Mark P. Robinson: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Hawaiian politician}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| name = Mark P. Robinson |
| name = Mark P. Robinson |
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| image =Mark P. Robinson (November 1892).jpg |
| image =Mark P. Robinson (November 1892).jpg |
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| monarch = [[Liliʻuokalani]] |
| monarch = [[Liliʻuokalani]] |
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| predecessor = [[Joseph Nāwahī]] |
| predecessor = [[Joseph Nāwahī]] |
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| successor =[[Samuel Parker (Hawaii)|Samuel Parker]] |
| successor =[[Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)|Samuel Parker]] |
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| office1 = House of Nobles |
| office1 = House of Nobles |
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| term_start1 = 1892 |
| term_start1 = 1892 |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Known professionally as M. P. Robinson, he was born July 4, 1852, in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. He was the eldest son, and fifth of nine children, born to British immigrant [[John James Robinson (Hawaii)|John James Robinson]] (1799–1876) and [[Rebecca Prever]] (1817– 1882), a descendant of Hawaiian chiefess Kamakana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=A Frenchman Marries A Hawaiian Girl No. 3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25621981/a_frenchman_marries_a_hawaiian_girl_no/ | |
Known professionally as M. P. Robinson, he was born July 4, 1852, in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. He was the eldest son, and fifth of nine children, born to British immigrant [[John James Robinson (Hawaii)|John James Robinson]] (1799–1876) and [[Rebecca Prever]] (1817– 1882), a descendant of Hawaiian chiefess Kamakana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=A Frenchman Marries A Hawaiian Girl No. 3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25621981/a_frenchman_marries_a_hawaiian_girl_no/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=May 9, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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==Business interests== |
==Business interests== |
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In 1875, Robinson and his brother-in-law S. C. (Samuel Clesson) Allen of Kauai formed the Allen & Robinson Lumber Company and became engaged in the operation of inter-island [[sailing ships]]. With other partners he formed Marshall, Campbell & Robinson, which operated a fleet of inter-island [[Paddle steamer|side-wheel paddle steamers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Prever Robinson |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/robinson59bs.txt |website=Statewide County HI Archives Biographies | |
In 1875, Robinson and his brother-in-law S. C. (Samuel Clesson) Allen of Kauai formed the Allen & Robinson Lumber Company and became engaged in the operation of inter-island [[sailing ships]]. With other partners he formed Marshall, Campbell & Robinson, which operated a fleet of inter-island [[Paddle steamer|side-wheel paddle steamers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Prever Robinson |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/robinson59bs.txt |website=Statewide County HI Archives Biographies |access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> Robinson was an investor in [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|Hawaii sugar plantations]], and helped found the First National Bank. |
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He partnered with [[Benjamin Franklin Dillingham]], [[S. C. Allen]], [[James Bicknell Castle]], [[Robert Lewers]] and [[John H. Paty]] in 1889 to establish the [[Oahu Railway and Land Company]]. Robinson was the rail company's first treasurer, and one of its steady customers in shipping produce from his banana plantation to buyers.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|p=100}} |
He partnered with [[Benjamin Franklin Dillingham]], [[S. C. Allen]], [[James Bicknell Castle]], [[Robert Lewers]] and [[John H. Paty]] in 1889 to establish the [[Oahu Railway and Land Company]]. Robinson was the rail company's first treasurer, and one of its steady customers in shipping produce from his banana plantation to buyers.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|p=100}} |
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During the 1900 [[Bubonic Plague]] epidemic, much of [[Chinatown, Honolulu|Honolulu's Chinatown]] was destroyed by fires that were ignited by the [[Territory of Hawaii]] Board of Health in an attempt to eradicate the source of the plague. The immediate resulting damage claims overwhelmed the territorial government's ability to reimburse property owners. Pending funding from the United States government, Robinson was one of several business owners who advanced money to the territorial government for claims settlements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark Prever Robinson His Business Life No. 26 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633670/mark_prever_robinson_his_business_life/ | |
During the 1900 [[Bubonic Plague]] epidemic, much of [[Chinatown, Honolulu|Honolulu's Chinatown]] was destroyed by fires that were ignited by the [[Territory of Hawaii]] Board of Health in an attempt to eradicate the source of the plague. The immediate resulting damage claims overwhelmed the territorial government's ability to reimburse property owners. Pending funding from the United States government, Robinson was one of several business owners who advanced money to the territorial government for claims settlements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark Prever Robinson His Business Life No. 26 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633670/mark_prever_robinson_his_business_life/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 5, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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==Politics== |
