Fred Iklé: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Swiss-American sociologist and national defense expert}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
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| image = Portrait of Dr. Fred C. Ikle, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy.jpg |
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| caption = Fred Iklé in 1983 |
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| successor = [[Paul Wolfowitz]] |
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| president2 = [[Gerald Ford]] |
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| successor2 = [[Paul Warnke]] |
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| predecessor2 = [[Gerard C. Smith]] |
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| termend2 = 1977 |
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| termstart2 = 1973 |
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| office2 = Director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]] |
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| president = [[Ronald Reagan]] |
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| predecessor = [[Robert Komer]] |
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| termend = February 19, 1988 |
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| termstart = April 2, 1981 |
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| alma_mater = [[University of Zurich]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]]) |
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| birth_place = [[Samedan]], [[Switzerland]] |
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| birth_name = Fritz Karl Iklé |
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| death_place = [[Bethesda, Maryland]], U.S. |
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| relations = [[Elisabeth Kopp]] (second cousin) |
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⚫ | '''Fred Charles Iklé''' ([[né]] '''Fritz Karl Iklé'''; August 21, 1924 – November 10, 2011)<ref name="CSIS" /> was a Swiss-American sociologist and defense expert. Iklé's expertise was in defense and foreign policy, nuclear strategy, and the role of technology in the emerging international order. After a career in academia (including a professorship at MIT) he was appointed director of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]] in 1973–1977, before becoming [[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]] (1981 to 1988). He was later a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and the Department of Defense's [[Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee]], a Distinguished Scholar with the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_experts/task,view/type,34/id,130/ |title=CSIS experts |access-date=2007-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313193714/http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_experts/task,view/type,34/id,130/ |archive-date=2007-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a Director of the [[National Endowment for Democracy]].<ref name="CSIS" /> |
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⚫ | Iklé is credited with a key role in increasing U.S. aid to anti-Soviet rebels in the [[ |
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==Background and early career== |
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Iklé was born Fritz Karl Iklé in [[Samedan]], [[Switzerland]] in 1924, growing up in [[St. Gallen]]; he anglicised his name after moving to the [[United States]] in 1946.<ref name=Postobit>[[Washington Post]], 16 November 2011, [http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-16/local/35282581_1_war-plan-nuclear-arms-control-richard-perle Fred Charles Ikle, Reagan defense official, dies at 87]</ref> |
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⚫ | <ref name="CSIS">{{cite |
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Iklé was a second cousin of [[Elisabeth Kopp]], the first woman in the [[Swiss Federal Council]], elected in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodis |first=Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz {{!}} Documents diplomatiques suisses {{!}} Documenti diplomatici svizzeri {{!}} Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland {{!}} |date=1924-08-21 |title=Iklé, Fred (1924–2011) |url=https://dodis.ch/P46569 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=dodis.ch |language=en}}</ref> |
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From 1964 to 1967 Iklé was a professor in [[political science]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="CSIS"/> He was also at the [[Rand Corporation]] and at [[Harvard University]]'s [[Weatherhead Center for International Affairs]]. At Harvard he met [[Henry Kissinger]], and in 1973 Kissinger (then [[Richard Nixon]]'s national security advisor) recruited Iklé to government service.<ref name=Postobit/> |
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==Early life and education== |
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==Government service== |
