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{{Short description|Catholic clergyman}}
{{Distinguish|Karl Leo Heinrich Lehmann}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
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| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Bishop of Mainz]]
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Bishop of Mainz]]
| image = Karl Lehmann.jpg
| image = Karl Lehmann.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Cardinal Lehmann, 2014
| caption = Cardinal Lehmann, 2014
| church = [[Mainz Cathedral]]
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg|Freiburg im Breisgau]]
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg|Freiburg im Breisgau]]
| metropolis =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Mainz]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Mainz]]
| see =
| appointed = 21 June 1983
| appointed = 21 June 1983
| enthroned = 2 October 1983
| enthroned = 2 October 1983
| ended = 16 May 2016
| ended = 16 May 2016
| predecessor = [[Hermann Volk]]
| predecessor = [[Hermann Volk]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Peter Kohlgraf]]
| successor = [[Peter Kohlgraf]]
| ordination = 10 October 1963
| ordination = 10 October 1963
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| consecrated_by = [[Hermann Volk]]
| consecrated_by = [[Hermann Volk]]
| cardinal = 21 February 2001
| cardinal = 21 February 2001
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
| rank = [[Cardinal priest]]
| rank = [[Cardinal priest]]
| other_post = Cardinal-Priest of S. Leone I
| other_post = Cardinal-Priest of S. Leone I
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}}
}}


'''Karl Lehmann''' (16 May 1936 – 11 March 2018) was a German [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He served as [[Bishop of Mainz]] from 1983 to 2016, being elevated to Cardinal in 2001. He also served as [[Chairman]] of the [[Conference of the German Bishops]] from 1987 to 2008, being considered one of the most influential prelates in Germany in these years and a leading proponent of liberal stances within the Church. Before he became bishop, he worked as [[professor]] of [[theology]] at the [[University of Mainz]] and the [[University of Freiburg]].
'''Karl Lehmann''' (16 May 1936 – 11 March 2018) was a German [[prelate]] and [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He served as [[Bishop of Mainz]] from 1983 to 2016, being elevated to the cardinalate in 2001.
He served as chairman of the [[German Bishops' Conference|Conference of the German Bishops]] from 1987 to 2008, being considered one of the most influential prelates in Germany in those years and a leading proponent of liberal stances within the Church. Before he became a bishop, he worked as [[professor]] of [[theology]] at the [[University of Mainz]] and the [[University of Freiburg]].


==Early years, education and career as theological scholar==
==Early years, education and career as theological scholar==
Lehmann was born in [[Sigmaringen]] and grew up in [[Veringenstadt]]. His father was a local teacher and his mother educated as a bookseller.<ref name=scw>[https://www.schwaebische.de/landkreis/landkreis-sigmaringen/sigmaringen_artikel,-wichtige-stationen-im-leben-von-kardinal-lehmann-_arid,10833533.html Wichtige Stationen im Leben von Kardinal Lehmann] Schwaebische.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref> During his high school years, he lived in the Catholic student home {{ill|Erzbischöfliches Studienheim St. Fidelis|de}} in Sigmaringen.<ref name=bistummaintz>[https://archive.is/20140307221333/http://www.bistummainz.de/pfarreien/dekanat-rodgau/pvpg/pv_haob/obhs/Portal_versch/kpers/Lehmann.html#selection-573.0-573.21 Karl Kardinal Lehmann] An archive from www.bistummainz.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>
Lehmann was born in [[Sigmaringen]] and grew up in [[Veringenstadt]]. His father was a local teacher and his mother educated as a bookseller.<ref name=scw>[https://www.schwaebische.de/landkreis/landkreis-sigmaringen/sigmaringen_artikel,-wichtige-stationen-im-leben-von-kardinal-lehmann-_arid,10833533.html Wichtige Stationen im Leben von Kardinal Lehmann] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022654/https://www.schwaebische.de/landkreis/landkreis-sigmaringen/sigmaringen_artikel,-wichtige-stationen-im-leben-von-kardinal-lehmann-_arid,10833533.html |date=12 March 2018 }} Schwaebische.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref> During his high school years, he lived in the Catholic student home {{ill|Erzbischöfliches Studienheim St. Fidelis|de}} in Sigmaringen.<ref name=bistummaintz>[https://archive.today/20140307221333/http://www.bistummainz.de/pfarreien/dekanat-rodgau/pvpg/pv_haob/obhs/Portal_versch/kpers/Lehmann.html#selection-573.0-573.21 Karl Kardinal Lehmann] An archive from www.bistummainz.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>


