Deskaheh: Difference between revisions

Levi General
Levi General
Deskaheh
	Photograph of Chief Deskaheh appearing in 'The Graphic', 1922
Cayuga statesman
	In office; 1917–1925
Personal details
Born	Levi General; March 15, 1873; Tuscarora Township, Ontario
Died	June 27, 1925 (aged 52); Tuscarora Reservation, New York
Spouse	Mary Bergen
Relations	Seven brothers and sisters,[citation needed] including Alex General
Children	Four daughters, including Rachel General
Parents	William General (Cayuga); Lydia Burnham (Oneida);

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Levi General (March 15, 1873 – June 27, 1925), commonly known as Deskaheh, was a Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) hereditary chief and appointed speaker noted for his persistent efforts to get recognition for his people. He is most famous for bringing Iroquois concerns before the League of Nations in the 1920s.

Early life

Levi General was raised and educated as a traditional Cayuga, participating actively in Longhouse ceremonies.^[3] In addition to his first language, Cayuga, he also spoke the other Iroquoian languages.^[3] He worked as a lumberjack in the Allegheny Mountains in western New York and Pennsylvania. An accident forced him to return and he began to farm near Millpond, in the vicinity of Ohsweken on the Six Nations Reserve,^[3] where he married and had four daughters.^[4]

Speaker of the Six Nations Council

In 1917, General became hereditary chief of the Cayuga with the title "'Deskaheh'",^[5] meaning "more than eleven".^[2] Deskaheh travelled to London in August, 1921 with attorney George P. Decker, who was hired by the Six Nations as counsel. Because the Canadian government would have denied him permission to travel, the Six Nations Confederacy issued their own passport for Deskaheh at the advice of Decker. Deskaheh appeared at the Hippodrome "in full regalia" and also distributed a pamphlet entitled "Petition and Case of the Six Nations of the Grand River".^[6] Winston Churchill, British undersecretary for the colonies at the time, stated the petition should be returned to the Canadian government, so Decker and Deskaheh returned to the United States.^[6]

In 1922, the two men went to Washington, DC and gained the support of the Netherlands' minister of foreign affairs, H. A. van Karnebeck, who sent their petition to the League of Nations' Secretary-General's office. They also gained the support of the Swiss Bureau International pour la Défense des Indigènes.

In 1923, Canadian officials built Royal Canadian Mounted Police barracks on Six Nations Grand River lands, conducted searches of private homes, and prohibited the Indians from cutting wood for fuel (while allowing others to do so), intensifying the Indians' desire to seek protection from the British crown.^[7] Deskaheh travelled to Rochester, New York and began strategizing with Decker to ask the League of Nations to place sanctions on Canada. ^[8]

On July 14, 1923, Deskaheh and Decker sailed to Geneva, Switzerland. Decker returned to the U.S. after a brief time but communicated with Deskaheh frequently by mail.^[9] Meanwhile, Deskaheh remained in Switzerland for eighteen months, lecturing before large audiences in Geneva, Bern, Lausanne, Lucerne, Winterthur, and Zurich. ^[10] In his lectures, he reminded European colonizers of the new world of their obligations under the two row wampum, the most significant pact made between the Iroquois and Europeans. His eloquence, persistence, and ability to speak French helped win the support of some nations, including Ireland, Panama, Persia, Japan, and Estonia.^[11] Modern historian Laurence Hauptman wrote that while Deskaheh's lectures generated a warm reception by the Swiss people, they were not effective in changing British or Canadian positions.^[12]

On September 17, 1924, Governor-General Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy mandated the Six Nations Confederacy Council at Ohsweken be replaced with an elected council as described by Canada's Indian Act.^[13] On October 7, as the result of a report by Andrew Thorburn Thompson who had been asked by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to investigate the situation, the RCMP dissolved the traditional government of the Six Nations, stealing important documents and wampums and declaring an immediate election to displace the traditional government.^{[citation needed]} Although Deskaheh became even more outspoken as a result of these events, even writing to King George V directly, he was unable to make headway and was never able to meet his original goal of speaking to the League of Nations, although he left a copy of a proclamation at their offices in Geneva before he left on January 3, 1925.^[13]

Deskaheh lived his last six months in Rochester, delivering speeches including his most famous one on March 10, 1925 via the local Rochester radio station.^[14] In this speech he made a statement regarding policies of "forced acculturation" that has been much-quoted since:

"Over in Ottawa, they call that policy "Indian Advancement". Over in Washington, they call it "Assimilation." We who would be the helpless victims say it is tyranny. If this must go on to the bitter end, we would rather that you come with your guns and poison gases and get rid of us that way. Do it openly and above board."^[15]

