in Mardin and Mayyafariqin from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq.

Yāqūti, son of Alp-Yaruq (son of Artuk), 1101–1104
'Ali ibn Yāqūti, son of Yāqūti, 1104
Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1101–1104
Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1107–1122
Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1122–1154
Alpï I, son of Timurtash, 1154–1176
Ilghazi II, son of Alpï I, 1176–1184
Yülük Arslan, son of Ilghazi II, 1184–1203
Artuk Arslan, son of Yülük Arslan, 1203–1239
Al-Sa'id Najm al-Din Ghazi I, son of Yülük Arslan, 1239–1260
Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, son of Ghazi I, 1260–1292. Submitted to Hulegu.^[4]
Al-Sa'id Shams al-Din Dāwūd I, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1292–1294
Al-Mansur Najm al-Din Ghazi II, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1294–1312
'Ali Alpï II, son of Ghazi II, 1312
As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (Mahmūd), son of Ghazi II, 1312–1364
Al-Mansur Husam al-Din Ahmad, son of Mahmūd, 1364–1367
As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (second rule), 1367
Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Dāwūd II, son of Mahmūd, 1367–1376
Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, son of Dāwūd II, 1376–1407
Al-Salih Şhihab al-Din Ahmad, son of Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, 1407–1409.

Mardin was conquered by the Kara Koyunlu, a Turkoman tribe, in 1409.^[4]

Aleppo subbranch

The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See also Rulers of Aleppo.

Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1117–1121
Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman, son of Abd al-Jabar (son of Artuk), 1121–1123
Belek Ghazi, son of Bahram ibn Artuk (son of Artuk), 1123–1124
Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1124–1125^[26]
[Seljuks under al-Bursuqi and various others, 1125–1127]
Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman (second rule), 1127–1128.

Aleppo was taken by Zengi in 1128 and ruled by the Zengid dynasty until 1183.

Coinage

Artuqids coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".^[4]

Crowned, bearded Byzantine-style bust, with clean-shaven Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan, Hisn Kayfa or Amid mint. Dated AH 559 (1163-4 CE).
Coinage of Kara Arslan, dated AH 562 (1166-7 CE). Artuqid coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".^[4]
Nasir al-Din Mahmud, dirham, 619 AH (1213-4 CE)
Najm al-Din Alpi, Mardin, 558 H (1162-3 CE)
Nur al-Din Muhammad, al-Hisn, 578 H (1182-3 CE), with youthful Seleucid head.

References

^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banū Sāsān in Arabic life and lore, (E.J. Brill, 1976), 107, 134;"The Artuqids, descendants of Artuq b. Ekseb, were a Turkmen dynasty established in Diyarbakr..."
^ Islamic Desk Reference, ed. E. J. Van Donzel, (Brill, 1994), 39;"Artuqids. Turkmen dynasty which reigned over...."
^ "Артук Гази, артукиды и их первые тюркские бейлики в Анатолии" (in Russian). TRT Russian. 22 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburg University Press. p. 195-196. doi:10.1515/9781474464628. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.
^ Picture from Maqamat 43 "Encounter at Al-Bakriya" [1]. "Al-Bakriya" = Diyar Bakr, see Eger, A. Asa (18 November 2014). The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-685-8.
^ Shah, Amina (1980). The assemblies of al-Hariri : fifty encounters with the Shaykh Abu Zayd of Seruj. London : Octagon Press. pp. 212–220. ISBN 978-0-900860-86-7.
^ Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". Inquiries into Art. History: 766, Fig.11. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685.
^ Contadini, Anna (2012). A world of beasts: a thirteenth-century illustrated Arabic book on animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 120, Fig 45. ISBN 978-90-04-20100-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 195–196. doi:10.1515/9781474464628. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8. The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardln line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu.
^ *Hillenbrand, Carole (1979). The History of the Jazīra 1100-1150: the contribution of Ibn Al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. p. 314, 317, 444, 445–447, 500, 549. hdl:1842/7341.
^ Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. p. 57, item 7.
^ Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. p. 58.
^ ^a ^b Snelders 2010, p. Chapter 4, 4th page.
^ Topkapı Palace Museum Library, TSMK, A. 3493 in Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. p. 195. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". Inquiries into Art. History: 739–741. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685.
^ ^a ^b Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83: 69.
^ Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83: 77.
^ ^a ^b Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83: 76–77.
^ Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. pp. 161–211. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005. Manuscript "Ahmet III 3493"
^ Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". Inquiries into Art. History: 768. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685.
^ Bosworth, Clifford E., The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, pgs. 194-196
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Whelan 1988, p. 146.
^ Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43
^ Spengler, William F.; Sayles, Wayne G. (1992). Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and Their Iconography: The Artuquids. Clio's Cabinet. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-879080-02-7. But who was the "Nur al - Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type , and why was he also recognized? He is not further identified on the coins , but the most logical candidate would appear to be Nur al - Din Arslan Shah I , the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul ( 589-607 / 1193-1210 ) , the only atabeg with the laqab Nur al - Din known to have been active at that time . This identification was first advanced by Mitchiner in 1977 and was repeated by Hennequin in the Paris catalog.
^ Künker, Fritz Rudolf. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 391. But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized? He is Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (1193-1210), which was discovered by Mitchiner in 1977. Why the Artuqid Yuluq Arslan of Mardin should put his rival's name on his coins is not altogether clear
^ Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43–44

