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{{short description|British sportsman}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Arthur Pember
| name = Arthur Pember
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| known_for = First president of the Football Association
| known_for = First president of the Football Association
}}
}}

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{{short description|British sportsman}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
'''Arthur Pember''' (15 January 1835 – 3 April 1886)<ref name="obituary">{{cite news |work=LaMoure Progress and Chronicle |date=1886-04-09 |page=1 |title=Death of Arthur Pember |location=LaMoure, N.D.}}</ref> was a British sportsman, stockbroker, lawyer, journalist and author, notable for serving as the first president of [[The Football Association]] from 1863 to 1867.
'''Arthur Pember''' (15 January 1835 – 3 April 1886)<ref name="obituary">{{cite news |work=LaMoure Progress and Chronicle |date=1886-04-09 |page=1 |title=Death of Arthur Pember |location=LaMoure, N.D.}}</ref> was a British sportsman, stockbroker, lawyer, journalist and author, notable for serving as the first president of [[The Football Association]] from 1863 to 1867.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Pember was born in 1835 into a wealthy family, the third child and second son of a stockbroker.<ref>U.K. Census of 1851; record H.O. 107/1576</ref> He grew up in the [[Brixton Hill]] and [[Clapham Park]] suburbs of London. Educated at home, he did not attend university.<ref name="howler">{{cite news |work=Howler |date=2018-09-06 |title=Arthur Pember's Code |url=https://www.whatahowler.com/arthur-pembers-code/ |first=Paul |last=Brown}}</ref><ref>Pember's obituary in the local newspaper, which must have relied in great part on his own recounting of his life story, claimed that he was a graduate of the [[University of Oxford]]; yet records of Oxford alumni note only the attendance of Arthur's elder brother Edward at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church College]] between 1850 and 1854: see {{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Foster |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hn48z4?urlappend=%3Bseq=292 |page=1091 |title=Alumni Oxonienses: 1715–1886 |volume=iii |location=Oxford |publisher=Parker |year=1888}} {{cite news |work=LaMoure Progress and Chronicle |date=1886-04-09 |page=1 |title=Death of Arthur Pember |location=LaMoure, N.D.}}</ref> In 1857, he joined his father working as a [[stockbroker]] in the City of London.<ref name="howler"/> In March 1860, he married Elizabeth Hoghton.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |location=London |date=1860-03-14 |page=1 |title=Marriages |issue=23567}}</ref> The newly married couple moved to their own house in Carlton Road, [[Maida Vale]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Deaths |page=8 |work=Morning Post |issue=27148 |location=London |date=1860-12-20}}</ref> but Elizabeth died of complications of a miscarriage in December of that same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Births, Marriages and Deaths |work=The Observer |location=London |date=1860-12-24 |page=4}}</ref> Pember remarried in October 1862 to Alice Mary Grieve.<ref>{{cite news |title=Births, Marriages and Deaths |work=Daily News |location=London | date=1862-10-03 |page=8}}</ref>
Pember was born in 1835 into a wealthy family, the third child and second son of a stockbroker.<ref>U.K. Census of 1851; record H.O. 107/1576</ref> He grew up in the [[Brixton Hill]] and [[Clapham Park]] suburbs of London. Educated at home, he did not attend university.<ref name="howler">{{cite news |work=Howler |date=2018-09-06 |title=Arthur Pember's Code |url=https://www.whatahowler.com/arthur-pembers-code/ |first=Paul |last=Brown}}</ref><ref> Pember's obituary in the local newspaper, which must have relied in great part on his own recounting of his life story, claimed that he was a graduate of the [[University of Oxford]]; yet records of Oxford alumni note only the attendance of Arthur's elder brother Edward at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church College]] between 1850 and 1854: see {{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Foster |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hn48z4?urlappend=%3Bseq=292 |page=1091 |title=Alumni Oxonienses: 1715–1886 |volume=iii |location=Oxford |publisher=Parker |year=1888|hdl=2027/hvd.hn48z4?urlappend=%3Bseq=292 }} {{cite news |work=LaMoure Progress and Chronicle |date=1886-04-09 |page=1 |title=Death of Arthur Pember |location=LaMoure, N.D.}}</ref> In 1857, he joined his father working as a [[stockbroker]] in the City of London.<ref name="howler"/> In March 1860, he married Elizabeth Hoghton.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |location=London |date=1860-03-14 |page=1 |title=Marriages |issue=23567}}</ref> The newly married couple moved to their own house in Carlton Road, [[Maida Vale]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Deaths |page=8 |work=Morning Post |issue=27148 |location=London |date=1860-12-20}}</ref> but Elizabeth died of complications of a [[miscarriage]] in December of that same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Births, Marriages and Deaths |work=The Observer |location=London |date=1860-12-24 |page=4}}</ref> Pember remarried in October 1862 to Alice Mary Grieve.<ref>{{cite news |title=Births, Marriages and Deaths |work=Daily News |location=London | date=1862-10-03 |page=8}}</ref>