==Politics== |
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{{Css Image Crop|Image = Kingdom of Hawaii Cabinet in 1892.jpg|bSize = 250|cWidth = 250|cHeight = 175|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0|Location = right|Description= The Wilcox Cabinet, November, 1892. Brown is bottom left}} |
{{Css Image Crop|Image = Kingdom of Hawaii Cabinet in 1892.jpg|bSize = 250|cWidth = 250|cHeight = 175|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0|Location = right|Description= The Wilcox Cabinet, November, 1892. Brown is bottom left}} |
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Although a supporter of the monarchy, Robinson took exception with the [[Walter M. Gibson]] cabinet expenditures and schemes during the reign of King [[Kalākaua]]. He became a member of the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]] that drafted the [[Bayonet Constitution]] of 1887 which codified the legislature as the supreme authority over any actions by the monarchy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lively Interest as Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25801258/lively_interest_as_citizen/ | |
Although a supporter of the monarchy, Robinson took exception with the [[Walter M. Gibson]] cabinet expenditures and schemes during the reign of King [[Kalākaua]]. He became a member of the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]] that drafted the [[Bayonet Constitution]] of 1887 which codified the legislature as the supreme authority over any actions by the monarchy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lively Interest as Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25801258/lively_interest_as_citizen/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=April 2, 1915}}{{free access}}</ref> During the reign of Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]], he served as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from November 8, 1892 to January 12, 1893 under the [[George Norton Wilcox]] cabinet which had political inclination toward the [[Reform Party (Hawaii)|Reform Party]]. This cabinet was ousted by the legislature and he was replaced by the queen with [[Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)|Samuel Parker]], shortly before the 1893 [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] on January 17.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|pages=557–559, 580–581}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Robinson, Mark Prever office record|work=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHbbde/7ae2a485.dir/doc.pdf|access-date=September 12, 2015}}</ref> |
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[[Claus Spreckels]], who had close ties with the monarchy, loaned $95,000 to the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]]. Robinson joined with other business men to finance a repayment of the loan, to prevent Spreckels from having leverage in any counter revolution to restore the monarchy. Robinson served on the [[Republic of Hawaii]] Council of State under President [[Sanford B. Dole]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark Prever Robinson, His Political Life No. 25 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633622/mark_prevar_robinson_his_political/ | |
[[Claus Spreckels]], who had close ties with the monarchy, loaned $95,000 to the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]]. Robinson joined with other business men to finance a repayment of the loan, to prevent Spreckels from having leverage in any counter revolution to restore the monarchy. Robinson served on the [[Republic of Hawaii]] Council of State under President [[Sanford B. Dole]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark Prever Robinson, His Political Life No. 25 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633622/mark_prevar_robinson_his_political/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 4, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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==Family and death== |
== Family and death == |
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Rebecca Prever was the second wife of John James Robinson. With his first wife, he had children both his own and one step-daughter. Below are the nine children born to Rebecca Prever and John James Robinson:<ref>{{cite news |title=The Fabulous Holts, Wati Robinson −10 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25846524/the_fabulous_holts_wati_robinson_10/ | |
Rebecca Prever was the second wife of John James Robinson. With his first wife, he had children both his own and one step-daughter. Below are the nine children born to Rebecca Prever and John James Robinson:<ref>{{cite news |title=The Fabulous Holts, Wati Robinson −10 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25846524/the_fabulous_holts_wati_robinson_10/ |access-date=November 30, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Newspapers.com |date=June 14, 1954}}{{free access}}</ref><ref name=Marriages /> |
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*Robert (1853–1854) |
*Robert (1853–1854) |
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*John Lawrence Newcomb (1861–1890), wed chiefess Caroline Kapu-ai-ana-hulu Johnson (1854–1937) of Kona.<ref name=Marriages>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Marriages in the James Robinson Family No. 20 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25624581/marriages_in_the_james_robinson_family/| |