He studied at the Seminary of Freiburg 1957–1964<ref name="Holy See">[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lehmann_k_en.html Holy See press office] college of Cardinals, biographical notes</ref> and then at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]] where he earned a doctorate in philosophy,<ref name="Holy See" /> in 1962, with a thesis titled ''Vom Ursprung und Sinn der Seinsfrage im Denken Martin Heideggers''.<ref name=scw/> He also received a doctorate in theology in 1967, with a thesis titled ''"Auferweckt am dritten Tag nach der Schrift"—Exegetische und fundamentaltheologische Studien zu 1 Kor 15, 3b-5''.<ref name=bistummaintz/><ref name=scw/>
He studied at the Seminary of Freiburg 1957–1964<ref name="Holy See">[https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lehmann_k_en.html Holy See press office] college of Cardinals, biographical notes</ref> and then at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]] where he earned a doctorate in philosophy,<ref name="Holy See" /> in 1962, with a thesis titled ''Vom Ursprung und Sinn der Seinsfrage im Denken Martin Heideggers''.<ref name=scw/> He also received a doctorate in theology in 1967, with a thesis titled ''"Auferweckt am dritten Tag nach der Schrift"—Exegetische und fundamentaltheologische Studien zu 1 Kor 15, 3b-5''.<ref name=bistummaintz/><ref name=scw/>


He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood on 10 October 1963 in Rome by Cardinal [[Julius Döpfner]].<ref name=bistummaintz/> During the [[Second Vatican Council]] from 1962 to 1965, he served as an assistant to [[Karl Rahner]],<ref name=bistummaintz/><ref name="Holy See" /> <ref name=scw/>and he was also assistant to Rahner at the Seminar for Christian worldview and [[philosophy of religion]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] from 1964 to 1967.<ref name=bistummaintz/>
He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood on 10 October 1963 in Rome by Cardinal [[Julius Döpfner]].<ref name=bistummaintz/> During the [[Second Vatican Council]] from 1962 to 1965, he served as an assistant to [[Karl Rahner]],<ref name=bistummaintz/><ref name="Holy See" /><ref name=scw/> and he was also assistant to Rahner at the Seminar for Christian worldview and [[philosophy of religion]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] from 1964 to 1967.<ref name=bistummaintz/>


In 1968 he became professor of [[dogmatic theology]] at the [[University of Mainz]], a position he held until 1971 when he became professor of dogmatic and ecumenical theology at the [[University of Freiburg]].<ref name=bistummaintz/> <ref name="Holy See" /><ref name=scw/>
In 1968 he became professor of [[dogmatic theology]] at the [[University of Mainz]], a position he held until 1971 when he became professor of dogmatic and ecumenical theology at the [[University of Freiburg]].<ref name=bistummaintz/><ref name="Holy See" /><ref name=scw/>


He was for ten years, from 1974 to 1984, a member of the [[International Theological Commission]].<ref>[http://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/03/11/cardinal-karl-lehmann-influential-german-prelate-dies-at-81/ Cardinal Karl Lehmann, influential German prelate, dies at 81] ''The Catholic World Report''. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>
He was for ten years, from 1974 to 1984, a member of the [[International Theological Commission]].<ref>[http://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/03/11/cardinal-karl-lehmann-influential-german-prelate-dies-at-81/ Cardinal Karl Lehmann, influential German prelate, dies at 81] ''The Catholic World Report''. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>


==Bishop and cardinal==
==Bishop and cardinal==
When he was appointed Bishop of Mainz in 1983 at the age of 47<ref name=bistummaintz/> he was the youngest Catholic bishop ever appointed in Germany.<ref name=cath>{{cite news | first1=Peter |last1=de Groot |first2= Norbert |last2= Demuth |date=11 March 2018 |url = https://www.kath.ch/newsd/der-brueckenbauer-kardinal-karl-lehmann-ist-tot/ |title=Der «Brückenbauer» Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot | publisher =Kath.ch |accessdate=11 March 2018 | language = de}}</ref>
When he was appointed Bishop of Mainz in 1983 at the age of 47<ref name=bistummaintz/> he was the youngest Catholic bishop ever appointed in Germany.<ref name=cath>{{cite news | first1=Peter |last1=de Groot |first2= Norbert |last2= Demuth |date=11 March 2018 |url = https://www.kath.ch/newsd/der-brueckenbauer-kardinal-karl-lehmann-ist-tot/ |title=Der "Brückenbauer" Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot | publisher =Kath.ch |access-date=11 March 2018 | language = de}}</ref>