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Iklé was born Fritz Karl Iklé on August 21, 1924 in [[Samedan]], [[Switzerland]], the youngest of four children, to Friedrich Arnold Iklé (1877-1946) and Maria Hedwig Iklé ([[née]] Huber). He is of [[German Jewish]] descent through his paternal grandfather, Leopold Iklé, who hailed from [[Hamburg]] and became a citizen in [[St. Gallen]], operating ''Iklé Brothers'' trading in silk and embroidery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T |first=N. E. E. D. L. E. P. R. I. N. |date=2011-02-17 |title=Leopold Iklé - A Passion for Pattern |url=https://needleprint.blogspot.com/2011/02/leopold-ikle-passion-for-pattern.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=N e e d l e p r i n t}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iklé |first=Leopold |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Die_Sammlung_Ikl%C3%A9.html?id=4keWugEACAAJ |title=“Die” Sammlung Iklé |date=1910 |publisher=M. Kreuztmann |language=de}}</ref><ref>Iklé von St. Gallen SG (von D) |
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HLS/DSS</ref> Through this family connection he is a second cousin of [[Elisabeth Kopp]] (née Iklé) who was a member of the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)]].<ref>Iklé Fred on dodis.ch |
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⚫ | As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 ("Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas"), signed by Reagan in March 1985.<ref>Heymann, Philip B., (2008) ''Living the |
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https://dodis.ch/P46569</ref> |
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⚫ | Iklé sponsored a proposal to supply the rebels with Stinger shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles.<ref name="Heyman">Heymann pp. 42–43, 77.</ref> The Stinger proposal was at first strongly opposed by the CIA, the U.S. State Department, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<ref name="Heyman"/> CIA Deputy Director John McMahon, who resisted the proposal, was the target of a letter-writing campaign by conservative groups.<ref name="Heyman75"/> At a meeting on December 6, 1985, Iklé asked McMahon if the CIA needed Stingers. "I decided then and there that I had enough of carrying water for the Joint Chiefs and I said 'Fred, I'll take every Stinger you can send me,'" McMahon recalled.<ref name="Heyman75">Heyman, p. 75.</ref> Despite McMahon's apparent change of heart, the CIA again vetoed the Stinger proposal at an interagency meeting in mid-February 1986.<ref name="Heyman, p. 80">Heyman, p. 80.</ref> President Reagan signed an executive order to supply the Angolan guerrilla group [[UNITA]] with Stingers on February 18, and the CIA finally agreed to supply them to the Afghan rebels on February 23.<ref name="Heyman, p. 80" |
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⚫ | He anglicized his name after moving to the [[United States]] in 1946.<ref name="Postobit">[[Washington Post]], 16 November 2011, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130122203532/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-16/local/35282581_1_war-plan-nuclear-arms-control-richard-perle Fred Charles Ikle, Reagan defense official, dies at 87]</ref><ref name="CSIS">{{cite press release|url=http://csis.org/press/press-release/csis-mourns-loss-fred-c-ikle|title=CSIS Mourns the Loss of Fred C. Iklé|date=2011-11-11|publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|accessdate=18 January 2012}}</ref> He earned a degree at the [[University of Zurich]] with a master's and doctorate from the [[University of Chicago]] (1948 and 1950), both in [[sociology]]. His doctorate involved research in Dresden and Nagasaki and led to a book, ''The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction,'' (1958).<ref name="Postobit" /> |
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He is mentioned in chapter 14 of the novel [[Fail-Safe (novel)|Fail-Safe]] as someone working with the Air Force to reduce the chance of war by accident. |
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In 1962, Iklé was cited in a bestselling American novel on the risks of accidental nuclear war, ''[[Fail-Safe (novel)|Fail-Safe]]'', as an example of one of "the right people" whose warnings should have been heeded: "...for years there has been a fellow named Fred Iklé, who has been working with the [[Rand Corporation]] and the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] on how to reduce war by accident. He has found flaw after flaw in the system, at just the same time that the newspapers were saying it was perfect."<ref name="Burdick and Wheeler 208">{{cite book | author-last1 = Burdick | author-first1 = Eugene | authorlink1 = Eugene Burdick |author-last2 = Wheeler | author-first2 = Harvey |authorlink2 = Harvey Wheeler| year = 1962 | title = [[Fail-Safe (novel)|Fail-Safe]] | publisher = [[Dell Publishing|Dell Publishing Co., Inc ]]| pages = 208–209}} </ref> From 1964 to 1967 Iklé was a professor in [[political science]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="CSIS" /> As well as Rand, Iklé was also at [[Harvard University]]'s [[Weatherhead Center for International Affairs]], where he met [[Henry Kissinger]], who in 1973 (while serving as [[Richard Nixon]]'s national security advisor) recruited Iklé to government service.<ref name=Postobit /> |
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==Career== |
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===Under Secretary of Defense=== |
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⚫ | As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 ("Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas"), signed by Reagan in March 1985.<ref>Heymann, Philip B., (2008) ''Living the Policy Process'' (2008), pp. 38–39.</ref> When he visited Pakistan in April 1985, Iklé found that the CIA was still pursuing the war in a halfhearted manner.<ref name=Heyman46>Heymann, pp. 46–47.</ref> "We began to understand that what to us was a very big deal back in Washington, from the point of view of the president, is a second order priority handled by one GS [civil service officer]," according to Michael Pillsbury, Iklé's deputy.<ref name="Heyman46" /> |
