Battle of York (867): Difference between revisions

Battle of York
	Part of the Viking invasions of England
Date	21 March 867
Location	York53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W / 53.95833°N 1.08028°W
Result	Viking victory
Belligerents
Great Heathen Army	Kingdom of Northumbria
Commanders and leaders
Ivar (possibly Ímar); Ubba	Ælla of Northumbria †; Osberht of Northumbria †
	York class=notpageimage\| Location within North Yorkshire

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The Battle of York was fought between the Vikings of the Great Heathen Army and the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria on 21 March 867 in the city of York.

Formerly controlled by the Roman Empire, York had been taken over by the Anglo-Saxons and had become the capital of the Kingdom of Northumbria. In 866 this kingdom was in the middle of a civil war, with Ælla and Osberht both claiming the crown. The Vikings, who had arrived on the eastern shores of the British Isles led by Ubba and Ivar, were able to take the city.^{[citation needed]}

In the spring of 867 Ælla and Osberht united to try to push the Vikings out of York. Despite the Northumbrians making it inside the walls, the battle ended without success, and with the deaths of both Ælla and Osberht.

Following their victory the Vikings would initially set up a puppet king named Ecgberht, before later creating the Kingdom of Jórvík centred on York.

Background

York

Known as Eoferwic, York was taken over by the Anglo-Saxons after the Romans left in the 5th century.^[1] The city became the capital of the Kingdom of Northumbria, serving the needs of both the king and the Archbishop of York.^[2] The ancient Roman walls still stood, but by 867 they were crumbling and in disrepair, proving to be little defence against the attacking Northumbrians.^[3]

Viking invasion

There had been Viking raids against Britain since the 8th century, but it was not until the 860s that Viking armies were formed with the intention of conquering lands.^[4] In 865 the Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and started the invasion that would lead to the creation of the Danelaw.^[5]

Led by Ubba and Ivar (who may be the same historical figure as Ímar) the Vikings first took York on 1 November 866.^[3]^[6] Ivar's apparent motive was to avenge the death of his father, Ragnar Lodbrok.^[7] The Kingdom of Northumbria was in the middle of a civil war after Ælla had driven out the previous king Osberht by force.^[8] The Vikings had little trouble taking York, but failed to capture Ælla.^[8]

Battle

In the spring of 867 Ælla and Osberht put aside their differences and united in an attempt to push the invaders out of Northumbria, leading to the battle of York on the 21 March.^[3]^[9] The battle started well for the Northumbrian forces, who broke through the city's defences.^[8] But then the experience of the Viking warriors showed through,^{[according to whom]} as the narrow streets nullified any advantage of numbers the Northumbrians may have had.^[3]^{[citation needed]}. The battle ended with a defeat of the Northumbrian army, and the death of both Ælla and Osberht.^[8] A somewhat different account stated that the Vikings were caught under the walls of York, between their attackers and York's Northumbrian garrison. However, the Danes rallied and the battle turned against the Northumbrians and resulted in the killing of both of their kings.^[7]

Norse tradition holds that the victorious Ivar and Ubba were brothers and that they captured Ælla and subsequently blood eagled him.^[10]^[11] In contrast, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle simply states "both kings were slain on the spot".^[12]

Aftermath

In York, Viking leaders established a puppet king named Ecgberht,^[13] who remained until 872, when a revolt drove him into exile in Mercia. Halfdan Ragnarsson of the Vikings ended the revolt in 876 and directly occupied York and the rest of Deira (south-east Northumbria), partitioning it among his followers.^[13] In time, this led to the creation of the Kingdom of Jórvík, which existed under Viking control until 910, when it was taken by the Anglo-Saxons.^[14] The kingdom was reoccupied by the Vikings on several occasions until 954, from when it was subjected to the rule of Wessex.^[14] No future attempt was made to re-establish the Kingdom of Northumbria.^[15]

Before the area was integrated into Wessex, the surviving Anglo-Saxon lords ruled Northumberland north of the river Tees from Bamburgh.^[13]