Sources

Aslanapa, Oktay (1991). Anadolu'da ilk Türk mimarisi: Başlangıcı ve gelişmesi [Early Turkish Architecture in Anatolia: Beginnings and Development] (in Turkish). Ankara: AKM Publications. ISBN 975-16-0264-5. Archived from the original on 2004-08-30.
Balafrej, Lamia (2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". 21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual. 3 (4): 737–774. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685. ISSN 2701-1569.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
Hillenbrand, Carole (1990), A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: The Early Artuqid State, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut
Hillenbrand, Carole (2000), The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Routledge
Holt, P.M. (1989), The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, Longman
Runciman, Steven (1952), A History of the Crusades, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press
Setton, Kenneth, ed. (1969–1989), A History of the Crusades, Madison, archived from the original on 2003-04-01, retrieved 2006-04-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Snelders, B. (2010). Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area. Peeters, Leuven.
Whelan, Estelle (1988), "Representations of the Khassakiyah and the Origins of Mamluk Emblems", in Soucek, Priscilla (ed.), Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World, University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press

External links

"Hasankeyf Bridge, Hasankeyf". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2006-02-19.
Mustafa Güler, İlknur Aktuğ Kolay. "12. yüzyıl Anadolu Türk Camileri (12th century Turkish mosques in Anatolia" (PDF) (in Turkish). Istanbul Technical University Magazine (İtüdergi). Archived from the original on 2007-07-04.

[1] Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banū Sāsān in Arabic life and lore, (E.J. Brill, 1976), 107, 134;"The Artuqids, descendants of Artuq b. Ekseb, were a Turkmen dynasty established in Diyarbakr..."

[2] Islamic Desk Reference, ed. E. J. Van Donzel, (Brill, 1994), 39;"Artuqids. Turkmen dynasty which reigned over...."

[3] "Артук Гази, артукиды и их первые тюркские бейлики в Анатолии" (in Russian). TRT Russian. 22 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2019.

[CEB195-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburg University Press. p. 195-196. doi:10.1515/9781474464628. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.

[AAE-5] Picture from Maqamat 43 "Encounter at Al-Bakriya" [1]. "Al-Bakriya" = Diyar Bakr, see Eger, A. Asa (18 November 2014). The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-685-8.

[6] Shah, Amina (1980). The assemblies of al-Hariri : fifty encounters with the Shaykh Abu Zayd of Seruj. London : Octagon Press. pp. 212–220. ISBN 978-0-900860-86-7.

[7] Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". Inquiries into Art. History: 766, Fig.11. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685.

[8] Contadini, Anna (2012). A world of beasts: a thirteenth-century illustrated Arabic book on animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 120, Fig 45. ISBN 978-90-04-20100-2.

[Bosw195-9] Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 195–196. doi:10.1515/9781474464628. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8. The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardln line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu.

[10] *Hillenbrand, Carole (1979). The History of the Jazīra 1100-1150: the contribution of Ibn Al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. p. 314, 317, 444, 445–447, 500, 549. hdl:1842/7341.

[11] Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. p. 57, item 7.

[12] Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. p. 58.

[FOOTNOTESnelders2010Chapter_4,_4th_page-13] Snelders 2010, p. Chapter 4, 4th page.

[14] Topkapı Palace Museum Library, TSMK, A. 3493 in Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. p. 195. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005.

[LB-15] Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". Inquiries into Art. History: 739–741. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685.

[RW-16] Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83: 69.

[RW77-17] Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83: 77.

[RW2-18] Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83: 76–77.

[19] Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. pp. 161–211. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005. Manuscript "Ahmet III 3493"

[20] Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". Inquiries into Art. History: 768. doi:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685.

[21] Bosworth, Clifford E., The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, pgs. 194-196

[FOOTNOTEWhelan1988146-22] Whelan 1988, p. 146.