*John Lawrence Newcomb (1861–1890), wed chiefess Caroline Kapu-ai-ana-hulu Johnson (1854–1937) of Kona.<ref name=Marriages>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Marriages in the James Robinson Family No. 20 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25624581/marriages_in_the_james_robinson_family/|access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=May 29, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *[[Mary E. Foster|Mary]] (1844–1930) wed [[Thomas R. Foster]] – [[Foster Botanical Garden]] was their homestead, bequeathed to the city of Honolulu upon her death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mary E. Foster's Will |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25811894/mary_e_fosters_will/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=December 29, 1930}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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*[[Victoria Ward (Hawaii)|Victoria]] (1846–1935) wed [[Kentucky]]-born [[Curtis Perry Ward]], who had ties to [[Liliʻuokalani]] and Hawaii's royal court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Curtis Perry Ward A Young Southerner No. 29 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633983/curtis_perry_ward_a_young_southerner/|access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 9, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> The couple bought a coconut plantation and built a 2-story home they named "Old Plantation".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Lone Southerner Weds Miss Victoria Robinson No. 30 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25634019/lone_southerner_weds_miss_victoria/|access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 9, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> Following Ward's 1882 death, Victoria oversaw the plantation operations for the next half century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedersen |first1=Kristen |title=Curtis and Victoria Ward's Legacy |url=https://historichawaii.org/2017/04/27/curtisvictoriaward/ |website=Historic Hawaii Foundation |access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> Composer [[David Nape]] and Ward family friend Mary Jane Montano wrote the tribute song "Old Plantation". The first known recording was by [[Peter Kalani]] in 1916, but it has since been recorded by numerous artists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Old Plantation |url=http://www.huapala.org/O/Old_Plantation.html |website=www.huapala.org |access-date=November 29, 2018}}; {{cite web |title=Columbia matrix 46405. Old plantation / Peter Kalani ; Kalei – Discography of American Historical Recordings |url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000023691/46405-Old_plantation |website=adp.library.ucsb.edu |access-date=November 29, 2018}}; {{cite web |title=David Nape – Old Plantation |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1695655-David-Nape?query=old%20plantation |website=Discogs |access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *[[Bathsheba Allen|Bathsheba]] (1849–1914) wed [[S. C. Allen|Samuel Clesson (S. C.) Allen]] from Boston. Known as "Aunt Batty" to her nieces and nephews, she inherited the bulk of Allen's $2,000,000 estate after his 1903 death. In widowhood, she became a philanthropist. Upon her own death in 1914, her estate was estimated at slightly under $1,000,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death Claims a Beloved Woman (Mrs. S. C. Allen of Kauai), Feb 12, 1914 – Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24726231/death_claims_a_beloved_woman_mrs_s/ |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=February 12, 1914|access-date=November 29, 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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*Matilda A. (1851–1937) wed William E. Foster, the nephew of her sister Mary's husband Thomas R. Foster.<ref name=Marriages /><ref>{{cite news |title=Kamaaina Returns |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25828982/kamaaina_returns/ |access-date=November 30, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=December 9, 1905}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *Annie (1855–1921) wed Albert Jaeger, a German immigrant who was appointed Hawaii's commissioner of the Bureau of Forestry. He became a manager at Allen & Robinson Lumber Company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Annie Robinson Marries Albert Jaeger No. 34 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25634713/annie_robinson_marries_albert_jaeger/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 14, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *Lucy (1858–1943) wed Dr. Albert McWayne<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B.|title=Lucy Hannah Robinson Marries Dr. McWayne No. 35 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25634949/lucy_hannah_robinson_marries_dr/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 16, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *M. P. Robinson wed Sophia Louisa Campbell (1851–1888) of New Jersey in 1877. After her death at age 36, he never remarried.<ref>{{cite news |title=1888 Death of Mrs. M. P. Robinson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25113062/1888_death_of_mrs_m_p_robinson/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Evening Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=April 13, 1888}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark Prever Robinson, His Personal Life No. 27 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633806/mark_prever_robinson_his_personal_life/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 6, 1952}}{{free access}}</ref> They were the parents of three sons: |
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:*James Lawrence Prever (1880–1947) was trustee of his father's estate, and a founder of the Hawaiian Broadcasting System. He wed Lilla May Ripley (1879–1969). The couple had no children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawrence Robinson death |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25756524/lawrence_robinson_death/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=February 4, 1947}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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*[[ |