Sources

Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). "Northumbria, Anglian Kingdom". The Companion to British History, Routledge (2nd ed.). Routledge. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Bessell, Craig (10 October 2018). "3 Key Battles of the Viking Invasions of England". History Hit. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Cannon, John (2015). "Ælle". A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199550371.001.0001. ISBN 9780199550371. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
City of York Council (21 December 2006). "Eoferwic: Anglo-Saxon York". City of York Council - York's History. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008.
Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles. New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-24913-1.
Johnson, Ben. "Invaders! Angles, Saxons and Vikings". Historic UK. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Edward, James (29 March 2011). "Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066". BBC - History. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Frank, Roberta (1984). "Viking atrocity and Skaldic verse: The Rite of the Blood-Eagle". English Heritage Review. Longman Group Limited London: 332–343.
Hall, Richard. "The Viking Capture of York" (PDF). Jorvik Viking Centre. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Loyn, Henry (2015). "Northumbria, kingdom of". In Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001. ISBN 9780199677832.
Market House Books (2002). "York, Kingdom of". Dictionary of British History (1st ed.). Market House Books Ltd. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Project Gutenberg (1 September 1996). "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by J. A. Giles; J. Ingram. Project Gutenberg. [eBook #657]. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
Sawyer, Peter (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
Whitelock, Dorothy. "Fact and Fiction in the legend of St. Edmund". wmich.edu. pp. 225–227. Archived from the original on 4 September 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
York History (2007). "York history timeline". YorkHistory.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2020.

[FOOTNOTECity_of_York_Council2006-1] City of York Council 2006.

[FOOTNOTEYork_History2007-2] York History 2007.

[FOOTNOTEBessell2018-3] Bessell 2018.

[FOOTNOTEEdward2011-4] Edward 2011.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson-5] Johnson.

[FOOTNOTESawyer2001-6] Sawyer 2001.

[FOOTNOTEEggenberger1985484-7] Eggenberger 1985, p. 484.

[FOOTNOTEHall-8] Hall.

[FOOTNOTECannon2015-9] Cannon 2015.

[FOOTNOTEWhitelock-10] Whitelock.

[FOOTNOTEFrank1984-11] Frank 1984.

[FOOTNOTEProject_Gutenberg1996-12] Project Gutenberg 1996.

[FOOTNOTEArnold-Baker2001-13] Arnold-Baker 2001.

[FOOTNOTEMarket_House_Books2002-14] Market House Books 2002.