[23] Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43

[24] Spengler, William F.; Sayles, Wayne G. (1992). Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and Their Iconography: The Artuquids. Clio's Cabinet. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-879080-02-7. But who was the "Nur al - Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type , and why was he also recognized? He is not further identified on the coins , but the most logical candidate would appear to be Nur al - Din Arslan Shah I , the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul ( 589-607 / 1193-1210 ) , the only atabeg with the laqab Nur al - Din known to have been active at that time . This identification was first advanced by Mitchiner in 1977 and was repeated by Hennequin in the Paris catalog.

[25] Künker, Fritz Rudolf. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 391. But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized? He is Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (1193-1210), which was discovered by Mitchiner in 1977. Why the Artuqid Yuluq Arslan of Mardin should put his rival's name on his coins is not altogether clear

[26] Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43–44

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |native_name = Artuklu Beyliği
 |p1 = Seljuk Empire
+|p2 = Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)
 |year_start = 1102
 |year_end = 1409
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 |today = [[Syria]]<br />[[Turkey]]
 |demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=}}
-The '''Artuqid dynasty''' (alternatively '''Artukid''', '''Ortoqid''', or '''Ortokid'''; {{Lang-tr|Artuklu Beyliği, Artuklular}}, [[plural|pl.]] {{Lang|tr|Artukoğulları}}; {{Lang-tk|Artykly begligi, Artykogullary}}; {{Lang-az|Artuklu bəyliyi, Artıqlılar}}) was established in 1102 as a [[Anatolian beyliks|Beylik]] (Principality) of the [[Seljuk Empire]]. It formed a [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] dynasty rooted in the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] {{lang|tr|[[Döğer (tribe)|Döğer]]}} tribe, and followed the [[Sunni Muslim]] faith.<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banū Sāsān in Arabic life and lore'', (E.J. Brill, 1976), 107, 134;"''The Artuqids, descendants of Artuq b. Ekseb, were a Turkmen dynasty established in Diyarbakr...''"</ref><ref>''Islamic Desk Reference'', ed. E. J. Van Donzel, (Brill, 1994), 39;"''Artuqids. Turkmen dynasty which reigned over....''"</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trt.net.tr/russian/tvortsy-turietskoi-istorii/2016/10/22/artuk-gazi-artukidy-i-ikh-piervyie-tiurkskiie-bieiliki-v-anatolii-594015 |title=Артук Гази, артукиды и их первые тюркские бейлики в Анатолии |date=22 December 2016 |publisher=TRT Russian |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109215918/http://www.trt.net.tr/russian/tvortsy-turietskoi-istorii/2016/10/22/artuk-gazi-artukidy-i-ikh-piervyie-tiurkskiie-bieiliki-v-anatolii-594015 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref> It ruled in eastern [[Anatolia]], Northern [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and Northern [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]] in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. The Artuqid dynasty took its name from its founder, [[Artuk Bey]], who was of the Döger branch of the [[Oghuz Turks]] and ruled one of the Turkmen [[Anatolian beyliks|beyliks]] of the [[Seljuk Empire]]. Artuk's sons and descendants ruled the three branches in the region: [[Sökmen of Artukids|Sökmen's]] descendants ruled the region around [[Hasankeyf]] between 1102 and 1231; [[Ilghazi|Ilghazi's]] branch ruled from [[Mardin]] and [[Mayyafariqin]] between 1106 and 1186 (until 1409 as vassals) and [[Aleppo]] from 1117–1128; and the [[Harput]] line starting in 1112 under the Sökmen branch, and was independent between 1185 and 1233.
+The '''Artuqid dynasty''' (alternatively '''Artukid''', '''Ortoqid''', or '''Ortokid'''; {{Lang-tr|Artuklu Beyliği, Artuklular}}, [[plural|pl.]] {{Lang|tr|Artukoğulları}}; {{Lang-tk|Artykly begligi, Artykogullary}}; {{Lang-az|Artuklu bəyliyi, Artıqlılar}}) was established in 1102 as an [[Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian Beylik]] (Principality) of the [[Seljuk Empire]]. It formed a [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] dynasty rooted in the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] {{lang|tr|[[Döğer (tribe)|Döğer]]}} tribe, and followed the [[Sunni Muslim]] faith.<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banū Sāsān in Arabic life and lore'', (E.J. Brill, 1976), 107, 134;"''The Artuqids, descendants of Artuq b. Ekseb, were a Turkmen dynasty established in Diyarbakr...''"</ref><ref>''Islamic Desk Reference'', ed. E. J. Van Donzel, (Brill, 1994), 39;"''Artuqids. Turkmen dynasty which reigned over....''"