Death and legacy

Deskaheh was staying at the home of Chief Clinton Rickard on the Tuscarora Reservation during the final months of pneumonia that followed a bad cold he had contracted in Europe.^[14] "He sent for his traditional medicine man from the Six Nations Reserve in Canada. But the medicine man was not allowed across the border. The U.S. had just passed the Immigration Law of 1924, which denied entry to anyone who did not speak English." On his deathbed, "Deskaheh told Rickard to 'Fight for the line.'" Chief Rickard went on to found the Indian Defense League in 1925, to defend "the right of free passage for Aboriginal people".^[16]

Deskaheh was buried on June 30 on the Six Nations Reserve, with two thousand mourners accompanying his casket to the cemetery after a ceremony at Sour Spring Longhouse.^[14] Modern Iroquois consider Deskaheh a great patriot, but some also hold him responsible for the later retaliation of the Canadian government against the tribe.^[2]

Notes

^ Catapano 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hauptman 2008, p. 124.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith 2005.
^ Hauptman 2008, p. 125.
^ "Deskaheh" is an Iroquois Confederacy chiefly title, but the press mistakenly applied it as a given name, which stuck. Ronald Niezen, "Recognizing Indigenism: Canadian Unity and the International Movement of Indigenous Peoples," Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 1 (2000).
^ ^a ^b Hauptman 2008, p. 129.
^ Hauptman 2008, p. 131.
^ Hauptman 2008, p. 133.
^ Hauptman 2008, p. 135.
^ Hauptman 2008, p. 125-135.
^ Koch, Robert G (September 1992). "George P. Decker and Chief Deskaheh". The Crooked Lake Review. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
^ Hauptman 2008, p. 137-138.
^ ^a ^b Hauptman 2008, p. 140.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hauptman 2008, p. 142.
^ Johansen 1998, p. 84.
^ "They love everything about Indigenous Peoples, except the people". Vancouver Media Co-op. Retrieved 2013-05-18.

References

Catapano, Andrea Lucille (2007). The Rising of the Ongwehonwe: Sovereignty, Identity, and Representation on the Six Nations Reserve. Doctoral Dissertation, UMI Number 3337613. [1]
Smith, Donald B. (2005). "Deskaheh". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Hauptman, Laurence (2008). Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership: The Six Nations Since 1800. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3165-1.
Johansen, Bruce Elliott (1998). The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30167-0.. [2]

External links

Deskaheh: Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) statesman and patriot at the Wayback Machine (archived April 27, 2006)
Deskaheh, Levi General - Iroquois Patriot's Fight for International Recognition
Photograph of Deskaheh and attorney George P. Decker
Photograph of Deskaheh in tribal attire Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine

[FOOTNOTECatapano2007-1] Catapano 2007.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008124-2] Hauptman 2008, p. 124.

[FOOTNOTESmith2005-3] Smith 2005.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008125-4] Hauptman 2008, p. 125.

[5] "Deskaheh" is an Iroquois Confederacy chiefly title, but the press mistakenly applied it as a given name, which stuck. Ronald Niezen, "Recognizing Indigenism: Canadian Unity and the International Movement of Indigenous Peoples," Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 1 (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008129-6] Hauptman 2008, p. 129.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008131-7] Hauptman 2008, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008133-8] Hauptman 2008, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008135-9] Hauptman 2008, p. 135.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008125-135-10] Hauptman 2008, p. 125-135.

[11] Koch, Robert G (September 1992). "George P. Decker and Chief Deskaheh". The Crooked Lake Review. Retrieved 2013-05-18.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008137-138-12] Hauptman 2008, p. 137-138.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008140-13] Hauptman 2008, p. 140.

[FOOTNOTEHauptman2008142-14] Hauptman 2008, p. 142.

[FOOTNOTEJohansen199884-15] Johansen 1998, p. 84.