[FOOTNOTELoyn2015-15] Loyn 2015.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|867 battle between Vikings and Northumbria}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
 {{Infobox military conflict
 | conflict    = Battle of York
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 | combatant2  = [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]
 | combatant3  =
-| commander1  = [[Ivar the Boneless|Ivar]] (possibly [[Ímar]])<br>[[Ubba]]
+| commander1  = [[Ivar the Boneless|Ivar]] (possibly [[Ímar]])<br />[[Ubba]]
-| commander2  = [[Ælla of Northumbria]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Osberht of Northumbria]]{{KIA}}
+| commander2  = [[Ælla of Northumbria]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Osberht of Northumbria]]{{KIA}}
 | commander3  =
 | units1      =
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 The '''Battle of York''' was fought between the [[Vikings]] of the [[Great Heathen Army]] and the [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[Kingdom of Northumbria]] on 21 March 867 in the city of [[York]].
-Formally controlled by the [[Roman Empire]], [[York]] had been taken over by the [[Anglo-Saxons]] and had become the capital of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. In 866 this kingdom was in the middle of a civil war with [[Ælla of Northumbria|Ælla]] and [[Osberht of Northumbria|Osberht]] both claiming the crown. The Vikings led by [[Ubba]] and [[Ivar the Boneless|Ivar]] were able to take the city with little trouble.
+Formerly controlled by the [[Roman Empire]], York had been taken over by the [[Anglo-Saxons]] and had become the capital of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. In 866 this kingdom was in the middle of a civil war, with [[Ælla of Northumbria|Ælla]] and [[Osberht of Northumbria|Osberht]] both claiming the crown. The Vikings, who had arrived on the eastern shores of the [[British Isles]] led by [[Ubba]] and [[Ivar the Boneless|Ivar]], were able to take the city.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
-In the spring of 867 Ælla and Osberht would unite in an attempt to push the Vikings out of York. Despite the Northumbrians making it inside the walls, the battle ended with a slaughter of Northumbrians, and the deaths of both Ælla and Osberht.
+In the spring of 867 Ælla and Osberht united to try to push the Vikings out of York. Despite the Northumbrians making it inside the walls, the battle ended without success, and with the deaths of both Ælla and Osberht.
-Following their victory the Vikings would initially set up a [[puppet monarch|puppet king]] named [[Ecgberht I of Northumbria|Ecgberht]], before later creating the [[Scandinavian York|Kingdom of Jórvík]] centered on York.
+Following their victory the Vikings would initially set up a [[puppet monarch|puppet king]] named [[Ecgberht I of Northumbria|Ecgberht]], before later creating the [[Scandinavian York|Kingdom of Jórvík]] centred on York.
 == Background ==
 === York ===
 [[File:Multangular tower.jpg|thumb|left|The Multangular tower, part of York's Roman wall]]
-Known as Eoferwic, York was taken over by the [[Anglo-Saxons]] after the [[Roman Empire]] left in the 5th century.{{sfn|City of York Council|2006}} The city would become the capital of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]], serving the needs of both the king and the [[Archbishop of York]].{{sfn|York History|2007}} By 867 the ancient Roman walls still stood, but were crumbling and in disrepair, proving to be little defence against the attacking Northumbrians.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}}
+Known as Eoferwic, York was taken over by the [[Anglo-Saxons]] after the Romans left in the 5th century.{{sfn|City of York Council|2006}} The city became the capital of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]], serving the needs of both the king and the [[Archbishop of York]].{{sfn|York History|2007}} The ancient Roman walls still stood, but by 867 they were crumbling and in disrepair, proving to be little defence against the attacking Northumbrians.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}}
 === Viking invasion ===
-Viking raids against Britain had been occurring since the 8th century, but it was not until the 860s that Viking armies were formed with the intention of conquering lands.{{sfn|Edward|2011}} In 865 the [[Great Heathen Army]] landed in East Anglia and started the invasion that would lead to the creation of [[Danelaw]].{{sfn|Johnson}}
+There had been Viking raids against Britain since the 8th century, but it was not until the 860s that Viking armies were formed with the intention of conquering lands.{{sfn|Edward|2011}} In 865 the [[Great Heathen Army]] landed in East Anglia and started the invasion that would lead to the creation of the [[Danelaw]].{{sfn|Johnson}}