:*[[Mark Alexander Robinson|Mark Alexander]] (1882–1955) managed the Robinson estate. With his first wife Agnes Armour (1887–1942), he had four sons and two daughters: Mark Prever II, James Allen, Charles Armour, John Alexander, Susanna Louise and Kaikilani Kamakana. In 1945, he wed [[Mary Kapuahualani Robinson|Mary Kapuahualani Hart]] (1896–1978). He had no children with her. She was subsequently elected to the Hawaii Territorial Senate, and founded Robinson Travel, Inc.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mary K. Hart, Mark Robinson Wed Monday – Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25764355/mary_k_hart_mark_robinson_wed_monday/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=February 10, 1945}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark A. Robinson, Today's Family Head No. 28 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633919/mark_a_robinson_todays_family_head/|access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 7, 1952}}{{free access}}; {{cite news |title=Mark Robinson funeral notice |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25695739/mark_robinson_funeral_notice/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=April 1, 1955}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mary Robinson, Founder of Travel Firm, Dies at 82 – Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25763808/mary_robinson_founder_of_travel_firm/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 6, 1978}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *[[Bathsheba Allen|Bathsheba]] (1849–1914) wed [[S. C. Allen|Samuel Clesson (S. C.) Allen]] from Boston. Known as "Aunt Batty" to her nieces and nephews, she inherited the bulk of Allen's $2,000,000 estate after his 1903 death. In widowhood, she became a philanthropist. Upon her own death in 1914, her estate was estimated at slightly under $1,000,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death Claims a Beloved Woman (Mrs. S. C. Allen of Kauai), Feb 12, 1914 |
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:*Allen Campbell (1885–1926) was employed in managerial positions at Trent Trust Co., and [[C. Brewer & Co.]], and was the founder of Bergstrom Music Company. During [[World War I]], he served as an [[American Red Cross]] Captain in England and Russia. He never married.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allen Robinson death, Pt. 1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25755694/allen_robinson_death_pt_1/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=January 20, 1926}}{{free access}}; {{cite news |title=Allen Robinson death, Pt. 2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25755817/allen_robinson_death_pt_2/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=January 20, 1926}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | After a lengthy period of [[insomnia]] that drove him to the brink of insanity, Robinson killed himself on April 2, 1915. He left a note for his son explaining his actions. At the time of his death, he belonged to several fraternal organizations, including the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], [[Scottish Rite]]s and the [[Knights Templar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=M. P. Robinson Ends His Life In Deep Distress |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1915-04-02/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=April 2, 1915 |page=1, col. 1}}; *{{cite news |title=M. P. Robinson Ends His Life In Deep Distress (cont. from page 1) |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1915-04-02/ed-1/seq-2/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=April 2, 1915 |page=2, col. 5}}</ref> His estate was estimated at $419,720.23 ({{Inflation|US|419,720.23|1915|fmt=eq}}), mostly land and other investments. A Canadian broker had been in negotiations in 1910 to put Robinson's private library on the auction block. At the time, it was said to be one of the most extensive libraries in a private collection. The deal was never completed, and the library was estimated at $57,000 at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mark Robinson Estate Worth $419,720.23 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25743285/mark_robinson_estate_worth_41972023/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=June 5, 1915}}{{free access}}; {{cite news |title=Local Library Sold For $150,000 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25789548/local_library_sold_for_150000/ |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=The Hawaiian Gazette at Newspapers.com |date=October 28, 1910}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *Annie (1855–1921) wed Albert Jaeger, a German immigrant who was appointed Hawaii's commissioner of the Bureau of Forestry. He became a manager at Allen & Robinson Lumber Company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Annie Robinson Marries Albert Jaeger No. 34 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25634713/annie_robinson_marries_albert_jaeger/ | |
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| ⚫ | *Lucy (1858–1943) wed Dr. Albert McWayne<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B.|title=Lucy Hannah Robinson Marries Dr. McWayne No. 35 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25634949/lucy_hannah_robinson_marries_dr/ | |
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| ⚫ | *M. P. Robinson wed Sophia Louisa Campbell (1851–1888) of New Jersey in 1877. After her death at age 36, he never remarried.<ref>{{cite news |title=1888 Death of Mrs. M. P. Robinson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25113062/1888_death_of_mrs_m_p_robinson/ | |