[16] "They love everything about Indigenous Peoples, except the people". Vancouver Media Co-op. Retrieved 2013-05-18.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Haudenosaunee chief (1873–1925)}}
 {{Infobox American Indian chief
 | name            = Levi General
 | image           = Deskaheh photo.JPG
-content://media/external/file/211628
 | image_size      =
 | caption         = Photograph of Chief Deskaheh appearing in '[[The Graphic]]', 1922
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | term_start      = 1917
 | term_end        = 1925
+| birth_name      = Levi General
 | birth_date      = {{Birth date|1873|03|15}}
-| birth_place     = [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Tuscarora Township]], Ont.
+| birth_place     = [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Tuscarora Township]], Ontario
 | death_date      = {{death date and age|1925|06|27|1873|03|15}}
 | death_place     = [[Tuscarora Reservation]], New York
@@ Line 29: / Line 30: @@
 * Lydia Burnham ([[Oneida people|Oneida]])
 }}
-| relations       = Seven brothers and sisters,{{sfn|''DESKAHEH (Levi General)''}} including Alex General{{sfn|Catapano|2007}}
+| relations       = Seven brothers and sisters,{{CN|date=January 2023}} including Alex General{{sfn|Catapano|2007}}
 }}
-'''Levi General''' (March 15, 1873 - June 27, 1925), commonly known as 'Deskaheh', was a [[Haudenosaunee]] hereditary chief and appointed speaker noted for his persistent efforts to get recognition for his people. He is most famous for bringing Iroquois concerns before the [[League of Nations]] in the 1920s.
+'''Levi General''' (March 15, 1873 – June 27, 1925), commonly known as '''Deskaheh''', was a [[Haudenosaunee]] (Iroquois) hereditary chief and appointed speaker noted for his persistent efforts to get recognition for his people. He is most famous for bringing Iroquois concerns before the [[League of Nations]] in the 1920s.
 == Early life ==
-Levi General was raised and educated as a traditional [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]], participating actively in [[Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America|Longhouse]] ceremonies.{{sfn|Smith|2000}} In addition to his first language, [[Cayuga language|Cayuga]], he also spoke the other Iroquois dialects.{{sfn|Smith|2000}} He worked as a [[lumberjack]] in the [[Allegheny Mountains]] in western [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]]. An accident forced him to return and he began to farm near Millpond, in the vicinity of [[Ohsweken, Ontario|Ohsweken]] on the [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Six Nations Reserve]],{{sfn|Smith|2000}} where he married and had four daughters.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=125}}
+Levi General was raised and educated as a traditional [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]], participating actively in [[Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America|Longhouse]] ceremonies.{{sfn|Smith|2005}} In addition to his first language, [[Cayuga language|Cayuga]], he also spoke the other Iroquoian languages.{{sfn|Smith|2005}} He worked as a [[lumberjack]] in the [[Allegheny Mountains]] in western [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]]. An accident forced him to return and he began to farm near Millpond, in the vicinity of [[Ohsweken, Ontario|Ohsweken]] on the [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation|Six Nations Reserve]],{{sfn|Smith|2005}} where he married and had four daughters.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=125}}
 ==Speaker of the Six Nations Council==
+In 1917, General became hereditary chief of the Cayuga with the title "'Deskaheh'",<ref>"Deskaheh" is an Iroquois Confederacy chiefly title, but the press mistakenly applied it as a given name, which stuck. Ronald Niezen, "Recognizing Indigenism: Canadian Unity and the International Movement of Indigenous Peoples," Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 1 (2000).</ref> meaning "more than eleven".{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=124}} Deskaheh travelled to London in August, 1921 with attorney George P. Decker, who was hired by the Six Nations as counsel. Because the Canadian government would have denied him permission to travel, the Six Nations Confederacy issued their [[Iroquois passport|own passport]] for Deskaheh at the advice of Decker. Deskaheh appeared at the [[Hippodrome]] "in full regalia" and also distributed a pamphlet entitled "Petition and Case of the Six Nations of the Grand River".{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=129}} [[Winston Churchill]], British undersecretary for the colonies at the time, stated the petition should be returned to the Canadian government, so Decker and Deskaheh returned to the United States.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=129}}
-The Six Nations in Canada faced two levels of colonial administration in the early 1920s because although Canada had its own confederation government since 1867, its military and foreign policy were controlled by the British until 1949.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=125}} Although some Grand River Indians wanted to become Canadian citizens, others were loyal to Britain; 292 of them had served Britain in [[World War I]], including [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] Captain [[A. George E. Smith]], father of [[Jay Silverheels]].{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=126}} It was in this context that Levi General worked to fight for his nation's concerns.
+In 1922, the two men went to [[Washington, DC]] and gained the support of the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Netherlands' minister of foreign affairs]], [[Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek|H. A. van Karnebeck]], who sent their petition to the League of Nations' Secretary-General's office. They also gained the support of the Swiss Bureau International pour la Défense des Indigènes.