 Led by [[Ubba]] and [[Ivar the Boneless|Ivar]] (who may be the same historical figure as [[Ímar]]) the Vikings first took York on 1 November 866.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}}{{sfn|Sawyer|2001}} Ivar's apparent motive was to avenge the death of his father, [[Ragnar Lodbrok]].{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=484}} The Kingdom of Northumbria was in the middle of a civil war after [[Ælla of Northumbria|Ælla]] had driven out the previous king [[Osberht of Northumbria|Osberht]] by force.{{sfn|Hall}} The Vikings had little trouble taking York, but failed to capture Ælla.{{sfn|Hall}}
 == Battle ==
-In the spring of 867 Ælla and Osberht put aside their differences and united in an attempt to push the invaders out of Northumbria, leading to the battle of York on the 21 March.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}}{{sfn|Cannon|2015}} The battle started well for the Northumbrian forces, who were able to break through the city's defences.{{sfn|Hall}} It was at this point that the experience of the Viking warriors was able to show through, as the narrow streets nullified any advantage of numbers the Northumbrians may have had.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}} The battle ended with a slaughter of the Northumbrian army, and the death of both Ælla and Osberht.{{sfn|Hall}} A somewhat different account stated that the Vikings were caught under the walls of York, between their attackers and York's Northumbrian garrison. However, the Danes rallied and the battle turned into a massacre of the Northumbrians and the killing of both of their kings.{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=484}}
+In the spring of 867 Ælla and Osberht put aside their differences and united in an attempt to push the invaders out of Northumbria, leading to the battle of York on the 21 March.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}}{{sfn|Cannon|2015}} The battle started well for the Northumbrian forces, who broke through the city's defences.{{sfn|Hall}} But then the experience of the Viking warriors showed through,{{Fix|text=according to whom}} as the narrow streets nullified any advantage of numbers the Northumbrians may have had.{{sfn|Bessell|2018}}{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}. The battle ended with a defeat of the Northumbrian army, and the death of both Ælla and Osberht.{{sfn|Hall}} A somewhat different account stated that the Vikings were caught under the walls of York, between their attackers and York's Northumbrian garrison. However, the Danes rallied and the battle turned against the Northumbrians and resulted in the killing of both of their kings.{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=484}}
-Norse tradition holds that the victorious Ivar and Ubba were brothers and that they captured Ælla and subsequently [[Blood eagle|blood eagled]] him.{{sfn|Whitelock}}{{sfn|Frank|1984}} In contrast, the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] simply states "both kings were slain on the spot".{{sfn|Gutenberg}}
+Norse tradition holds that the victorious Ivar and Ubba were brothers and that they captured Ælla and subsequently [[blood eagle]]d him.{{sfn|Whitelock}}{{sfn|Frank|1984}} In contrast, the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] simply states "both kings were slain on the spot".{{sfn|Project Gutenberg|1996}}
 == Aftermath ==
 [[File:Kingdom of Jorvik.png|thumb|Kingdom of Jorvik, shown next to [[Danelaw]]]]
-In York, Viking leaders established a [[puppet monarch|puppet king]] named [[Ecgberht I of Northumbria|Ecgberht]].{{sfn|Arnold-Baker|2001}} This situation would remain until 872, when a revolt drove Ecgberht into exile in [[Mercia]]. [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] of the Vikings ended the revolt in 876 and directly occupied York and the rest of [[Deira]] (south-east Northumbria), partitioning it among his followers.{{sfn|Arnold-Baker|2001}} In time, this would lead to the creation of the [[Scandinavian York|Kingdom of Jórvík]], which existed under Viking control until 910, when it was taken by the Anglo-Saxons.{{sfn|Market House Books|2002}} The kingdom would be reoccupied  by the Vikings on several occasions until 954, from when it was subjected to the rule of [[Wessex]].{{sfn|Market House Books|2002}} No future attempt would be made to re-establish the Kingdom of Northumbria.{{sfn|Loyn|2015}}
+In York, Viking leaders established a [[puppet monarch|puppet king]] named [[Ecgberht I of Northumbria|Ecgberht]],{{sfn|Arnold-Baker|2001}} who remained until 872, when a revolt drove him into exile in [[Mercia]]. [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] of the Vikings ended the revolt in 876 and directly occupied York and the rest of [[Deira]] (south-east Northumbria), partitioning it among his followers.{{sfn|Arnold-Baker|2001}} In time, this led to the creation of the [[Scandinavian York|Kingdom of Jórvík]], which existed under Viking control until 910, when it was taken by the Anglo-Saxons.{{sfn|Market House Books|2002}} The kingdom was reoccupied by the Vikings on several occasions until 954, from when it was subjected to the rule of [[Wessex]].{{sfn|Market House Books|2002}} No future attempt was made to re-establish the Kingdom of Northumbria.{{sfn|Loyn|2015}}