</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trt.net.tr/russian/tvortsy-turietskoi-istorii/2016/10/22/artuk-gazi-artukidy-i-ikh-piervyie-tiurkskiie-bieiliki-v-anatolii-594015 |title=Артук Гази, артукиды и их первые тюркские бейлики в Анатолии |date=22 December 2016 |publisher=TRT Russian |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109215918/http://www.trt.net.tr/russian/tvortsy-turietskoi-istorii/2016/10/22/artuk-gazi-artukidy-i-ikh-piervyie-tiurkskiie-bieiliki-v-anatolii-594015 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref> It ruled in eastern [[Anatolia]], Northern [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and Northern [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]] in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. The Artuqid dynasty took its name from its founder, [[Artuk Bey]], who was of the Döger branch of the [[Oghuz Turks]] and ruled one of the Turkmen [[Anatolian beyliks|beyliks]] of the [[Seljuk Empire]]. Artuk's sons and descendants ruled the three branches in the region: [[Sökmen of Artukids|Sökmen's]] descendants ruled the region around [[Hasankeyf]] between 1102 and 1231; [[Ilghazi|Ilghazi's]] branch ruled from [[Mardin]] and [[Mayyafariqin]] between 1106 and 1186 (until 1409 as vassals) and [[Aleppo]] from 1117–1128; and the [[Harput]] line starting in 1112 under the Sökmen branch, and was independent between 1185 and 1233.
 == History ==
 [[File:Diyarbakir city walls.jpg|thumb|left|City walls of Diyarbakır.]]
-The dynasty was founded by [[Artuk Bey|Artuk]], son of Eksük, a general originally under [[Malik Shah I|Malik-Shah I]] and then under the [[List of rulers of Damascus#Seljuq emirs|Seljuk emir of Damascus]], [[Tutush I]]. Tutush appointed Artuk governor of [[Jerusalem]] in 1086. Artuk died in 1091, and was succeeded by his sons [[Sökmen of Artukids|Sökmen]] and [[Ilghazi]] who were expelled from Jerusalem by the [[Fatimid]] vizier [[al-Afdal Shahanshah]] in 1098; the Fatimids lost the city to the [[First Crusade|Crusaders]] the following year after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege of Jerusalem of 1099]].<ref name="CEB195">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburg University Press |date=1 June 2019 |page=195-196 |doi=10.1515/9781474464628 }}</ref>
+The dynasty was founded by [[Artuk Bey|Artuk]], son of Eksük, a general originally under [[Malik Shah I|Malik-Shah I]] and then under the [[List of rulers of Damascus#Seljuq emirs|Seljuk emir of Damascus]], [[Tutush I]]. Tutush appointed Artuk governor of [[Jerusalem]] in 1086. Artuk died in 1091, and was succeeded by his sons [[Sökmen of Artukids|Sökmen]] and [[Ilghazi]] who were expelled from Jerusalem by the [[Fatimid]] vizier [[al-Afdal Shahanshah]] in 1098; the Fatimids lost the city to the [[First Crusade|Crusaders]] the following year after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege of Jerusalem of 1099]].<ref name="CEB195">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburg University Press |date=1 June 2019 |page=195-196 |doi=10.1515/9781474464628 |isbn=978-1-4744-6462-8 }}</ref>
 Sökmen and Ilghazi established themselves in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Mardin]], and [[Hasankeyf]] in [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|al-Jazira]] where they came into conflict with the [[Great Seljuq|Seljuk sultanate]]. Sökmen, [[bey]] of Mardin, defeated the Crusaders at the [[Battle of Harran]] in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sökmen in Mardin and imposed his control over [[Aleppo]] at the request of the ''qadi'' [[Ibn al-Khashshab]] in 1118. The next year, [[Ilghazi]] defeated the Crusader state [[Principality of Antioch]] at the [[Battle of Ager Sanguinis]] of 1119.<ref name="CEB195"/>
-[[File:Maqamat Arabe 3929, Abu Zaid before the Cadi (detail) 157r.jpg|thumb|The "[[Sheikh]]" of [[Diyarbakır]] in Turkic dress, wearing the ''[[sharbūsh]]'' with tall cap.<ref name="AAE">Picture from Maqamat 43 "Encounter at Al-Bakriya" [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422962f/f325.item]. "Al-Bakriya" = [[Diyar Bakr]], see {{cite book |last1=Eger |first1=A. Asa |title=The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities |date=18 November 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-685-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Amina |title=The assemblies of al-Hariri : fifty encounters with the Shaykh Abu Zayd of Seruj |date=1980 |publisher=London : Octagon Press |isbn=978-0-900860-86-7 |pages=212-220 |url=https://archive.org/details/assembliesofalha00amin/page/212/mode/2up}}</ref> Painted in [[Amid]], modern-day [[Diyarbakır]], Turkey, ca. 1200–1210, probably Artukid (''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'', BNF Arabe 3929).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari’s Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206. |journal=Inquiries into Art |date=19 December 2022 |volume=History |page=766, Fig.11 |doi=10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xxi/article/download/91685/87635}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Contadini |first1=Anna |title=A world of beasts: a thirteenth-century illustrated Arabic book on animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' tradition |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-20100-2 |page=120, Fig 45}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Maqamat Arabe 3929, Abu Zaid before the Cadi (detail) 157r.jpg|thumb|The "[[Sheikh]]" of [[Diyarbakır]] in Turkic dress, wearing the ''[[sharbūsh]]'' with tall cap.<ref name="AAE">Picture from Maqamat 43 "Encounter at Al-Bakriya" [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422962f/f325.item]. "Al-Bakriya" = [[Diyar Bakr]], see {{cite book |last1=Eger |first1=A. Asa |title=The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities |date=18 November 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-685-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Amina |title=The assemblies of al-Hariri : fifty encounters with the Shaykh Abu Zayd of Seruj |date=1980 |publisher=London : Octagon Press |isbn=978-0-900860-86-7 |pages=212–220 |url=https://archive.org/details/assembliesofalha00amin/page/212/mode/2up}}</ref> Painted in [[Amid]], modern-day [[Diyarbakır]], Turkey, ca. 1200–1210, probably Artukid (''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'', BNF Arabe 3929).