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:*[[Mark Alexander Robinson|Mark Alexander]] (1882–1955) managed the Robinson estate. With his first wife Agnes Armour (1887–1942), he had four sons and two daughters: Mark Prever II, James Allen, Charles Armour, John Alexander, Susanna Louise and Kaikilani Kamakana. In 1945, he wed [[Mary Kapuahualani Robinson|Mary Kapuahualani Hart]] (1896–1978). He had no children with her. She was subsequently elected to the Hawaii Territorial Senate, and founded Robinson Travel, Inc.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mary K. Hart, Mark Robinson Wed Monday - Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25764355/mary_k_hart_mark_robinson_wed_monday/ |accessdate=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=February 10, 1945}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Clarice B. |title=Mark A. Robinson, Today's Family Head No. 28 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25633919/mark_a_robinson_todays_family_head/|accessdate=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 7, 1952}}{{free access}}; {{cite news |title=Mark Robinson funeral notice |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25695739/mark_robinson_funeral_notice/ |accessdate=November 29, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=April 1, 1955}}{{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mary Robinson, Founder of Travel Firm, Dies at 82 - Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25763808/mary_robinson_founder_of_travel_firm/ |accessdate=November 29, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com |date=June 6, 1978}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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:*Allen Campbell (1885–1926) was employed in managerial positions at Trent Trust Co., and [[C. Brewer & Co.]], and was the founder of Bergstrom Music Company. During [[World War I]], he served as an [[American Red Cross]] Captain in England and and Russia. He never married.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allen Robinson death, Pt. 1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25755694/allen_robinson_death_pt_1/ |accessdate=November 29, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=January 20, 1926}}{{free access}}; {{cite news |title=Allen Robinson death, Pt. 2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25755817/allen_robinson_death_pt_2/ |accessdate=November 29, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=January 20, 1926}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | After a lengthy period of [[insomnia]] that drove him to the brink of insanity, Robinson killed himself on April 2, 1915. He left a note for his son explaining his actions. At the time of his death, he belonged to several fraternal organizations, including the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], [[Scottish Rite |
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The following are the children of John James Robinson and his first wife. They are a half-brother and two half-sisters to Mark P. Robinson: |
The following are the children of John James Robinson and his first wife. They are a half-brother and two half-sisters to Mark P. Robinson: |
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*Caroline Tauwati Robinson (1815–1921) of Tahitian-Hawaiian ancestry, she was the step-daughter of John James Robinson, from his first wife's previous marriage. Known as "Wati" or "Watti", she married Robert William Holt, her step-father's business manager, and related through marriage to [[Liliʻuokalani]]'s husband [[John Owen Dominis]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Robert William Holt Hawaii Ohana |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18340455/robert_william_holt_hawaii_ohana/ | |
*Caroline Tauwati Robinson (1815–1921) of Tahitian-Hawaiian ancestry, she was the step-daughter of John James Robinson, from his first wife's previous marriage. Known as "Wati" or "Watti", she married Robert William Holt, her step-father's business manager, and related through marriage to [[Liliʻuokalani]]'s husband [[John Owen Dominis]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Robert William Holt Hawaii Ohana |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18340455/robert_william_holt_hawaii_ohana/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |date=May 28, 2017}}; {{free access}}{{cite news |title=The Fabulous Holts, Wati Robinson −10 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25846524/the_fabulous_holts_wati_robinson_10/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Newspapers.com |date=June 14, 1954}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | *James J. Robinson (1826–1896) lived at north Kona. His wife's name was Kekapa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Estate of James Robinson 1876 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25840332/estate_of_james_robinson_1876/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=The Hawaiian Gazette at Newspapers.com |date=September 13, 1876}}{{free access}};{{cite news |title=James J. Robinson probate 1896 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25994479/james_j_robinson_probate_1896/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=The Hawaiian Gazette |date=August 6, 1896}}{{free access}}</ref> |
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* |
*Charlotte Robinson (1834–1913) married Richard Coady at [[Washington Place]] in 1852. After his death, she married Dr. Eugene Von Hasslocher in 1863 and lived in [[Karlsruhe]] for a period of time while her husband served as the Hawaiian Consul to the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]].{{sfn|Korn|1958|pages=160, 162, 275–278, 331–332}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Charlotte Robinson marries Richard Coady at Washington Place |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25839875/charlotte_robinson_marries_richard/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=Polynesia at Newspapers.com |date=September 11, 1852}}{{free access}};{{cite news |title=Dr. E. Von Hasslocher death in Oregon 1895 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25831393/dr_e_von_hasslocher_death_in_oregon/ |access-date=November 30, 2018 |work=The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=July 6, 1895}}{{free access}}</ref> She accompanied [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Queen Emma]] for the latter parts of her visits to Italy, Germany, France and England in 1866 before the queen departed for the United States.{{sfn|Korn|1958|pages=160, 162, 275–278, 331–332}} |