-Before the area was integrated into Wessex, the surviving Anglo-Saxon lords would rule Northumberland north of the [[river Tees]] from [[Bamburgh]].{{sfn|Arnold-Baker|2001}}
+Before the area was integrated into Wessex, the surviving Anglo-Saxon lords ruled Northumberland north of the [[river Tees]] from [[Bamburgh]].{{sfn|Arnold-Baker|2001}}
 == References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|20em}}
 == Sources ==
@@ Line 79: / Line 80: @@
 * {{cite book|last=Eggenberger |first=David |title=An Encyclopedia of Battles |year=1985 |publisher=Dover Publications Inc. |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=0-486-24913-1 }}
 * {{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Ben |title=Invaders! Angles, Saxons and Vikings |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Invaders/ |website=Historic UK |access-date=7 August 2020}}
-* {{cite web |last1=Edward |first1=James |title=Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/overview_vikings_01.shtml |website=BBC - History |access-date=7 August 2020 |date=29 March 2011}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Edward |first1=James |title=Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066 |website=BBC - History |date=29 March 2011 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/overview_vikings_01.shtml |access-date=7 August 2020}}
 * {{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Roberta |title=Viking atrocity and Skaldic verse: The Rite of the Blood-Eagle |journal=English Heritage Review |date=1984 |pages=332–343 |publisher=Longman Group Limited London}}
-* {{ cite web |last1=Gutenberg |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/657/pg657.html |website=www.gutenberg.org |access-date=14 September 2020 |location=867}}
 * {{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Richard |title=The Viking Capture of York |url=https://www.jorvikvikingcentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/The-Viking-Capture-of-York.pdf |website=Jorvik Viking Centre |access-date=7 August 2020 }}
-* {{cite web |last1=Loyn |first1=Henry |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Cannon |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Crowcroft |title=Northumbria, kingdom of |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-3128?rskey=ilKLMS&result=3 |website=The Oxford Companion to British History |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=15 September 2020 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001 |date=2015|isbn=9780199677832 }}
+* {{cite book |last1=Loyn |first1=Henry |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Cannon |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Crowcroft |chapter=Northumbria, kingdom of |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001 |date=2015 |isbn=9780199677832}}
 * {{cite book |last=Market House Books |title=Dictionary of British History |date=2002 |publisher=Market House Books Ltd |edition=1st |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/mhbh/york_kingdom_of/0 |access-date=7 August 2020 |chapter=York, Kingdom of}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Project Gutenberg |translator1=J. A. Giles |translator2=J. Ingram |date=September 1, 1996 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |website=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |publisher=Project Gutenberg |id=[eBook #657] |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/657/pg657.html |access-date=14 September 2020}}
 * {{cite book |last1=Sawyer |first1=Peter |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285434-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJqf8e1vHFgC |access-date=14 September 2020 |language=en}}
 * {{cite web |last1=Whitelock |first1=Dorothy |title=Fact and Fiction in the legend of St. Edmund |url=http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/rawl/edmund/whitelock.html |website=wmich.edu |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904041559/http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/rawl/edmund/whitelock.html#page9 |archive-date=4 September 2006 |pages=225–227}}
 * {{cite web | last=York History | title = York history timeline | url = http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php | publisher = YorkHistory.com | year = 2007 | access-date = 9 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php |archive-date = 14 March 2007}}
 {{Viking Invasion of England}}
+{{Viking}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:York}}
 <!--- Categories --->
-{{DEFAULTSORT:York}}
 [[Category:860s conflicts]]
 [[Category:Battles involving Yorkshire]]
@@ Line 100: / Line 101: @@
 [[Category:867]]
 [[Category:9th century in England]]
+[[Category:Battles involving Norway]]