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206. |journal=Inquiries into Art |date=19 December 2022 |volume=History |page=766, Fig.11 |doi=10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xxi/article/download/91685/87635}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Contadini |first1=Anna |title=A world of beasts: a thirteenth-century illustrated Arabic book on animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' tradition |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-20100-2 |page=120, Fig 45}}</ref>]]
-After pillaging the [[County of Edessa]], Ilghazi made peace with the crusaders. In 1121, he went north towards [[Armenia]] with his son-in-law [[Banu Mazyad|Mazyad]] Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]].  Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated by [[David IV of Georgia]] at the [[Battle of Didgori]] of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew [[Nur al-Daulak Balak|Belek Ghazi]] nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered by [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]], [[List of rulers of Mosul#Zengid emirs|atabeg of Mosul]], in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son [[Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud|Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd]], bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son [[Kara Arslan|Kara Aslan]]. Kara Aslan allied with [[Joscelin II of Edessa]] against the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengids]], and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]], the first of the [[Crusader state]]s to fall (see [[Siege of Edessa (1144)|Siege of Edessa]]). The Artuqids became vassals of the Zengids during the reign of [[Nur al-Din Zengi]] (r. 1146–1174).<ref name="Bosw195">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |date=1 June 2019 |pages=195-196 |doi=10.1515/9781474464628| publisher= Edinburgh University Press |quote=The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardln line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu.}}</ref>
+After pillaging the [[County of Edessa]], Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121, he went north towards [[Armenia]] with his son-in-law [[Banu Mazyad|Mazyad]] Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]].  Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated by [[David IV of Georgia]] at the [[Battle of Didgori]] of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew [[Nur al-Daulak Balak|Belek Ghazi]] nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered by [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]], [[List of rulers of Mosul#Zengid emirs|atabeg of Mosul]], in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son [[Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud|Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd]], bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son [[Kara Arslan|Kara Aslan]]. Kara Aslan allied with [[Joscelin II of Edessa]] against the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengids]], and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]], the first of the [[Crusader state]]s to fall (see [[Siege of Edessa (1144)|Siege of Edessa]]). The Artuqids became vassals of the Zengids during the reign of [[Nur al-Din Zengi]] (r. 1146–1174).<ref name="Bosw195">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |date=1 June 2019 |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1515/9781474464628| publisher= Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-6462-8 |quote=The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardln line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu.}}</ref>
 Kara Aslan's son [[Nur al-Din Muhammad|Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad]] allied with the [[Ayyubid]] sultan [[Saladin]] against [[Kilij Arslan II]], [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuk sultan of Rûm]], whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In the peace settlement with Kilij Arslan II, Saladin gained control of the Artuqid territory, even though the Artuqids were still technically vassals of [[Mosul]], which Saladin did not  control.<ref name="Bosw195"/> The Seljuk Empire completely disintegrated soon after that in 1194.<ref name="CEB195"/>
@@ Line 49: / Line 50: @@
 == Art ==
-[[File:Malabadibridge.jpg|thumb|[[Malabadi Bridge]] was built by the Artuqids. first name of the bridge is Akarman in Turkish.<ref>*{{cite thesis |title=The History of the Jazīra 1100-1150: the contribution of Ibn Al-Azraq al-Fāriqī |first=Carole |last=Hillenbrand|author-link= Carole Hillenbrand|publisher=University of Edinburgh|date=1979 |degree=PhD|page=314, 317, 444, 445–447, 500, 549 |hdl = 1842/7341}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Malabadibridge.jpg|thumb|[[Malabadi Bridge]] was built by the Artuqids.<ref>*{{cite thesis |title=The History of the Jazīra 1100-1150: the contribution of Ibn Al-Azraq al-Fāriqī |first=Carole |last=Hillenbrand|author-link= Carole Hillenbrand|publisher=University of Edinburgh|date=1979 |degree=PhD|page=314, 317, 444, 445–447, 500, 549 |hdl = 1842/7341}}</ref>]]
 Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments.  Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and the art of metalworking. [[Artuklu Palace#The Door and the Door-Knockers|The door and door handles]] of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in the [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]] in Istanbul, Turkey.
@@ Line 65: / Line 66: @@
 ===Literature===
-The Artuqids are known for their sponsoring of literary works in Arabic.{{sfn|Snelders|2010|p=Chapter 4, 4th page}} A copy of [[al-Sufi]]'s book on astronomy ''[[The Book of Fixed Stars]]'', a synthesis of [[Ptolemy]]’s ''[[Almagest]]'' and Arabic astronomical traditions, was made in 1131 in Artuqid [[Mardin]].<ref>Topkapı Palace Museum Library, TSMK, A. 3493 in {{cite book |last1=Atbaş |first1=Zeynep |title=Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II’s Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)) |date=1 August 2019 |publisher= Brill |page=195 |doi=10.1163/9789004402508_005}}</ref> [[Kara Arslan]] (1148–1174 CE) commissionned a new Arabic translation of ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' by an [[Arab Christian]] author named Abu Salim al-Malti, probably from [[Malatya]].{{sfn|Snelders|2010|p=Chapter 4, 4th page}}
+The Artuqids are known for their sponsoring of literary works in Arabic.{{sfn|Snelders|2010|p=Chapter 4, 4th page}} A copy of [[al-Sufi]]'s book on astronomy ''[[The Book of Fixed Stars]]'', a synthesis of [[Ptolemy]]’s ''[[Almagest]]'' and Arabic astronomical traditions, was made in 1131 in Artuqid [[Mardin]].<ref>Topkapı Palace Museum Library, TSMK, A. 3493 in {{cite book |last1=Atbaş |first1=Zeynep |title=Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)) |date=1 August 2019 |publisher= Brill |page=195 |doi=10.1163/9789004402508_005}}</ref> [[Kara Arslan]] (1148–1174 CE) commissionned a new Arabic translation of ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' by an [[Arab Christian]] author named Abu Salim al-Malti, probably from [[Malatya]].{{sfn|Snelders|2010|p=Chapter 4, 4th page}}
-The Artuqid ruler [[Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd|Nasr al-Din Mahmud]] (r. 1201–1222) is known to have commisionned an edition of the ''Al-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal'' of [[Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari]], devoted to the depiction of mechanical devices, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court ([[:Commons:Category:Al-Jazari (Ms. Ahmet III 3472)|Ahmet III 3472]], [[Topkapı Sarayı Library]]).<ref name="LB">{{cite journal |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari’s Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206. |journal=Inquiries into Art |date=19 December 2022 |volume=History |pages=739-741 |doi=10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xxi/article/download/91685/87635}}</ref><ref name="RW">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Rachel |title=Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court |journal=Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83 |date=1 January 1985 |page=69 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42857318/Evidence_for_a_School_of_Painting_at_the_Artuqid_Court}}</ref> The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time.<ref name="LB"/> [[Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari]] was employed at the Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus.<ref name="RW"/> Many of the figures in the manuscript wear the characteristic Turkic dress, with long coat and boots, and the ''[[sharbush]]'' headgear (of a special type seen only in Artuqid manuscripts, with a very tall cap behind the headplate and the limited usage of fur around the rim).<ref name="RW77">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Rachel |title=Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court |journal=Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83 |date=1 January 1985 |page=77 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42857318/Evidence_for_a_School_of_Painting_at_the_Artuqid_Court}}</ref>
+The Artuqid ruler [[Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd|Nasr al-Din Mahmud]] (r. 1201–1222) is known to have commisionned an edition of the ''Al-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal'' of [[Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari]], devoted to the depiction of mechanical devices, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court ([[:Commons:Category:Al-Jazari (Ms. Ahmet III 3472)|Ahmet III 3472]], [[Topkapı Sarayı Library]]).<ref name="LB">{{cite journal |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206. |journal=Inquiries into Art |date=19 December 2022 |volume=History |pages=739–741 |doi=10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xxi/article/download/91685/87635}}</ref><ref name="RW">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Rachel |title=Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court |journal=Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83 |date=1 January 1985 |page=69 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42857318}}</ref> The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time.<ref name="LB"/> [[Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari]] was employed at the Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus.<ref name="RW"/> Many of the figures in the manuscript wear the characteristic Turkic dress, with long coat and boots, and the ''[[sharbush]]'' headgear (of a special type seen only in Artuqid manuscripts, with a very tall cap behind the headplate and the limited usage of fur around the rim).<ref name="RW77">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Rachel |title=Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court |journal=Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83 |date=1 January 1985 |page=77 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42857318}}</ref>