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| ⚫ | * |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Line 90: | Line 82: | ||
==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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*{{Cite book|last=Korn|first=Alfons L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8989368|title=The Victorian visitors: an account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861-1866, including the journal letters of Sophia Cracroft; extracts from the journals of Lady Franklin, and diaries and letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii.|date=1958|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-87022-421-2|edition=1st|location=Honolulu|oclc=8989368}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Lydecker |first1=Robert C. |title=Roster legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918.: Constitutions of monarchy and republic, speeches of sovereign and President. |date=1918 |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette Co. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001150072|via=[[HathiTrust]] |
*{{cite book |last1=Lydecker |first1=Robert C. |title=Roster legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918.: Constitutions of monarchy and republic, speeches of sovereign and President. |date=1918 |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette Co. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001150072|via=[[HathiTrust]]}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Kuykendall |first=Ralph Simpson | |
* {{cite book |last=Kuykendall |first=Ralph Simpson |author-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty |url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en |volume=3 |year=1967 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-87022-433-1 |oclc=500374815}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Mark P.}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Mark P.}} |
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[[Category:1852 births]] |
[[Category:1852 births]] |
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[[Category:1915 deaths]] |
[[Category:1915 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Foreign ministers of the Hawaiian Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Kingdom |
[[Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles]] |
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[[Category:Suicides in Hawaii]] |
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Revision as of 23:08, 11 May 2024
Mark P. Robinson | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Kingdom of Hawaii Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office November 8, 1892 – January 12, 1893 | |
| Monarch | Liliʻuokalani |
| Preceded by | Joseph Nāwahī |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Parker |
| House of Nobles | |
| In office 1892–1892 | |
| House of Nobles | |
| In office 1887–1888 | |
| Monarch | Kalākaua |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 4, 1852 Honolulu |
| Died | April 2, 1915 (aged 62) Honolulu |
| Spouse | Sophia Louisa Campbell |
| Parents |
|
| Occupation | Financier, business magnate, politician |
Mark Prever Robinson (July 4, 1852 – April 2, 1915) was a Hawaiian business magnate and politician. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Hawaii under the reign of Liliuokalani. During times of political upheaval and financial stress of Hawaii's changing governments, Robinson joined with other business men to come to the financial aid of the government.
Early life
Known professionally as M. P. Robinson, he was born July 4, 1852, in the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was the eldest son, and fifth of nine children, born to British immigrant John James Robinson (1799–1876) and Rebecca Prever (1817– 1882), a descendant of Hawaiian chiefess Kamakana.[1]
Business interests
In 1875, Robinson and his brother-in-law S. C. (Samuel Clesson) Allen of Kauai formed the Allen & Robinson Lumber Company and became engaged in the operation of inter-island sailing ships. With other partners he formed Marshall, Campbell & Robinson, which operated a fleet of inter-island side-wheel paddle steamers.[2] Robinson was an investor in Hawaii sugar plantations, and helped found the First National Bank. He partnered with Benjamin Franklin Dillingham, S. C. Allen, James Bicknell Castle, Robert Lewers and John H. Paty in 1889 to establish the Oahu Railway and Land Company. Robinson was the rail company's first treasurer, and one of its steady customers in shipping produce from his banana plantation to buyers.[3]
During the 1900 Bubonic Plague epidemic, much of Honolulu's Chinatown was destroyed by fires that were ignited by the Territory of Hawaii Board of Health in an attempt to eradicate the source of the plague. The immediate resulting damage claims overwhelmed the territorial government's ability to reimburse property owners. Pending funding from the United States government, Robinson was one of several business owners who advanced money to the territorial government for claims settlements.[4]
Politics
Robinson was a member of the House of Nobles of the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii for the Special Session of November 3, 1887 – May 28, 1888, Special Session of May 29 – September 11, 1888, and the 1892 Legislative Session of the Kingdom of Hawaii.[5]