==Sportsman==
==Sportsman==
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At this time, some football clubs followed the example of [[Rugby School]] by allowing the ball to be carried in the hands, with players allowed to "hack" (kick in the shins) opponents who were carrying the ball. Other clubs forbade both practices. During the meetings to draw up the FA laws, there was an acrimonious division between the "hacking" and "non-hacking" clubs, with Pember being "dead against" hacking.<ref name="dec_1">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Supplement to Bell's Life in London |date=1863-12-05 |page=1 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London),_1863-12-05.png}}</ref> An FA meeting of 17 November 1863 discussed this question, with the "hacking" clubs predominating.<ref name="harvey">Harvey (2005), pp. 135–139</ref> A further meeting was scheduled in order to finalize ("settle") the laws.<ref name="nov_24">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Bell's Life in London |date=1863-11-28 |page=6 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1863-11-28.png}}</ref>
At this time, some football clubs followed the example of [[Rugby School]] by allowing the ball to be carried in the hands, with players allowed to "hack" (kick in the shins) opponents who were carrying the ball. Other clubs forbade both practices. During the meetings to draw up the FA laws, there was an acrimonious division between the "hacking" and "non-hacking" clubs, with Pember being "dead against" hacking.<ref name="dec_1">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Supplement to Bell's Life in London |date=1863-12-05 |page=1 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London),_1863-12-05.png}}</ref> An FA meeting of 17 November 1863 discussed this question, with the "hacking" clubs predominating.<ref name="harvey">Harvey (2005), pp. 135–139</ref> A further meeting was scheduled in order to finalize ("settle") the laws.<ref name="nov_24">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Bell's Life in London |date=1863-11-28 |page=6 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1863-11-28.png}}</ref>


At this crucial 24 November meeting, the "hackers" were again in a narrow majority. During the meeting, however, FA secretary [[Ebenezer Morley]] brought the delegates' attention to a [[Cambridge rules#1863|recently published set of football laws from Cambridge University]] which banned carrying and hacking. Discussion of the Cambridge rules, and suggestions for possible communication with Cambridge on the subject, served to delay the final "settlement" of the laws to a further meeting, on 1 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Bell's Life in London |date=1863-11-28 |page=6 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1863-11-28.png |quote=The {{sc|President}} pointed out that the vote just passed to all intents and purposes annulled the business of the evening, whereupon Mr. {{sc|Alcock}} said it was too late to proceed further, and moved that the meeting do adjourn till Tuesday next, 1 Dec., and it was so resolved.}}</ref><ref name="dec_1"/> A number of representatives who supported rugby-style football did not attend this additional meeting,<ref>Harvey (2005), pp. 144–145</ref> resulting in hacking and carrying being banned.<ref name="dec_1">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Supplement to Bell's Life in London |date=1863-12-05 |page=1 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London),_1863-12-05.png}}</ref>
At this crucial 24 November meeting, the "hackers" were again in a narrow majority. During the meeting, however, FA secretary [[Ebenezer Morley]] brought the delegates' attention to a [[Cambridge rules#1863|recently published set of football laws from Cambridge University]] which banned carrying and hacking. Discussion of the Cambridge rules, and suggestions for possible communication with Cambridge on the subject, served to delay the final "settlement" of the laws to a further meeting, on 1 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Bell's Life in London |date=1863-11-28 |page=6 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1863-11-28.png |quote=The {{sc|President}} pointed out that the vote just passed to all intents and purposes annulled the business of the evening, whereupon Mr. {{sc|Alcock}} said it was too late to proceed further, and moved that the meeting do adjourn till Tuesday next, 1 Dec., and it was so resolved.}}</ref><ref name="dec_1"/> A number of representatives who supported rugby-style football did not attend this additional meeting,<ref>Harvey (2005), pp. 144–145</ref> resulting in hacking and carrying being banned.<ref name="dec_1">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Supplement to Bell's Life in London |date=1863-12-05 |page=1 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London),_1863-12-05.png}}</ref>