-An early edition of the ''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'' ([[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]], [[:Commons:Category:Maqamat of al-Hariri - BNF Arabe3929|Arabe 3929]]) is also considered as probably belonging to the same Artuqid school of painting.<ref name="RW2">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Rachel |title=Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court |journal=Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83 |date=1 January 1985 |pages=76-77 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42857318/Evidence_for_a_School_of_Painting_at_the_Artuqid_Court}}</ref>
+An early edition of the ''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'' ([[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]], [[:Commons:Category:Maqamat of al-Hariri - BNF Arabe3929|Arabe 3929]]) is also considered as probably belonging to the same Artuqid school of painting.<ref name="RW2">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Rachel |title=Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court |journal=Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, Vol. 1, Pp. 69-83 |date=1 January 1985 |pages=76–77 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42857318}}</ref>
 <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
-File:“Sign of Sagittarius” by al-Sufi in his book Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābita, calligrapher Wathiq b. ʿAli b. ʿUmar b. al-Husayn al-maʿrūf bi-Shawqi, Artuqid Mardin, 1131, TSMK, A. 3493, fol. 91b. (Topkapı Palace Museum Library).jpg|"Sign of Sagittarius" by [[al-Sufi]] in his book ''[[Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābita]]'', Artuqid Mardin, 1131 CE (TSMK, A. 3493).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atbaş |first1=Zeynep |title=Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II’s Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)) |date=1 August 2019 |publisher= Brill |pages=161–211 |doi=10.1163/9789004402508_005}} Manuscript "Ahmet III 3493"</ref>
+File:“Sign of Sagittarius” by al-Sufi in his book Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābita, calligrapher Wathiq b. ʿAli b. ʿUmar b. al-Husayn al-maʿrūf bi-Shawqi, Artuqid Mardin, 1131, TSMK, A. 3493, fol. 91b. (Topkapı Palace Museum Library).jpg|"Sign of Sagittarius" by [[al-Sufi]] in his book ''[[Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābita]]'', Artuqid Mardin, 1131 CE (TSMK, A. 3493).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atbaş |first1=Zeynep |title=Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)) |date=1 August 2019 |publisher= Brill |pages=161–211 |doi=10.1163/9789004402508_005}} Manuscript "Ahmet III 3493"</ref>
 File:Mechanical boat (court scene), probably Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472, cleaned-up).jpg|Court scene. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).<ref name="LB"/>
 File:Mechanical male servant, probably Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472, fol. 121v).jpg|Turkic figure. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).<ref name="LB"/>
-File:Arabe 3929, 151, Jariya.jpg|A ''[[Jarya|Jariya]]'' prostitute, in the ''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'' ([[:Commons:Category:Maqamat of al-Hariri - BNF Arabe3929|Arabe 3929]]), also thought to belong to the same Artuqid school of painting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari’s Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206. |journal=Inquiries into Art |date=19 December 2022 |volume=History |page=768 |doi=10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xxi/article/download/91685/87635}}</ref><ref name="RW2"/>
+File:Arabe 3929, 151, Jariya.jpg|A ''[[Jarya|Jariya]]'' prostitute, in the ''[[Maqamat al-Hariri]]'' ([[:Commons:Category:Maqamat of al-Hariri - BNF Arabe3929|Arabe 3929]]), also thought to belong to the same Artuqid school of painting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balafrej |first1=Lamia |title=Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206. |journal=Inquiries into Art |date=19 December 2022 |volume=History |page=768 |doi=10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/xxi/article/download/91685/87635}}</ref><ref name="RW2"/>
 </gallery>
@@ Line 83: / Line 84: @@
 ===Hasankeyf branch===
 This branch was initially based at [[Hasankeyf]] (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to [[Diyarbakır]] (Amid) in 1183.
-[[File:Artuqids (Kayfa & Amid). Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan Dated AH 562 (AD 1166-7). Draped half-length facing bust; AH date to right and left Name and pedigree of Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan in four lines.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of [[Kara Arslan]], dated AH 562 (1166-7 CE). Artuqid coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".<ref name="CEB195"/>]]