After being elected deputy chairman of the [[Episcopal Conference of Germany]] in 1985, he was elected chairman of the conference in 1987 and held that position for 21 years until 2008,<ref name=bistummaintz/> making him one of the most influential people in German Catholicism in this period.<ref name=welt>{{cite news | first=Volker | last=Resing | date=11 March 2018 | url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article174421765/Kardinal-Karl-Lehmann-ist-tot-Gottes-geduldiger-Ungeduldiger.html | title=Gottes geduldiger Ungeduldiger | language=de | newspaper=Die Welt | accessdate=11 March 2018 }}</ref>
After being elected deputy chairman of the [[Episcopal Conference of Germany]] in 1985, he was elected chairman of the conference in 1987 and held that position for 21 years until 2008,<ref name=bistummaintz/> making him one of the most influential people in German Catholicism in this period.<ref name=welt>{{cite news | first=Volker | last=Resing | date=11 March 2018 | url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article174421765/Kardinal-Karl-Lehmann-ist-tot-Gottes-geduldiger-Ungeduldiger.html | title=Gottes geduldiger Ungeduldiger | language=de | newspaper=Die Welt | access-date=11 March 2018 }}</ref>


He served as member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] from 1986 to 1998<ref>Pressestelle, Bistum Maintz (11 March 2018[https://pressestelle.bistummainz.de/detail/kardinal-karl-lehmann-verstorben/1d3b1273-f734-447e-8623-d1158debb110?mode=detail Kardinal Karl Lehmann verstorben] Bistum Maintz</ref> and served as vice-president of the [[Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe]] from 1993 to 2001.<ref>[http://www.kath.net/news/63068 Der Mainzer Kardinal Lehmann ist verstorben] Kath.net. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>
He served as member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] from 1986 to 1998<ref>Pressestelle, Bistum Maintz (11 March 2018 [https://pressestelle.bistummainz.de/detail/kardinal-karl-lehmann-verstorben/1d3b1273-f734-447e-8623-d1158debb110?mode=detail Kardinal Karl Lehmann verstorben] Bistum Maintz</ref> and served as vice-president of the [[Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe]] from 1993 to 2001.<ref>[http://www.kath.net/news/63068 Der Mainzer Kardinal Lehmann ist verstorben] Kath.net. Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>


In 1993, Lehmann along with Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart|Rottenburg-Stuttgart]] [[Walter Kasper]] and [[List of Archbishops of Freiburg|Archbishop of Freiburg]] [[Oskar Saier]] issued a pastoral letter that argued that there should be an opening for pastoral flexibility on allowing divorced and civilly remarried persons to receive the [[Eucharist]]. The letter was read in the churches of their dioceses in September of that year.<ref>{{cite news | first=Thomas D. | last=Williams | date=23 October 2015 | url=https://www.crisismagazine.com/2015/walter-kasper-the-same-yesterday-today-and-forever | title=When Ratzinger Said No: A History of the Kasper Proposal | work=Crisis Magazine | accessdate=11 March 2018}}</ref>
In 1993, Lehmann along with Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart|Rottenburg-Stuttgart]] [[Walter Kasper]] and [[List of Archbishops of Freiburg|Archbishop of Freiburg]] [[Oskar Saier]] issued a pastoral letter that argued that there should be an opening for pastoral flexibility on allowing divorced and civilly remarried persons to receive the [[Eucharist]]. The letter was read in the churches of their dioceses in September of that year.<ref>{{cite news | first=Thomas D. | last=Williams | date=23 October 2015 | url=https://www.crisismagazine.com/2015/walter-kasper-the-same-yesterday-today-and-forever | title=When Ratzinger Said No: A History of the Kasper Proposal | work=Crisis Magazine | access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>


