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| ImageCaption1 = <span style="color:#008000; background:#008000;">__</span> [[Lithium|Li]]<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:#000080; background:#000080;">__</span> [[Tantalum|Ta]]<sup>5+</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:#FF0000;background:#FF0000;">__</span> [[Oxygen|O]]<sup>2−</sup>
| ImageCaption1 = <span style="color:#008000; background:#008000;">__</span> [[Lithium|Li]]<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:#000080; background:#000080;">__</span> [[Tantalum|Ta]]<sup>5+</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color:#FF0000;background:#FF0000;">__</span> [[Oxygen|O]]<sup>2−</sup>
| IUPACName = Lithium tantalate
| IUPACName = Lithium tantalate
| OtherNames = Lithium Metatantalate
| OtherNames = Lithium metatantalate
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
Line 30: Line 30:
| CrystalStruct = [[Space group]] R3c
| CrystalStruct = [[Space group]] R3c
| LattConst_a = 515.43 pm
| LattConst_a = 515.43 pm
| LattConst_c = 1378.35 pm<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(67)90142-4 |title=Ferroelectric lithium tantalate—1. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study at 24°C |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1685 |year=1967 |last1=Abrahams |first1=S.C |last2=Bernstein |first2=J.L }}</ref>
| LattConst_c = 1378.35 pm<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(67)90142-4 |title=Ferroelectric lithium tantalate—1. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study at 24°C |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1685 |year=1967 |last1=Abrahams |first1=S.C |last2=Bernstein |first2=J.L |bibcode=1967JPCS...28.1685A }}</ref>
}}
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = http://www.samaterials.com/pdf/Lithium-Tantalate-Wafers-(LiTaO3-Wafers)-sds.pdf
| ExternalSDS = http://www.samaterials.com/pdf/Lithium-Tantalate-Wafers-(LiTaO3-Wafers)-sds.pdf
| MainHazards = Acute Toxicity: Oral, Inhalation, Dermal
| MainHazards = Acute Toxicity: Oral, Inhalation, Dermal
⚫
}}
| RSPhrases =
⚫
}}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[Lithium niobate|LiNbO<sub>3</sub>]]
| OtherAnions = [[Lithium niobate|LiNbO<sub>3</sub>]]
| OtherCations =
| OtherCations =
| OtherFunction_label = [[salt]]s
| OtherFunction_label = [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]s
| OtherFunction =
| OtherFunction =
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{Wikinews|Tabletop fusion may lead to neutron source}}
{{Wikinews|Tabletop fusion may lead to neutron source}}
'''Lithium tantalate''' ([[Lithium|Li]][[Tantalum|Ta]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) is a [[perovskite]] which possesses unique [[optical]], [[piezoelectric]] and [[pyroelectric]] properties which make it valuable for [[nonlinear optics]], [[passive infrared sensor]]s such as [[motion detector]]s, [[terahertz radiation|terahertz]] generation and detection, [[surface acoustic wave]] applications, cell phones and possibly [[pyroelectric fusion|pyroelectric nuclear fusion]]. Considerable information is available from commercial sources about this salt.
'''Lithium tantalate''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the formula [[Lithium|Li]][[Tantalum|Ta]][[Oxide|O]]<sub>3</sub>. It is a white, [[diamagnetic]], water-insoluble solid. The compound has the [[perovskite structure]]. It has [[optical]], [[piezoelectric]], and [[pyroelectric]] properties. Considerable information is available from commercial sources about this material.<ref name=Ull>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a26_071 |chapter=Tantalum and Tantalum Compounds |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2000 |last1=Andersson |first1=Klaus |last2=Reichert |first2=Karlheinz |last3=Wolf |first3=Rüdiger |isbn=3-527-30673-0 }}</ref>


==Synthesis and processing==
==Pyroelectric fusion==
Lithium tantalate is produced by treating tantalum(V) oxide with lithium oxide. The use of excess alkali gives water-soluble polyoxotantalates. Single crystals of Lithium tantalate are pulled from the melt using the [[Czochralski method]].<ref name=Ull/>
{{main|Pyroelectric fusion}}

⚫
According to an April 2005 ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' article, Brian Naranjo, Jim Gimzewski and Seth Putterman at [[UCLA]] applied a large temperature difference to a lithium tantalate crystal producing a large enough charge to generate and accelerate a beam of deuterium nuclei into a deuteriated target resulting in the production of a small flux of helium-3 and neutrons through nuclear fusion without extreme heat or pressure.<ref>
==Applications==
Lithium tantalate is used for [[nonlinear optics]], [[passive infrared sensor]]s such as [[motion detector]]s, [[terahertz radiation|terahertz]] generation and detection, [[surface acoustic wave]] applications, cell phones.
Lithium tantalate is a standard detector element in [[infrared spectroscopy|infrared spectrophotometer]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.s4science.at/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/LiTaO3-Detector_Technical-Note.pdf|title=Application note: Infrared Spectroscopy}}</ref>

==Research==
⚫
The phenomenon of [[pyroelectric fusion]] has been demonstrated using a lithium tantalate crystal producing a large enough charge to generate and accelerate a beam of [[deuterium]] nuclei into a deuterated target resulting in the production of a small flux of [[helium-3]] and [[neutrons]] through nuclear fusion without extreme heat or pressure.<ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|author1=B. Naranjo, J.K. Gimzewski |author2=S. Putterman
|author1=B. Naranjo, J.K. Gimzewski |author2=S. Putterman
|lastauthoramp=yes| year = 2005
|name-list-style=amp| year = 2005
| title = Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal
| title = Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
Line 58: Line 63:
| doi = 10.1038/nature03575
| doi = 10.1038/nature03575
| pmid = 15858570
| pmid = 15858570
|bibcode=2005Natur.434.1115N
}}</ref> Their results have been replicated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}
|s2cid=4407334
⚫
}}</ref>