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⚫ | Iklé sponsored a proposal to supply the rebels with Stinger shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles.<ref name="Heyman">Heymann pp. 42–43, 77.</ref> The Stinger proposal was at first strongly opposed by the CIA, the U.S. State Department, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<ref name="Heyman" /> CIA Deputy Director John McMahon, who resisted the proposal, was the target of a letter-writing campaign by conservative groups.<ref name="Heyman75" /> At a meeting on December 6, 1985, Iklé asked McMahon if the CIA needed Stingers. "I decided then and there that I had enough of carrying water for the Joint Chiefs and I said 'Fred, I'll take every Stinger you can send me,'" McMahon recalled.<ref name="Heyman75">Heyman, p. 75.</ref> Despite McMahon's apparent change of heart, the CIA again vetoed the Stinger proposal at an interagency meeting in mid-February 1986.<ref name="Heyman, p. 80">Heyman, p. 80.</ref> President Reagan signed an executive order to supply the Angolan guerrilla group [[UNITA]] with Stingers on February 18, and the CIA finally agreed to supply them to the Afghan rebels on February 23.<ref name="Heyman, p. 80" /> |
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==Later life== |
==Later life== |
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Iklé remained at the Defense Department until 1988, when he joined the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS). |
Iklé remained at the Defense Department until 1988, when he joined the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS). Iklé served as a Commissioner on the [[National Commission on Terrorism]], which produced the [[Report of the National Commission on Terrorism]] in June 2000, and he served for nine years as Director of the [[National Endowment for Democracy]]. |
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He also co-chaired the bipartisan Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, which published ''Discriminate Deterrence'' in January 1988.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news|url= |
He also co-chaired the bipartisan Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, which published ''Discriminate Deterrence'' in January 1988.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204190504577038000923866694|title=Fred Iklé: A man who helped win the Cold War, and future wars too.|date=2011-11-15|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=18 January 2012}}</ref> In 1975 and 1987, Iklé received the highest civilian award of the Department of Defense, the [[Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service|Medal for Distinguished Public Service]]. In 1988, he was awarded the Bronze Palm. |
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Iklé served as chairman of the Board of the [[Telos (company)|Telos Corporation]] and as a director of the [[Zurich Financial Services|Zurich-American Insurance Companies]]. He was a Director of CMC Energy Services and served as Governor of the [[Smith Richardson Foundation]] and as a Director of the [[U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea]]. |
Iklé served as chairman of the Board of the [[Telos (company)|Telos Corporation]] and as a director of the [[Zurich Financial Services|Zurich-American Insurance Companies]]. He was a Director of CMC Energy Services and served as Governor of the [[Smith Richardson Foundation]] and as a Director of the [[U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea]]. |
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He was a founding signatory of the [[Project for the New American Century]]'s 1997 "statement of principles |
He was a founding signatory of the [[Project for the New American Century]]'s 1997 "statement of principles."<ref name=PNACSOP>[[Elliott Abrams]], et al., [http://newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm "Statement of Principles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020407145529/http://www.newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm |date=2002-04-07 }}, June 3, 1997, ''Project for the New American Century'', accessed May 28, 2007.</ref> |
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He was the author of several books and numerous articles on defense, foreign policy, and arms control, including ''How Nations Negotiate'' and ''Every War Must End''. |
He was the author of several books and numerous articles on defense, foreign policy, and arms control, including ''How Nations Negotiate'' and ''Every War Must End''. |
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== Personal life == |
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On December 23, 1959, Iklé married Doris Margaret Eisemann (1928–2012),<ref>{{Cite web |title=DORIS IKLE Obituary (2012) - New York, NY - New York Times |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/doris-ikle-obituary?id=25468404 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> an economist of [[German Jewish]] origins. They had two daughters together; |
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* Judith Iklé (b.c. 1960s), who married Aaron Maizlish, a businessman of [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]]. Two children; Leo Iklé-Maizlish (b.c. 2000) and Anna Iklé-Maizlish (b.c. 2004) |
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* Miriam Iklé-Khalsa (b.c. 1960s), who married Sat Jiwan Iklé-Khalsa. One daughter; Kyah S. Iklé-Khalsa (born April 6, 2007). Both of [[Takoma Park, Maryland]]. |