[[Abortion]] was a major issue during Lehmann's term as chairman of the Conference of the German Bishops. After the [[German reunification]] abortion laws needed to be reconciled. Working closely with CDU and [[Helmut Kohl]], Lehmann favoured a compromise where abortion remained illegal, but under certain circumstances not punishable. This became the fundament for the [[Abortion in Germany|German legislation]] in the area. To obtain inpunity, a woman was in most cases required to go through counseling before abortion and the Church would for a time take offer such counseling, but in 1998 Pope [[John Paul II]] against the wish of Lehmann and a majority of German bishops banned the Church from particiapating in the system.<ref name=welt/>
[[Abortion]] was a major issue during Lehmann's term as chairman of the Conference of the German Bishops. After the [[German reunification]] abortion laws needed to be reconciled. Working closely with CDU and [[Helmut Kohl]], Lehmann favoured a compromise where abortion remained illegal, but under certain circumstances not punishable. This became the fundament for the [[Abortion in Germany|German legislation]] in the area. To obtain impunity, a woman was in most cases required to go through counseling before abortion and the Church would for a time offer such counseling. In 1998 Pope [[John Paul II]], against the wish of Lehmann and a majority of German bishops, banned the Church from participating in the system.<ref name=welt/>


Lehmann mentioned the 1998 [[Katholikentag]] in [[Mainz]] as one of the highlights his years as bishop of the diocese.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kardinal-karl-lehmann-mainzer-bischof-ist-tot-a-1197506.html |title= Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot | work= Der Spiegel |accessdate= 11 March 2018 | date= 11 March 2018 | language = de}}</ref>
Lehmann mentioned the 1998 [[Katholikentag]] in [[Mainz]] as one of the highlights his years as bishop of the diocese.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kardinal-karl-lehmann-mainzer-bischof-ist-tot-a-1197506.html |title= Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot | work= Der Spiegel |access-date= 11 March 2018 | date= 11 March 2018 | language = de}}</ref>


[[File:Karl kardinal lehmann-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Lehmann at the closing of Tage der Begegnung, Mainz, 2005]]
[[File:Karl kardinal lehmann-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Lehmann at the closing of Tage der Begegnung, Mainz, 2005]]
Lehmann was raised to the rank of cardinal by [[Pope John Paul II]] at the consistory of 21 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stanley|first1=Alessandra|title=Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/22/world/shaping-a-legacy-pope-installs-44-cardinals.html|accessdate=2 May 2015|work=New York Times|date=22 February 2001}}</ref> The appointment came unexpected to many observers due to Lehmann's relatively liberal view on abortion councelling and giving eucharist to remarried parishoners.<ref name=welt/> Former Chancellor of Germany [[Helmut Kohl]], who was a friend of Lehmann, had lobbied the Vatican for the appointment.<ref name=welt/> He was one of the electors who participated in the [[papal conclave]]s of [[Papal conclave, 2005|2005]] and [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013]] that selected [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis]].<ref name=scw/>
Lehmann was raised to the rank of cardinal by [[Pope John Paul II]] at the consistory of 21 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stanley|first1=Alessandra|title=Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/22/world/shaping-a-legacy-pope-installs-44-cardinals.html|access-date=2 May 2015|work=New York Times|date=22 February 2001}}</ref> The appointment came unexpected to many observers due to Lehmann's relatively liberal view on abortion counselling and giving eucharist to remarried parishioners.<ref name=welt/> Former Chancellor of Germany [[Helmut Kohl]], who was a friend of Lehmann, had lobbied the Vatican for the appointment.<ref name=welt/> He was one of the electors who participated in the [[papal conclave]]s of [[Papal conclave, 2005|2005]] and [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013]] that selected [[Pope Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis]].<ref name=scw/> The Titular Church of Lehmann in Rome was [[San Leone I]].


Lehmann was among the cardinals and bishops who met annually from 1995 to 2006 in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland, to discuss reforms with respect to the appointment of bishops, collegiality, bishops' conferences, the primacy of the papacy and sexual morality. About a dozen in number, they differed among themselves, but shared the view that Cardinal [[Joseph Ratzinger]] was not the candidate they hoped to see elected at the next conclave.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pentin|first1=Edward|title=Cardinal Danneels Admits to Being Part of 'Mafia' Club Opposed to Benedict XVI|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-danneels-part-of-mafia-club-opposed-to-benedict-xvi|accessdate=15 August 2017|work=National Catholic Register|date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pentin|first1=Edward|title=Cardinal Danneels' Biographers Retract Comments on St. Gallen Group| url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/st.-gallen-group-not-a-lobby-group-say-authors| accessdate=15 August 2017|work=National Catholic Register|date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
Lehmann was among the cardinals and bishops who met annually from 1995 to 2006 in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland, to discuss reforms with respect to the appointment of bishops, collegiality, bishops' conferences, the primacy of the papacy and sexual morality. About a dozen in number, they differed among themselves, but shared the view that Cardinal [[Joseph Ratzinger]] was not the candidate they hoped to see elected at the next conclave.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pentin|first1=Edward|title=Cardinal Danneels Admits to Being Part of 'Mafia' Club Opposed to Benedict XVI|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-danneels-part-of-mafia-club-opposed-to-benedict-xvi|access-date=15 August 2017|work=National Catholic Register|date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pentin|first1=Edward|title=Cardinal Danneels' Biographers Retract Comments on St. Gallen Group| url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/st.-gallen-group-not-a-lobby-group-say-authors| access-date=15 August 2017|work=National Catholic Register|date=26 September 2015}}</ref>