Although a supporter of the monarchy, Robinson took exception with the Walter M. Gibson cabinet expenditures and schemes during the reign of King Kalākaua. He became a member of the Committee of Safety that drafted the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 which codified the legislature as the supreme authority over any actions by the monarchy.[6] During the reign of Queen Liliʻuokalani, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 8, 1892 to January 12, 1893 under the George Norton Wilcox cabinet which had political inclination toward the Reform Party. This cabinet was ousted by the legislature and he was replaced by the queen with Samuel Parker, shortly before the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17.[7][8]
Claus Spreckels, who had close ties with the monarchy, loaned $95,000 to the Provisional Government of Hawaii. Robinson joined with other business men to finance a repayment of the loan, to prevent Spreckels from having leverage in any counter revolution to restore the monarchy. Robinson served on the Republic of Hawaii Council of State under President Sanford B. Dole.[9]
Family and death
Rebecca Prever was the second wife of John James Robinson. With his first wife, he had children both his own and one step-daughter. Below are the nine children born to Rebecca Prever and John James Robinson:[10][11]
- Robert (1853–1854)
- John Lawrence Newcomb (1861–1890), wed chiefess Caroline Kapu-ai-ana-hulu Johnson (1854–1937) of Kona.[11]
- Mary (1844–1930) wed Thomas R. Foster – Foster Botanical Garden was their homestead, bequeathed to the city of Honolulu upon her death.[12]
- Victoria (1846–1935) wed Kentucky-born Curtis Perry Ward, who had ties to Liliʻuokalani and Hawaii's royal court.[13] The couple bought a coconut plantation and built a 2-story home they named "Old Plantation".[14] Following Ward's 1882 death, Victoria oversaw the plantation operations for the next half century.[15] Composer David Nape and Ward family friend Mary Jane Montano wrote the tribute song "Old Plantation". The first known recording was by Peter Kalani in 1916, but it has since been recorded by numerous artists.[16]
- Bathsheba (1849–1914) wed Samuel Clesson (S. C.) Allen from Boston. Known as "Aunt Batty" to her nieces and nephews, she inherited the bulk of Allen's $2,000,000 estate after his 1903 death. In widowhood, she became a philanthropist. Upon her own death in 1914, her estate was estimated at slightly under $1,000,000.[17]
- Matilda A. (1851–1937) wed William E. Foster, the nephew of her sister Mary's husband Thomas R. Foster.[11][18]
- Annie (1855–1921) wed Albert Jaeger, a German immigrant who was appointed Hawaii's commissioner of the Bureau of Forestry. He became a manager at Allen & Robinson Lumber Company.[19]
- Lucy (1858–1943) wed Dr. Albert McWayne[20]
- M. P. Robinson wed Sophia Louisa Campbell (1851–1888) of New Jersey in 1877. After her death at age 36, he never remarried.[21][22] They were the parents of three sons:
- James Lawrence Prever (1880–1947) was trustee of his father's estate, and a founder of the Hawaiian Broadcasting System. He wed Lilla May Ripley (1879–1969). The couple had no children.[23]
- Mark Alexander (1882–1955) managed the Robinson estate. With his first wife Agnes Armour (1887–1942), he had four sons and two daughters: Mark Prever II, James Allen, Charles Armour, John Alexander, Susanna Louise and Kaikilani Kamakana. In 1945, he wed Mary Kapuahualani Hart (1896–1978). He had no children with her. She was subsequently elected to the Hawaii Territorial Senate, and founded Robinson Travel, Inc.[24][25][26]
- Allen Campbell (1885–1926) was employed in managerial positions at Trent Trust Co., and C. Brewer & Co., and was the founder of Bergstrom Music Company. During World War I, he served as an American Red Cross Captain in England and Russia. He never married.[27]
After a lengthy period of insomnia that drove him to the brink of insanity, Robinson killed himself on April 2, 1915. He left a note for his son explaining his actions. At the time of his death, he belonged to several fraternal organizations, including the Freemasons, Scottish Rites and the Knights Templar.[28] His estate was estimated at $419,720.23 (equivalent to $12,641,311 in 2023), mostly land and other investments. A Canadian broker had been in negotiations in 1910 to put Robinson's private library on the auction block. At the time, it was said to be one of the most extensive libraries in a private collection. The deal was never completed, and the library was estimated at $57,000 at the time of his death.[29]
The following are the children of John James Robinson and his first wife. They are a half-brother and two half-sisters to Mark P. Robinson:
- Caroline Tauwati Robinson (1815–1921) of Tahitian-Hawaiian ancestry, she was the step-daughter of John James Robinson, from his first wife's previous marriage. Known as "Wati" or "Watti", she married Robert William Holt, her step-father's business manager, and related through marriage to Liliʻuokalani's husband John Owen Dominis.[30]
- James J. Robinson (1826–1896) lived at north Kona. His wife's name was Kekapa.[31]
- Charlotte Robinson (1834–1913) married Richard Coady at Washington Place in 1852. After his death, she married Dr. Eugene Von Hasslocher in 1863 and lived in Karlsruhe for a period of time while her husband served as the Hawaiian Consul to the Grand Duchy of Baden.[32][33] She accompanied Queen Emma for the latter parts of her visits to Italy, Germany, France and England in 1866 before the queen departed for the United States.[32]
References
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (May 9, 1952). "A Frenchman Marries A Hawaiian Girl No. 3". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Mark Prever Robinson". Statewide County HI Archives Biographies. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 100.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 5, 1952). "Mark Prever Robinson His Business Life No. 26". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Lydecker 1918, pp. 172, 175, 182.