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Iklé died in [[Bethesda, Maryland]] on November 10, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSIS Mourns the Loss of Fred C. Iklé|url=https://www.csis.org/news/csis-mourns-loss-fred-c-ikl%C3%A9|website=www.csis.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> |
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==Awards== |
==Awards== |
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* the Department of Defense's ''Distinguished Public Service |
* the Department of Defense's ''[[Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service|Medal for Distinguished Public Service]]'' (1987)<ref name="CSIS" /> |
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* the Bronze Palm (1988)<ref name="CSIS"/> |
* the Bronze Palm (1988)<ref name="CSIS" /> |
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* the [[National Endowment for Democracy]]'s ''[[List of recipients of the Democracy Service Medal|Democracy Service Medal]]'' (2001).<ref>[[National Endowment for Democracy]], [http://www.ned.org/events/democracy-service-medal/ Democracy Service Medal]</ref> |
* the [[National Endowment for Democracy]]'s ''[[List of recipients of the Democracy Service Medal|Democracy Service Medal]]'' (2001).<ref>[[National Endowment for Democracy]], [http://www.ned.org/events/democracy-service-medal/ Democracy Service Medal]</ref> |
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==Published works== |
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* ''Annihilation From Within'' ([[Columbia University Press]], 2006) |
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Books:<ref>List of publications: http://csis.org/images/stories/Misc/ikle_pubs.pdf</ref> |
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* ''Every War Must End'' (Columbia University Press, 1971, 1991, 2005 with new prefaces) |
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*Ikle, Fred Charles ''Every War Must End'' (Columbia University Press, 1971, 1991, 2005 with new prefaces) |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://csis.org/press/press-release/csis-mourns-loss-fred-c-ikle |
* [http://csis.org/press/press-release/csis-mourns-loss-fred-c-ikle CSIS Mourns the loss of Fred C Ikle's at the CSIS web site] |
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* {{C-SPAN|1114}} |
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| before=[[Robert Komer]] |
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| title=[[United States Department of Defense]]<br />[[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]] |
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| after=[[Paul Wolfowitz]] |
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| years=1981–1988}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = United States Department of Defense Official |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = Bethesda MD |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ikle, Fred}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ikle, Fred}} |
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[[Category:1924 births]] |
[[Category:1924 births]] |
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[[Category:2011 deaths]] |
[[Category:2011 deaths]] |
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[[Category:People from St. Gallen (city)]] |
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[[Category:University of Zurich alumni]] |
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[[Category:Swiss emigrants to the United States]] |
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[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]] |
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[[Category:American sociologists]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:15, 13 May 2024
Fred Iklé | |
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![]() Fred Iklé in 1983 | |
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy | |
In office April 2, 1981 – February 19, 1988 | |
President | Ronald Reagan |
Preceded by | Robert Komer |
Succeeded by | Paul Wolfowitz |
Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency | |
In office 1973–1977 | |
President | Gerald Ford |
Preceded by | Gerard C. Smith |
Succeeded by | Paul Warnke |
Personal details | |
Born | Fritz Karl Iklé August 21, 1924 Samedan, Switzerland |
Died | November 10, 2011 (aged 87) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. |
Relations | Elisabeth Kopp (second cousin) |
Alma mater | University of Zurich (BA) University of Chicago (MA, PhD) |
Fred Charles Iklé (né Fritz Karl Iklé; August 21, 1924 – November 10, 2011)[1] was a Swiss-American sociologist and defense expert. Iklé's expertise was in defense and foreign policy, nuclear strategy, and the role of technology in the emerging international order. After a career in academia (including a professorship at MIT) he was appointed director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1973–1977, before becoming Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1981 to 1988). He was later a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Department of Defense's Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee, a Distinguished Scholar with the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)[2] and a Director of the National Endowment for Democracy.[1]
Iklé is credited with a key role in increasing U.S. aid to anti-Soviet rebels in the Soviet–Afghan War. He successfully proposed and promoted the idea of supplying the rebels with anti-aircraft Stinger missiles, overcoming CIA opposition.