[[Pope Francis]] accepted his resignation as Bishop of Mainz on 16 May 2016, his 80th birthday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Other Pontifical Acts| url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2016/05/16/160516f.html|accessdate=16 May 2016| publisher=Holy See Press Office|date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
[[Pope Francis]] accepted his resignation as Bishop of Mainz on 16 May 2016, his 80th birthday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Other Pontifical Acts| url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2016/05/16/160516f.html|access-date=16 May 2016| publisher=Holy See Press Office|date=16 May 2016}}</ref>


Being considered a leading force for a more liberal Catholicism, he was called a bridge-builder, a man of dialogue and a "stroke of luck for German Catholics" by supporters, while Conservative critics derided the "Lehmann Church" as too accommodating to modern values.<ref name=cath/>
Being considered a leading force for a more liberal Catholicism, he was called a bridge-builder, a man of dialogue and a "stroke of luck for German Catholics" by supporters, while Conservative critics derided the "Lehmann Church" as too accommodating to modern values.<ref name=cath/>
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===Coat of arms===
===Coat of arms===
[[File:Coat of arms of Karl Lehmann.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms]]
[[File:Coat of arms of Karl Lehmann.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms]]
Cardinal Lehmann's [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|episcopal coat of arms]] incorporated elements such as the [[Wheel of Mainz|wheel from the arms of the Diocese of Mainz]], the key from the [[Bishopric of Worms|Diocese of Worms]], and an open book with the letters [[Alpha and Omega]], a symbol of the message of Jesus Christ, as well as for the Cardinal's personal enthusiasm for literature.<ref name="CVmainz">{{cite web|title=Lebenslauf von Karl Kardinal Lehmann|publisher=Diocese of Mainz|url=http://www.bistummainz.de/bm/dcms/sites/bistum/bistum/kardinal/lebenslauf.html|accessdate =16 January 2008|language=de}}</ref>
Cardinal Lehmann's [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|episcopal coat of arms]] incorporated elements such as the [[Wheel of Mainz|wheel from the arms of the Diocese of Mainz]], the key from the [[Bishopric of Worms|Diocese of Worms]], and an open book with the letters [[Alpha and Omega]], a symbol of the message of Jesus Christ, as well as for the Cardinal's personal enthusiasm for literature.<ref name="CVmainz">{{cite web|title=Lebenslauf von Karl Kardinal Lehmann|publisher=Diocese of Mainz|url=http://www.bistummainz.de/bm/dcms/sites/bistum/bistum/kardinal/lebenslauf.html|access-date =16 January 2008|language=de}}</ref>


His Latin [[motto]], ''State in fide'' (English: "Stand firmly in the faith") was derived from {{Bibleverse|1|Corinthians|16:13|63}}.<ref name=bistummaintz/>
His Latin [[motto]], ''State in fide'' (English: "Stand firmly in the faith") was derived from {{Bibleverse|1|Corinthians|16:13|63}}.<ref name=bistummaintz/>
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His last public appearance was in August 2017 at the consecration of [[Peter Kohlgraf]] as new bishop of Mainz.<ref name=cath/>
His last public appearance was in August 2017 at the consecration of [[Peter Kohlgraf]] as new bishop of Mainz.<ref name=cath/>


In September 2017, Lehmann suffered a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage which left him in need of care, first at hospital and later at home. He died on 11 March 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.faz.net/aktuell/kardinal-karl-lehmann-ist-tot-15488207.html |title= Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot | work= Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung | date=11 March 2018 | accessdate = 11 March 2018 | language= de }}</ref>
In September 2017, Lehmann suffered a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage which left him in need of care, first at hospital and later at home. He died on 11 March 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.faz.net/aktuell/kardinal-karl-lehmann-ist-tot-15488207.html |title= Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot | work= Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung | date=11 March 2018 | access-date = 11 March 2018 | language= de }}</ref>