-In 1917, General became hereditary chief of the Cayuga with the title "'Deskaheh'",<ref>"Deskaheh" is an Iroquois Confederacy chiefly title, but the press mistakenly applied it as a given name, which stuck. Ronald Niezen, “Recognizing Indigenism: Canadian Unity and the International Movement of Indigenous Peoples,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 1 (2000).</ref> meaning "more than eleven".{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=124}} Deskaheh travelled to London in August, 1921 with attorney George P. Decker, who was hired by the Six Nations as counsel. Because the Canadian government would have denied him permission to travel, the Six Nations Confederacy issued their own passport for Deskaheh at the advice of Decker. Deskaheh appeared at the [[Hippodrome]] "in full regalia" and also distributed a pamphlet entitled "Petition and Case of the Six Nations of the Grand River".{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=129}} [[Winston Churchill]], British undersecretary for the colonies at the time, stated the petition should be returned to the Canadian government, so Decker and Deskaheh returned to the United States.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=129}}
+In 1923, Canadian officials built [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] barracks on Six Nations Grand River lands, conducted searches of private homes, and prohibited the Indians from cutting wood for fuel (while allowing others to do so), intensifying the Indians' desire to seek protection from the British crown.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=131}} Deskaheh travelled to [[Rochester, New York]] and began strategizing with Decker to ask the League of Nations to place sanctions on Canada. {{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=133}}
-In 1922, the two men went to [[Washington, DC]] and gained the support of the Netherlands' minister of foreign affairs, H. A. van Karnebeck, who sent their petition to the League of Nations' Secretary-General's office. They also gained the support of the Swiss Bureau International pur la Défense des Indegenes.
+On July 14, 1923, Deskaheh and Decker sailed to [[Geneva, Switzerland]]. Decker returned to the U.S. after a brief time but communicated with Deskaheh frequently by mail.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=135}} Meanwhile, Deskaheh remained in Switzerland for eighteen months, lecturing before large audiences in Geneva, [[Bern]], [[Lausanne]], [[Lucerne]], [[Winterthur]], and [[Zurich]]. {{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=125-135}} In his lectures, he reminded European colonizers of the new world of their obligations under the two row wampum, the most significant pact made between the Iroquois and Europeans. His eloquence, persistence, and ability to speak [[French language|French]] helped win the support of some nations, including Ireland, Panama, Persia, Japan, and Estonia.<ref>{{Cite news
-In 1923, Canadian officials built [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] barracks on Six Nations Grand River lands, conducted searches of private homes, and prohibited the Indians from cutting wood for fuel (while allowing others to do so), intensifying the Indians' desire to seek protection from the British crown.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=131}} Deskaheh travelled to [[Rochester, NY]] and began strategizing with Decker to ask the League of Nations to place sanctions on Canada. {{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=133}}
-On July 14, 1923, Deskaheh and Decker sailed to [[Geneva, Switzerland]]. Decker returned to the U.S. after a brief time but communicated with Deskaheh frequently by mail.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=135}} Meanwhile, Deskaheh remained in Switzerland for eighteen months, lecturing before large audiences in Geneva, [[Bern]], [[Lausanne]], [[Lucerne]], [[Winterthur]], and [[Zurich]]. {{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=125-135}} In his lectures, he reminded European colonizers of the new world of their obligations under the two row wampum, the most significant pact made between the Iroquois and Europeans. His eloquence, persistence, and ability to speak [[French language|French]] helped win the support of some nations, including Ireland, Panama, Persia, and Estonia.<ref>{{Cite news
 | last = Koch
 | first = Robert G
 | title = George P. Decker and Chief Deskaheh
 | work = The Crooked Lake Review
-| accessdate = 2013-05-18
+| access-date = 2013-05-18
 | date = September 1992
 | url = http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/34_66/54sept1992/54koch.html
-}}</ref> Modern historian Laurence Hauptman wrote that while Deskaheh's lectures generated a warm reception by the Swiss people, they were not effective in changing British or Canadian positions.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=137-138}}
+}}</ref> Modern historian [[Laurence M. Hauptman|Laurence Hauptman]] wrote that while Deskaheh's lectures generated a warm reception by the Swiss people, they were not effective in changing British or Canadian positions.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=137-138}}
-On September 17, 1924, Governor-General [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy]] mandated the Six Nations Confederacy Council at Ohsweken be replaced with an elected council as described by Canada's [[Indian Act]].{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=140}}  On October 7, as the result of a report by [[Andrew Thorburn Thompson]] who had been asked by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] to investigate the situation, the RCMP dissolved the traditional government of the Six Nations, stealing important documents and [[wampum]]s and declaring an immediate election to displace the traditional government.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Although Deskaheh became even more outspoken as a result of these events, even writing [[King George V]] directly, he was unable to make headway and was never able to meet his original goal of speaking to the League of Nations, although he left a copy of a proclamation at their offices in Geneva before he left on January 3, 1925.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=140}}