+[[File:Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan. AH 597-637 (AD 1200-1239) Probably Mardin Dated AH 611 (AD 1214-5). Bareheaded and draped male bust (Obverse).jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan]], probably Mardin, dated AH 611 (1214-5 CE)]]
 *[[Sökmen of Artukids|Sökmen]], son of Artuk, 1102–1104
 *[[Ibrahim of Ḥiṣn Kaifā]], son of Sökmen, 1104–1109
@@ Line 109: / Line 110: @@
 The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in [[Mardin]] and [[Mayyafariqin]] from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq.
+[[File:Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan (1184-1200) Obverse.jpg|thumb|Turk seated facing with legs crossed, holding sword and crowned severed head, with legend to left "Nur al-Din Atabeg" ({{lang|ar|نور الدين اتا / بك}}), probably the [[Zengid]] ruler [[Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I]], on a coin of the Artuqid [[Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan]], dated AH 596 (1199-1200 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spengler |first1=William F. |last2=Sayles |first2=Wayne G. |title=Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and Their Iconography: The Artuquids |date=1992 |publisher=Clio's Cabinet |isbn=978-1-879080-02-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1tmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA113 |page=113 |language=en |quote=But who was the "Nur al - Din Atabeg” featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type , and why was he also recognized? He is not further identified on the coins , but the most logical candidate would appear to be Nur al - Din Arslan Shah I , the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul ( 589-607 / 1193-1210 ) , the only atabeg with the laqab Nur al - Din known to have been active at that time . This identification was first advanced by Mitchiner in 1977 and was repeated by Hennequin in the Paris catalog.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Künker |first1=Fritz Rudolf |title=Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights |publisher=Numismatischer Verlag Künker |page=391 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWd0mimd-dMC&pg=PA391 |language=en| quote=But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg” featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized?  He is Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (1193-1210), which was discovered by Mitchiner in 1977. Why the Artuqid Yuluq Arslan of Mardin should put his rival's name on his coins is not altogether clear}}</ref>]]
-[[File:Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan (1184-1200) Obverse.jpg|thumb|[[Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan|Yülük Arslan]], bronze [[dirham]], 596 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (1199/1200 [[Common Era|CE]])]]
 [[File:Artuqids of Mardin. Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan.1200-1239 CE Mardin mint. Dated AD 1237-8 CE (obverse).jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan|Artuk Arslan]]. Dated 1237-8 CE]]
 *Yāqūti, son of Alp-Yaruq (son of [[Artuk Bey|Artuk]]), 1101–1104
 *'Ali ibn Yāqūti, son of Yāqūti, 1104
-*[[Sökmen (Artuqid)|Sökmen]], son of Artuk, 1104–1115
+*[[Sökmen (Artuqid)|Sökmen]], son of Artuk, 1101–1104
-*[[Ilghazi]], son of Artuk, 1115–1122
+*[[Ilghazi]], son of Artuk, 1107–1122
 *[[Husam al-Din Timurtash|Timurtash]], son of Ilghazi, 1122–1154
 *[[Najm al-din Alpi|Alpï I]], son of Timurtash, 1154–1176
@@ Line 150: / Line 151: @@
 Artuqids coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".<ref name="CEB195"/>
 <gallery>
+File:Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan. AH 543-570 (AD 1148-1174) Hisn Kayfa or Amid mint. Dated AH 559 (AD 1163-4). Crowned, bearded Byzantine-style bust with AH date around. Clean-shaven half-length figure with name and title of Qara Arslan.jpg|Crowned, bearded Byzantine-style bust, with clean-shaven [[Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan]], Hisn Kayfa or Amid mint. Dated AH 559 (1163-4 CE).
-File:Arslan Kara fels 1144 1166.jpg|[[Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan]], bronze dirham, 559 AH (1163/64 CE)
+File:Artuqids (Kayfa & Amid). Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan Dated AH 562 (AD 1166-7). Draped half-length facing bust; AH date to right and left Name and pedigree of Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan in four lines.jpg|Coinage of [[Kara Arslan]], dated AH 562 (1166-7 CE). Artuqid coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".<ref name="CEB195"/>
-File:Artuk Arslan Artuk fels 1200 1239.jpg|[[Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan]], bronze dirham, 620 AH (1223/24 CE)
-File:Dirham of Nasir al-Din Mahmud, AH 610.jpg|[[Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd|Nasir al-Din Mahmud]], dirham, 619 AH (1213/14 CE)
+File:Dirham of Nasir al-Din Mahmud, AH 610.jpg|[[Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd|Nasir al-Din Mahmud]], dirham, 619 AH (1213-4 CE)
+File:Alpi, Mardin, 558 H (1162-1163 CE).jpg|[[Najm al-Din Alpi]], Mardin, 558 H (1162-3 CE)
+File:Muhammad, al-Hisn, 578 H, with youthful Seleucid head on the obverse.jpg|[[Nur al-Din Muhammad]], al-Hisn, 578 H (1182-3 CE), with youthful [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] head.
 </gallery>

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