Iklé was a second cousin of Elisabeth Kopp, the first woman in the Swiss Federal Council, elected in 1984.[3]
Early life and education
[edit]Iklé was born Fritz Karl Iklé on August 21, 1924 in Samedan, Switzerland, the youngest of four children, to Friedrich Arnold Iklé (1877-1946) and Maria Hedwig Iklé (née Huber). He is of German Jewish descent through his paternal grandfather, Leopold Iklé, who hailed from Hamburg and became a citizen in St. Gallen, operating Iklé Brothers trading in silk and embroidery.[4][5][6] Through this family connection he is a second cousin of Elisabeth Kopp (née Iklé) who was a member of the Federal Council (Switzerland).[7]
He anglicized his name after moving to the United States in 1946.[8][1] He earned a degree at the University of Zurich with a master's and doctorate from the University of Chicago (1948 and 1950), both in sociology. His doctorate involved research in Dresden and Nagasaki and led to a book, The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction, (1958).[8]
In 1962, Iklé was cited in a bestselling American novel on the risks of accidental nuclear war, Fail-Safe, as an example of one of "the right people" whose warnings should have been heeded: "...for years there has been a fellow named Fred Iklé, who has been working with the Rand Corporation and the Air Force on how to reduce war by accident. He has found flaw after flaw in the system, at just the same time that the newspapers were saying it was perfect."[9] From 1964 to 1967 Iklé was a professor in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[1] As well as Rand, Iklé was also at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, where he met Henry Kissinger, who in 1973 (while serving as Richard Nixon's national security advisor) recruited Iklé to government service.[8]
Career
[edit]From 1973 to 1977 Iklé served as director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.[8][1] After the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, Iklé was appointed Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, serving from 1981 to 1988.
Under Secretary of Defense
[edit]As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 ("Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas"), signed by Reagan in March 1985.[10] When he visited Pakistan in April 1985, Iklé found that the CIA was still pursuing the war in a halfhearted manner.[11] "We began to understand that what to us was a very big deal back in Washington, from the point of view of the president, is a second order priority handled by one GS [civil service officer]," according to Michael Pillsbury, Iklé's deputy.[11]
Iklé sponsored a proposal to supply the rebels with Stinger shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles.[12] The Stinger proposal was at first strongly opposed by the CIA, the U.S. State Department, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[12] CIA Deputy Director John McMahon, who resisted the proposal, was the target of a letter-writing campaign by conservative groups.[13] At a meeting on December 6, 1985, Iklé asked McMahon if the CIA needed Stingers. "I decided then and there that I had enough of carrying water for the Joint Chiefs and I said 'Fred, I'll take every Stinger you can send me,'" McMahon recalled.[13] Despite McMahon's apparent change of heart, the CIA again vetoed the Stinger proposal at an interagency meeting in mid-February 1986.[14] President Reagan signed an executive order to supply the Angolan guerrilla group UNITA with Stingers on February 18, and the CIA finally agreed to supply them to the Afghan rebels on February 23.[14]
Later life
[edit]Iklé remained at the Defense Department until 1988, when he joined the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Iklé served as a Commissioner on the National Commission on Terrorism, which produced the Report of the National Commission on Terrorism in June 2000, and he served for nine years as Director of the National Endowment for Democracy.