- ^ "Lively Interest as Citizen". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. April 2, 1915. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 557–559, 580–581.
- ^ "Robinson, Mark Prever office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 4, 1952). "Mark Prever Robinson, His Political Life No. 25". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "The Fabulous Holts, Wati Robinson −10". Honolulu Star-Bulletin Newspapers.com. June 14, 1954. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
- ^ a b c Taylor, Clarice B. (May 29, 1952). "Marriages in the James Robinson Family No. 20". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Mary E. Foster's Will". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. December 29, 1930. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 9, 1952). "Curtis Perry Ward A Young Southerner No. 29". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 9, 1952). "Lone Southerner Weds Miss Victoria Robinson No. 30". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Pedersen, Kristen. "Curtis and Victoria Ward's Legacy". Historic Hawaii Foundation. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Old Plantation". www.huapala.org. Retrieved November 29, 2018.; "Columbia matrix 46405. Old plantation / Peter Kalani ; Kalei – Discography of American Historical Recordings". adp.library.ucsb.edu. Retrieved November 29, 2018.; "David Nape – Old Plantation". Discogs. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Death Claims a Beloved Woman (Mrs. S. C. Allen of Kauai), Feb 12, 1914 – Newspapers.com". The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. February 12, 1914. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Kamaaina Returns". The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. December 9, 1905. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 14, 1952). "Annie Robinson Marries Albert Jaeger No. 34". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 16, 1952). "Lucy Hannah Robinson Marries Dr. McWayne No. 35". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "1888 Death of Mrs. M. P. Robinson". Evening Bulletin at Newspapers.com. April 13, 1888. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 6, 1952). "Mark Prever Robinson, His Personal Life No. 27". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Lawrence Robinson death". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. February 4, 1947. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Mary K. Hart, Mark Robinson Wed Monday – Newspapers.com". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. February 10, 1945. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (June 7, 1952). "Mark A. Robinson, Today's Family Head No. 28". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.; "Mark Robinson funeral notice". The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. April 1, 1955. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Mary Robinson, Founder of Travel Firm, Dies at 82 – Newspapers.com". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. June 6, 1978. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Allen Robinson death, Pt. 1". The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. January 20, 1926. Retrieved November 29, 2018.; "Allen Robinson death, Pt. 2". The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. January 20, 1926. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "M. P. Robinson Ends His Life In Deep Distress". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. April 2, 1915. p. 1, col. 1. Retrieved November 29, 2018.; *"M. P. Robinson Ends His Life In Deep Distress (cont. from page 1)". Honolulu Star-Bulletin at Newspapers.com. April 2, 1915. p. 2, col. 5. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Mark Robinson Estate Worth $419,720.23". Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. June 5, 1915. Retrieved November 29, 2018.; "Local Library Sold For $150,000". The Hawaiian Gazette at Newspapers.com. October 28, 1910. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Robert William Holt Hawaii Ohana". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. May 28, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2018.; "The Fabulous Holts, Wati Robinson −10". Honolulu Star-Bulletin Newspapers.com. June 14, 1954. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
- ^ "Estate of James Robinson 1876". The Hawaiian Gazette at Newspapers.com. September 13, 1876. Retrieved December 6, 2018.;"James J. Robinson probate 1896". The Hawaiian Gazette. August 6, 1896. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
- ^ a b Korn 1958, pp. 160, 162, 275–278, 331–332.
- ^ "Charlotte Robinson marries Richard Coady at Washington Place". Polynesia at Newspapers.com. September 11, 1852. Retrieved December 6, 2018.;"Dr. E. Von Hasslocher death in Oregon 1895". The Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com. July 6, 1895. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
Bibliography
- Korn, Alfons L. (1958). The Victorian visitors: an account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861-1866, including the journal letters of Sophia Cracroft; extracts from the journals of Lady Franklin, and diaries and letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii (1st ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-421-2. OCLC 8989368.
- Lydecker, Robert C. (1918). Roster legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918.: Constitutions of monarchy and republic, speeches of sovereign and President. Hawaiian Gazette Co. – via HathiTrust.
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.