Chancellor of Germany [[Angela Merkel]] expressed sorrow at his death and referred to him as one of the most prominent figures of the Catholic Church in Germany. The chairman of the German Bishops' Conference [[Reinhard Marx]] paid respect to Lehmann as a man who had influenced the Catholic Church globally.<ref>Associated Press (11 March 2018)[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/03/11/german-ex-catholic-head-cardinal-karl-lehmann-dies-at-81.html German ex-Catholic head Cardinal Karl Lehmann dies at 81] Fox News.</ref>
Chancellor of Germany [[Angela Merkel]] expressed sorrow at his death and referred to him as one of the most prominent figures of the Catholic Church in Germany. The chairman of the German Bishops' Conference [[Reinhard Marx]] paid respect to Lehmann as a man who had influenced the Catholic Church globally.<ref>Associated Press (11 March 2018)[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/03/11/german-ex-catholic-head-cardinal-karl-lehmann-dies-at-81.html German ex-Catholic head Cardinal Karl Lehmann dies at 81] Fox News.</ref>


==Honors and awards==
==Honors and awards==
* 2000 [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland)<ref name=adw> [http://www.adwmainz.de/mitglieder/profil/prof-dr-phil-dr-theol-karl-lehmann.html Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. theol. Karl Lehmann, Kardinal, Bischof von Mainz] Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Maintz Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>
* 2000 [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland)<ref name=adw>[http://www.adwmainz.de/mitglieder/profil/prof-dr-phil-dr-theol-karl-lehmann.html Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. theol. Karl Lehmann, Kardinal, Bischof von Mainz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719115905/http://www.adwmainz.de/mitglieder/profil/prof-dr-phil-dr-theol-karl-lehmann.html |date=19 July 2014 }} Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Maintz Retrieved 11 March 2018</ref>
* 2002 [[Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]]
* 2006 Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]]<ref name=adw/>
* 2006 Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]]<ref name=adw/>
* 2009 [[Hessian Cultural Prize]]<ref name=adw/>
* 2009 [[Hessian Cultural Prize]]<ref name=adw/>
* 2009 [[Order of Merit of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
* 2016 Martin-Luther-Medaille, awarded by the [[Evangelical Church in Germany]]<ref name=adw/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.luther2017.de/fr/wiki/reformations-preise/reformations-preis-die-martin-luther-medaille/ | title=Die Martin-Luther-Medaille | accessdate=11 March 2018}}</ref>
* 2016 Martin-Luther-Medaille, awarded by the [[Protestant Church in Germany]]<ref name=adw/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.luther2017.de/fr/wiki/reformations-preise/reformations-preis-die-martin-luther-medaille/ | title = Die Martin-Luther-Medaille | access-date = 11 March 2018 | archive-date = 12 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083111/https://www.luther2017.de/fr/wiki/reformations-preise/reformations-preis-die-martin-luther-medaille/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
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* {{cite web| accessdate = 24 November 2017| title= Lehmann Card. Karl |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lehmann_k.html | dead-url=no | archive-date= 9 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309214102/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lehmann_k.html }}

⚫
* {{cite web| access-date = 24 November 2017| title= Lehmann Card. Karl |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lehmann_k.html | url-status=live | archive-date= 9 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309214102/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lehmann_k.html }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blehmann.html Karl Cardinal Lehman at Catholic-Hierarchy.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blehmann.html Karl Cardinal Lehman at Catholic-Hierarchy.org]
* [http://www.bistummainz.de/dioezesan/feste/2006/pmkardinal.html?f_action=show&f_newsitem_id=5450 Curriculum vitae from the Diocese of Mainz] {{de icon}}
* [http://www.bistummainz.de/dioezesan/feste/2006/pmkardinal.html?f_action=show&f_newsitem_id=5450 Curriculum vitae from the Diocese of Mainz] {{in lang|de}}


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[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:German cardinals]]
[[Category:21st-century German cardinals]]
[[Category:Bishops of Mainz (1802-present)]]
[[Category:Bishops of Mainz (1802-present)]]
[[Category:University of Mainz faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Freiburg]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Hohenzollern]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Hohenzollern]]
[[Category:People from Sigmaringen]]
[[Category:People from Sigmaringen]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebrovascular disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebrovascular disease]]
[[Category:20th-century German Roman Catholic priests]]

Latest revision as of 23:04, 16 May 2024

Not to be confused with Karl Leo Heinrich Lehmann.