v t e Vikings
Culture	Blót Brisingamen Danegeld Dís Eddas Einherjar Futhark Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Germanic deities Gothi Hnefatafl Holmgang Leysingi Mjölnir Norsemen Norse funeral (ship burial) Norse mythology Norse rituals Old Norse Old Norse religion Raven banner Sagas Skald Seeress Skíðblaðnir Thrall Tyrfing Valhalla Valkyrie Viking Age Viking art Viking runestones Viking Age trade Wergeld Yggdrasil
Ships and navigation	Knarr Longship Viking ships Viking ship replica Visby lenses
Homelands and colonies	North Sea Empire Iceland Greenland Orkney Islands Shetland Faroe Islands North America L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland Jomsborg Kievan Rus'
Expansion	Viking expansion British Isles Danelaw Anglia Mercia York Isle of Man Scotland Wessex France Brittany Normandy Rhineland Pomerania Estonia Iberia Dublin Italy
Battles	Tactics and warfare Battle of Aclea First Battle of Alton Battle of Anglesey Sound Battle of Ashdown Battle of Assandun Battle of Basing Battle of Barry Battle of Bauds Battle of Benfleet Battle of Brávellir Battle of Brentford (1016) Battle of Brissarthe Battle of Brunanburh Battle of Buttington Battle of Cathair Cuan Battle of Chippenham Battle of Clontarf Battle of Confey Battle of Corbridge Battle of Cynwit Battle of Derby Battle of Dollar Battle of Edington Battle of Englefield Battle of Epiphany Battle of Fitjar Battle of Florvåg Battle of Fulford Battle of Fýrisvellir Battle of Glenmama Battle of Hafrsfjord Battle of Helgeå Battle of Hingston Down Battle of the Holme Battle of Hjörungavágr Battle of Islandbridge Battle of Largs Battle of Leuven (891) Battle of London Bridge Battle of Lüneburg Heath Battle of Lyrskov Heath Battle of Mag Femen Battle of Maldon Battle of Meretun Battle of Nesjar Battle of Niså Battle of Norditi Battle of Pinhoe Battle of Rastarkalv Battle of Reading (871) Battle of Renfrew Battle of Remich Battle of Ringmere Battle of Rochester Battle of Sasireti Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu Battle of Skyhill Battle of Stainmore Battle of Stamford (894) Battle of Stamford (918) Battle of Stamford Bridge Battle of Stiklestad Battle of Strangford Lough Battle of Svolder Battle of Sulcoit Battle of Tara (Ireland) Battle of Tarbat Ness Battle of Tempsford Battle of Tettenhall Battle of Thetford Battle of Thimeon Battle of Trans-la-Forêt Battle of York Burning of Luimneach Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias Raids in the Rhineland Raid on Seville Sack of Santiago de Compostela Siege of Asselt Siege of Chartres (911) Siege of Constantinople (860) Sack of Paris Siege of Paris Cnut the Great's invasion of England
Arms, armour and fortifications	Berserker Great Heathen Army Hersir Hird Viking Age arms and armour Halberd Atgeir Skeggöx Dane axe Gjermundbu helmet Yarm helmet Sword Ulfberht Ingelrii Ring Fortress Raid Warfare and Tactics Shield-maiden Svinfylking Formation Varangian Guard
Historical figures	Airdeconut Amlaíb Cenncairech Amlaíb Cuarán Amlaíb Conung Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) Auisle Bagsecg Berle-Kari Birka female Viking warrior Bjørn (floruit 856–58) Bjorn Asbrandsson Bjarni Herjólfsson Björn Ironside Bjorn the Easterner Cnut Egill Skallagrímsson Eohric of East Anglia Eric Bloodaxe Erik the Red Eric I of Denmark Eiríkr Hákonarson Freydís Eiríksdóttir Freygeirr Garðar Svavarsson Godfrid Haraldsson Godfrid, Duke of Frisia Grímur Kamban Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir Gunnar Hámundarson Guthred Guthrum Hakon Rognvaldsson Haakon the Good Haakon Sigurdsson Halfdan Long-Leg Halfdan Ragnarsson Hagrold Harald Bluetooth Harald Fairhair Harald Hardrada Harald Wartooth Hastein Hemming Halfdansson Hervor Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson Hvitserk Ingvar the Far-Travelled Ingólfr Arnarson Ivar the Boneless Jomsvikings Ketilsdóttir Ketill Flatnose Ketil Trout (Iceland) Lagertha Leif Erikson Magnus Barefoot Naddodd Náttfari Olaf Tryggvason Olav Haraldsson Olaf the White Olof Skötkonung Orm Storolfsson Ohthere of Hålogaland Ottir Palnatoke Ragnar Lodbrok Ragnar Ragnarsson Ragnhild Eriksdotter Ragnall ua Imair Raud the Strong Reginheri Rognvald Eysteinsson Rollo Rorik Rusla Snæfrithr Svásadottir Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson Sigurd Ring Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye Sigurd the Stout Sitric Caech Skalla-Grímr Snorri Sturluson Steinunn Refsdóttir Styrbjörn the Strong Sweyn Asleifsson Sweyn Forkbeard Þorbjörg Lítilvölva Thorfinn the Mighty Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson Thorkell the Tall Thorir Hund Thorolf Kveldulfsson Thorstein the Red Tryggvi the Pretender Turgesius Valtoke Gormsson Vagn Åkesson Veborg Ubba Uí Ímair Unn the Deep-Minded
Runestones	Ballstorp Runestone Baltic area runestones Danish Runic Inscription 66 Danish Runic Inscription 154 Danish Runic Inscription 380 Egtved Runestone England runestones Greece runestones Gunnar's bridge runestones Hagby Runestones Hakon Jarl runestones Hällestad Runestones Ingvar runestones Italy runestones Karlevi Runestone Lingsberg Runestones Norra Härene Runestone Orkesta Runestones Runestones at Aspa Runestones of Högby Sædinge Runestone Sigtrygg Runestones Simris Runestones Sjörup Runestone Småland Runic Inscription 48 Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 Sparlösa Runestone Stangeland stone Stone of Eric Runestone U 582 Uppland Runic Inscription 158 Varangian runestones Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone Viking runestones
Related	Viking revival Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)