He also co-chaired the bipartisan Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, which published Discriminate Deterrence in January 1988.[15] In 1975 and 1987, Iklé received the highest civilian award of the Department of Defense, the Medal for Distinguished Public Service. In 1988, he was awarded the Bronze Palm.
Iklé served as chairman of the Board of the Telos Corporation and as a director of the Zurich-American Insurance Companies. He was a Director of CMC Energy Services and served as Governor of the Smith Richardson Foundation and as a Director of the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.
He was a founding signatory of the Project for the New American Century's 1997 "statement of principles."[16]
He was the author of several books and numerous articles on defense, foreign policy, and arms control, including How Nations Negotiate and Every War Must End.
Personal life
[edit]On December 23, 1959, Iklé married Doris Margaret Eisemann (1928–2012),[17] an economist of German Jewish origins. They had two daughters together;
- Judith Iklé (b.c. 1960s), who married Aaron Maizlish, a businessman of San Francisco, California. Two children; Leo Iklé-Maizlish (b.c. 2000) and Anna Iklé-Maizlish (b.c. 2004)
- Miriam Iklé-Khalsa (b.c. 1960s), who married Sat Jiwan Iklé-Khalsa. One daughter; Kyah S. Iklé-Khalsa (born April 6, 2007). Both of Takoma Park, Maryland.
Iklé died in Bethesda, Maryland on November 10, 2011.[18]
Awards
[edit]- the Department of Defense's Medal for Distinguished Public Service (1987)[1]
- the Bronze Palm (1988)[1]
- the National Endowment for Democracy's Democracy Service Medal (2001).[19]
Published works
[edit]- Annihilation From Within (Columbia University Press, 2006)
- Every War Must End (Columbia University Press, 1971, 1991, 2005 with new prefaces)
- How Nations Negotiate (Harper and Row, 1968)
- The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction (University of Oklahoma Press, 1958)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g "CSIS Mourns the Loss of Fred C. Iklé" (Press release). Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
- ^ "CSIS experts". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
- ^ Dodis, Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | (1924-08-21). "Iklé, Fred (1924–2011)". dodis.ch. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
- ^ T, N. E. E. D. L. E. P. R. I. N. (2011-02-17). "Leopold Iklé - A Passion for Pattern". N e e d l e p r i n t. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ Iklé, Leopold (1910). “Die” Sammlung Iklé (in German). M. Kreuztmann.
- ^ Iklé von St. Gallen SG (von D) HLS/DSS
- ^ Iklé Fred on dodis.ch https://dodis.ch/P46569
- ^ a b c d Washington Post, 16 November 2011, Fred Charles Ikle, Reagan defense official, dies at 87
- ^ Burdick, Eugene; Wheeler, Harvey (1962). Fail-Safe. Dell Publishing Co., Inc . pp. 208–209.
- ^ Heymann, Philip B., (2008) Living the Policy Process (2008), pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b Heymann, pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b Heymann pp. 42–43, 77.
- ^ a b Heyman, p. 75.
- ^ a b Heyman, p. 80.
- ^ "Fred Iklé: A man who helped win the Cold War, and future wars too". Wall Street Journal. 2011-11-15. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
- ^ Elliott Abrams, et al., "Statement of Principles" Archived 2002-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, June 3, 1997, Project for the New American Century, accessed May 28, 2007.
- ^ "DORIS IKLE Obituary (2012) - New York, NY - New York Times". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ "CSIS Mourns the Loss of Fred C. Iklé". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ National Endowment for Democracy, Democracy Service Medal