His Eminence

Karl Lehmann
Cardinal, Bishop of Mainz
Cardinal Lehmann, 2014
ChurchCatholic Church
ProvinceFreiburg im Breisgau
DioceseMainz
Appointed21 June 1983
Installed2 October 1983
Term ended16 May 2016
PredecessorHermann Volk
SuccessorPeter Kohlgraf
Other post(s)Cardinal-Priest of S. Leone I
Orders
Ordination10 October 1963
by Julius August Döpfner
Consecration2 October 1983
by Hermann Volk
Created cardinal21 February 2001
by John Paul II
RankCardinal priest
Personal details
Born16 May 1936
Sigmaringen, Germany
Died11 March 2018 (aged 81)
Mainz, Germany
NationalityGerman
DenominationRoman Catholic
MottoState in fide (English: "Stand firmly in the faith") – 1 Corinthians 16:13
Coat of armsKarl Lehmann's coat of arms

Karl Lehmann (16 May 1936 – 11 March 2018) was a German prelate and cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Mainz from 1983 to 2016, being elevated to the cardinalate in 2001.

He served as chairman of the Conference of the German Bishops from 1987 to 2008, being considered one of the most influential prelates in Germany in those years and a leading proponent of liberal stances within the Church. Before he became a bishop, he worked as professor of theology at the University of Mainz and the University of Freiburg.

Early years, education and career as theological scholar

[edit]

Lehmann was born in Sigmaringen and grew up in Veringenstadt. His father was a local teacher and his mother educated as a bookseller.[1] During his high school years, he lived in the Catholic student home Erzbischöfliches Studienheim St. Fidelis [de] in Sigmaringen.[2]

He studied at the Seminary of Freiburg 1957–1964[3] and then at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he earned a doctorate in philosophy,[3] in 1962, with a thesis titled Vom Ursprung und Sinn der Seinsfrage im Denken Martin Heideggers.[1] He also received a doctorate in theology in 1967, with a thesis titled "Auferweckt am dritten Tag nach der Schrift"—Exegetische und fundamentaltheologische Studien zu 1 Kor 15, 3b-5.[2][1]

He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 October 1963 in Rome by Cardinal Julius Döpfner.[2] During the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, he served as an assistant to Karl Rahner,[2][3][1] and he was also assistant to Rahner at the Seminar for Christian worldview and philosophy of religion at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1964 to 1967.[2]

In 1968 he became professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Mainz, a position he held until 1971 when he became professor of dogmatic and ecumenical theology at the University of Freiburg.[2][3][1]

He was for ten years, from 1974 to 1984, a member of the International Theological Commission.[4]

Bishop and cardinal

[edit]

When he was appointed Bishop of Mainz in 1983 at the age of 47[2] he was the youngest Catholic bishop ever appointed in Germany.[5]

After being elected deputy chairman of the Episcopal Conference of Germany in 1985, he was elected chairman of the conference in 1987 and held that position for 21 years until 2008,[2] making him one of the most influential people in German Catholicism in this period.[6]

He served as member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith from 1986 to 1998[7] and served as vice-president of the Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe from 1993 to 2001.[8]

In 1993, Lehmann along with Bishop of Rottenburg-Stuttgart Walter Kasper and Archbishop of Freiburg Oskar Saier issued a pastoral letter that argued that there should be an opening for pastoral flexibility on allowing divorced and civilly remarried persons to receive the Eucharist. The letter was read in the churches of their dioceses in September of that year.[9]

Abortion was a major issue during Lehmann's term as chairman of the Conference of the German Bishops. After the German reunification abortion laws needed to be reconciled. Working closely with CDU and Helmut Kohl, Lehmann favoured a compromise where abortion remained illegal, but under certain circumstances not punishable. This became the fundament for the German legislation in the area. To obtain impunity, a woman was in most cases required to go through counseling before abortion and the Church would for a time offer such counseling. In 1998 Pope John Paul II, against the wish of Lehmann and a majority of German bishops, banned the Church from participating in the system.[6]

Lehmann mentioned the 1998 Katholikentag in Mainz as one of the highlights his years as bishop of the diocese.[10]

Lehmann at the closing of Tage der Begegnung, Mainz, 2005

Lehmann was raised to the rank of cardinal by Pope John Paul II at the consistory of 21 February 2001.[11] The appointment came unexpected to many observers due to Lehmann's relatively liberal view on abortion counselling and giving eucharist to remarried parishioners.[6] Former Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl, who was a friend of Lehmann, had lobbied the Vatican for the appointment.[6] He was one of the electors who participated in the papal conclaves of 2005 and 2013 that selected Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis.[1] The Titular Church of Lehmann in Rome was San Leone I.