A difference between positively and negatively charged parts of pyroelectric LiTaO<sub>3</sub> crystals was observed when water freezes to them.<ref>
It is unlikely to be useful for electricity generation since the energy required to produce the fusion reactions exceeded the energy produced by them. It is thought that the technique might be useful for small neutron generators, especially if the deuterium beam is replaced by a tritium one. Comparing this with the [[electrostatic]] containment of [[ionic plasma]] to achieve fusion in a "[[fusor]]" or other [[inertial electrostatic confinement|IEC]], this method focuses electrical acceleration to a much smaller non-ionized [[deuterium]] target without heat.

==Water and freezing==
A scientific paper published in February 2010 shows a difference in the temperature and mechanism of freezing water to ice, depending on the charge applied to a surface of pyroelectric LiTaO<sub>3</sub> crystals.<ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|author1=D. Ehre |author2=E. Lavert |author3=M. Lahav |author4=I. Lubomirsky | year =2010
|author1=D. Ehre |author2=E. Lavert |author3=M. Lahav |author4=I. Lubomirsky | year =2010
Line 70: Line 74:
| volume =327 |issue=5966 |pages=672–675
| volume =327 |issue=5966 |pages=672–675
| doi =10.1126/science.1178085 | pmid=20133568
| doi =10.1126/science.1178085 | pmid=20133568
|bibcode=2010Sci...327..672E |s2cid=206522004 }}</ref>
⚫
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lithium tantalate (data page)]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://physicsworld.com/a/fusion-seen-in-table-top-experiment/ "Fusion seen in table-top experiment"] Physics Web, 27 April 2005


{{Tantalum compounds}}
{{Tantalum compounds}}
{{Lithium compounds}}
{{Lithium compounds}}


[[Category:Lithium compounds]]
[[Category:Lithium salts]]
[[Category:Tantalates]]
[[Category:Tantalates]]
[[Category:Nonlinear optical materials]]
[[Category:Nonlinear optical materials]]
[[Category:Piezoelectric materials]]
[[Category:Piezoelectric materials]]
[[Category:Crystals]]
[[Category:Crystals]]



{{inorganic-compound-stub}}
{{inorganic-compound-stub}}
{{crystal-stub}}

Latest revision as of 10:02, 11 May 2024

Lithium tantalate

__ Li+     __ Ta5+     __ O2−
Names
IUPAC name
Lithium tantalate
Other names
Lithium metatantalate
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.031.584 Edit this at Wikidata
RTECS number
  • WW55470000
Properties
LiTaO3
Molar mass 235.887 g/mol
Density 7.46 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 1,650 °C (3,000 °F; 1,920 K)
Insoluble in water
Structure
Space group R3c
a = 515.43 pm, c = 1378.35 pm[1]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Acute Toxicity: Oral, Inhalation, Dermal
Safety data sheet (SDS) http://www.samaterials.com/pdf/Lithium-Tantalate-Wafers-(LiTaO3-Wafers)-sds.pdf
Related compounds
Other anions
 LiNbO3
Supplementary data page
Lithium tantalate (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Lithium tantalate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiTaO3. It is a white, diamagnetic, water-insoluble solid. The compound has the perovskite structure. It has optical, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties. Considerable information is available from commercial sources about this material.[2]

Synthesis and processing

[edit]

Lithium tantalate is produced by treating tantalum(V) oxide with lithium oxide. The use of excess alkali gives water-soluble polyoxotantalates. Single crystals of Lithium tantalate are pulled from the melt using the Czochralski method.[2]

Applications

[edit]

Lithium tantalate is used for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, terahertz generation and detection, surface acoustic wave applications, cell phones. Lithium tantalate is a standard detector element in infrared spectrophotometers.[3]

Research

[edit]

The phenomenon of pyroelectric fusion has been demonstrated using a lithium tantalate crystal producing a large enough charge to generate and accelerate a beam of deuterium nuclei into a deuterated target resulting in the production of a small flux of helium-3 and neutrons through nuclear fusion without extreme heat or pressure.[4]

A difference between positively and negatively charged parts of pyroelectric LiTaO3 crystals was observed when water freezes to them.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Abrahams, S.C; Bernstein, J.L (1967). "Ferroelectric lithium tantalate—1. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study at 24°C". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 28 (9): 1685. Bibcode:1967JPCS...28.1685A. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(67)90142-4.
  2. ^ a b Andersson, Klaus; Reichert, Karlheinz; Wolf, Rüdiger (2000). "Tantalum and Tantalum Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_071. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
  3. ^ "Application note: Infrared Spectroscopy" (PDF).
  4. ^ B. Naranjo, J.K. Gimzewski & S. Putterman (2005). "Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal". Nature. 434 (7037): 1115–1117. Bibcode:2005Natur.434.1115N. doi:10.1038/nature03575. PMID 15858570. S2CID 4407334.
  5. ^ D. Ehre; E. Lavert; M. Lahav; I. Lubomirsky (2010). "Water Freezes Differently on Positively and Negatively Charged Surfaces of Pyroelectric Materials". Science. 327 (5966): 672–675. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..672E. doi:10.1126/science.1178085. PMID 20133568. S2CID 206522004.


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