+On September 17, 1924, Governor-General [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy]] mandated the Six Nations Confederacy Council at Ohsweken be replaced with an elected council as described by Canada's [[Indian Act]].{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=140}}  On October 7, as the result of a report by [[Andrew Thorburn Thompson]] who had been asked by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] to investigate the situation, the RCMP dissolved the traditional government of the Six Nations, stealing important documents and [[wampum]]s and declaring an immediate election to displace the traditional government.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Although Deskaheh became even more outspoken as a result of these events, even writing to [[King George V]] directly, he was unable to make headway and was never able to meet his original goal of speaking to the League of Nations, although he left a copy of a proclamation at their offices in Geneva before he left on January 3, 1925.{{sfn|Hauptman|2008|p=140}}
 Deskaheh lived his last six months in Rochester, delivering speeches including his most famous
@@ Line 68: / Line 67: @@
 | title = They love everything about Indigenous Peoples, except the people
 | work = Vancouver Media Co-op
-| accessdate = 2013-05-18
+| access-date = 2013-05-18
 | url = http://vancouver.mediacoop.ca/audio/2003
 }}</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 77: @@
 ==References==
-* {{cite book|last1=Catapano|first1=Andrea Lucille|title=[http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3337613.html?FMT=AI The Rising of the Ongwehonwe: Sovereignty, Identity, and Representation on the Six Nations Reserve]|date=2007|ref=harv}} Doctoral Dissertation, UMI Number 3337613. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/612068812]
+* {{cite book|last1=Catapano|first1=Andrea Lucille|url=http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3337613.html?FMT=AI |title=The Rising of the Ongwehonwe: Sovereignty, Identity, and Representation on the Six Nations Reserve|date=2007}} Doctoral Dissertation, UMI Number 3337613. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/612068812]
-* {{cite DCB |first=Donald B. |last=Smith |title=Deskaheh |volume=15 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/deskaheh_15E.html |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite DCB |first=Donald B. |last=Smith |title=Deskaheh |year=2005 |volume=15 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/deskaheh_15E.html }}
-* {{cite book|last1=Hauptman|first1=Laurence|title=Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership: The Six Nations Since 1800|date=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3165-1|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Hauptman|first1=Laurence|title=Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership: The Six Nations Since 1800|date=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3165-1}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Johansen|first1=Bruce Elliott|title=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-hKB7AmyP5cC The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition]|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1998|ISBN=0-313-30167-0}}. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51926112]
+* {{cite book|last1=Johansen|first1=Bruce Elliott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hKB7AmyP5cC |title=The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1998|isbn=0-313-30167-0}}. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51926112]
 == Further reading ==
@@ Line 92: / Line 91: @@
 | date =
 }}
-* {{cite book|publisher=London: Kealeys Ltd.|year=1923|title=''Chief Deskaheh Tells Why He Is Over Here Again''|url=http://www.sfu.ca/~palys/ChiefDeskahehTellsUsWhyHeIsHereAgain1923.pdf }} [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41713462]
+* {{cite book|publisher=London: Kealeys Ltd.|year=1923|title=''Chief Deskaheh Tells Why He Is Over Here Again''|url=https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/ChiefDeskahehTellsUsWhyHeIsHereAgain1923.pdf }} [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41713462]
 ==External links==
-*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427073850/http://hometown.aol.com/miketben/miktben3.htm |date=April 27, 2006 |title=Deskaheh: Haudenosaunee (Iroquios) statesman and patriot }}
+*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427073850/http://hometown.aol.com/miketben/miktben3.htm |date=April 27, 2006 |title=Deskaheh: Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) statesman and patriot }}
-*[http://idloa.org/pages/deskaheh.html Deskaheh, Levi General - Iroquois Patriot's Fight for International Recognition]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060221210101/http://idloa.org/pages/deskaheh.html Deskaheh, Levi General - Iroquois Patriot's Fight for International Recognition]
 * [http://charlie_smoke.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/deskaheh.and.decker.gif Photograph of Deskaheh and attorney George P. Decker ]
-* [http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/images/deskahehpic.jpg Photograph of Deskaheh in tribal attire]
+* [http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/images/deskahehpic.jpg Photograph of Deskaheh in tribal attire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041711/http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/images/deskahehpic.jpg |date=2016-03-04 }}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Native American activists]]
 [[Category:Native American leaders]]
-[[Category:Aboriginal leaders in Ontario]]
+[[Category:Indigenous leaders in Ontario]]
 [[Category:Cayuga people]]
 [[Category:1873 births]]
 [[Category:1925 deaths]]
+[[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]]

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