Lehmann was among the cardinals and bishops who met annually from 1995 to 2006 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to discuss reforms with respect to the appointment of bishops, collegiality, bishops' conferences, the primacy of the papacy and sexual morality. About a dozen in number, they differed among themselves, but shared the view that Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was not the candidate they hoped to see elected at the next conclave.[12][13]

Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Bishop of Mainz on 16 May 2016, his 80th birthday.[14]

Being considered a leading force for a more liberal Catholicism, he was called a bridge-builder, a man of dialogue and a "stroke of luck for German Catholics" by supporters, while Conservative critics derided the "Lehmann Church" as too accommodating to modern values.[5]

Coat of arms

[edit]
Coat of arms

Cardinal Lehmann's episcopal coat of arms incorporated elements such as the wheel from the arms of the Diocese of Mainz, the key from the Diocese of Worms, and an open book with the letters Alpha and Omega, a symbol of the message of Jesus Christ, as well as for the Cardinal's personal enthusiasm for literature.[15]

His Latin motto, State in fide (English: "Stand firmly in the faith") was derived from 1 Corinthians 16:13.[2]

Later years

[edit]

His last public appearance was in August 2017 at the consecration of Peter Kohlgraf as new bishop of Mainz.[5]

In September 2017, Lehmann suffered a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage which left him in need of care, first at hospital and later at home. He died on 11 March 2018.[16]

Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel expressed sorrow at his death and referred to him as one of the most prominent figures of the Catholic Church in Germany. The chairman of the German Bishops' Conference Reinhard Marx paid respect to Lehmann as a man who had influenced the Catholic Church globally.[17]

Honors and awards

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Wichtige Stationen im Leben von Kardinal Lehmann Archived 12 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Schwaebische.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Karl Kardinal Lehmann An archive from www.bistummainz.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018
  3. ^ a b c d Holy See press office college of Cardinals, biographical notes
  4. ^ Cardinal Karl Lehmann, influential German prelate, dies at 81 The Catholic World Report. Retrieved 11 March 2018
  5. ^ a b c de Groot, Peter; Demuth, Norbert (11 March 2018). "Der "Brückenbauer" Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot" (in German). Kath.ch. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d Resing, Volker (11 March 2018). "Gottes geduldiger Ungeduldiger". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  7. ^ Pressestelle, Bistum Maintz (11 March 2018 Kardinal Karl Lehmann verstorben Bistum Maintz
  8. ^ Der Mainzer Kardinal Lehmann ist verstorben Kath.net. Retrieved 11 March 2018
  9. ^ Williams, Thomas D. (23 October 2015). "When Ratzinger Said No: A History of the Kasper Proposal". Crisis Magazine. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  10. ^ "Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot". Der Spiegel (in German). 11 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  11. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (22 February 2001). "Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  12. ^ Pentin, Edward (24 September 2015). "Cardinal Danneels Admits to Being Part of 'Mafia' Club Opposed to Benedict XVI". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  13. ^ Pentin, Edward (26 September 2015). "Cardinal Danneels' Biographers Retract Comments on St. Gallen Group". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  14. ^ "Other Pontifical Acts". Holy See Press Office. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  15. ^ "Lebenslauf von Karl Kardinal Lehmann" (in German). Diocese of Mainz. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  16. ^ "Kardinal Karl Lehmann ist tot". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 11 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  17. ^ Associated Press (11 March 2018)German ex-Catholic head Cardinal Karl Lehmann dies at 81 Fox News.
  18. ^ a b c d Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. theol. Karl Lehmann, Kardinal, Bischof von Mainz Archived 19 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Maintz Retrieved 11 March 2018
  19. ^ "Die Martin-Luther-Medaille". Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Lehmann.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Karl Lehmann.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Chairman of the German Bishops' Conference
1987–2008 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
 Vice president of the Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe
1993–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bishop of Mainz
1983–2016 		Succeeded by
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