[[Francis Maule Campbell|Francis Campbell]] of [[Blackheath FC|Blackheath]], the most prominent "hacking" club, accused Pember of improperly managing the 24 November meeting, with the purpose of preventing the "pro-hacking" laws from being adopted.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Supplement to Bell's Life in London |date=1863-12-05 |page=1 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London),_1863-12-05.png |quote={{sc|Mr Campbell}}: [...] When the last meeting was held for the express purpose [...] of settling the proposed laws, they ought to have gone on with the rules as proposed by the association, and not taken the course they did as to the Cambridge rules, but the resolution and amendments had been proposed and passed in the way they had been without being properly put to the meeting, because it was found that the "hacking" party were too strong}}</ref> Pember strongly denied such an "accusation of ungentlemanly conduct". The verdicts of later historians have been mixed: Young accuses Campbell of "arrogance",<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of British Football |first=Percy M. |last=Young |year=1968 |publisher=Arrow Books |isbn=0-09-907490-7 |location=London |pages=136}}</ref> while Harvey supports Campbell's allegations, accusing Pember (along with Morley and their allies) of a "coup" against the pro-hacking clubs.<ref>Harvey (2005), p. 144</ref>
[[Francis Maule Campbell|Francis Campbell]] of [[Blackheath FC|Blackheath]], the most prominent "hacking" club, accused Pember of improperly managing the 24 November meeting, with the purpose of preventing the "pro-hacking" laws from being adopted.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Supplement to Bell's Life in London |date=1863-12-05 |page=1 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London),_1863-12-05.png |quote={{sc|Mr Campbell}}: [...] When the last meeting was held for the express purpose [...] of settling the proposed laws, they ought to have gone on with the rules as proposed by the association, and not taken the course they did as to the Cambridge rules, but the resolution and amendments had been proposed and passed in the way they had been without being properly put to the meeting, because it was found that the "hacking" party were too strong}}</ref> Pember strongly denied such an "accusation of ungentlemanly conduct". The verdicts of later historians have been mixed: Young accuses Campbell of "arrogance",<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of British Football |first=Percy M. |last=Young |year=1968 |publisher=Arrow Books |isbn=0-09-907490-7 |location=London |pages=136}}</ref> while Harvey supports Campbell's allegations, accusing Pember (along with Morley and their allies) of a "coup" against the pro-hacking clubs.<ref>Harvey (2005), p. 144</ref>
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===Subsequent activity as FA President===
===Subsequent activity as FA President===
In February 1866, Pember chaired the FA meeting that created the second edition of the Laws of the Game. The original 1863 laws had permitted a goal to be scored at any height between two posts eight yards apart. Pember urged that a tape be strung between the posts, with a goal counting only if the ball went below the tape. The meeting agreed to make this change, setting the height of the tape at 8 feet. The dimensions of the goal have remained the same ever since, with the tape subsequently replaced by a crossbar.<ref name="fa_1866">{{cite news |work=Bell's Life in London |issue=2288 |page=7 |date=1866-02-24 |title=The Football Association |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London)_1866-02-24.png}}</ref>
In February 1866, Pember chaired the FA meeting that created the second edition of the Laws of the Game. The original 1863 laws had permitted a goal to be scored at any height between two posts eight yards apart. Pember urged that a tape be strung between the posts, with a goal counting only if the ball went below the tape. The meeting agreed to make this change, setting the height of the tape at 8 feet. The dimensions of the goal have remained the same ever since, with the tape subsequently replaced by a crossbar.<ref name="fa_1866">{{cite news |work=Bell's Life in London |issue=2288 |page=7 |date=1866-02-24 |title=The Football Association |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London)_1866-02-24.png}}</ref>
Pember also "strongly objected" to the practice of striking the ball with the hands, at that time allowed by the FA laws, saying that it was "not football, as the game had to be played with the feet, and not with the hands":<ref name="fa_1866"/> "knocking on" was subsequently outlawed in 1867.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Laws of the Game (1867) |quote=8. No player shall carry or knock on the ball. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |work=Bell's Life in London |title=The Football Association |date=1867-03-02 |page=9 |issue=2341 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London)_1867-03-02.png}}</ref>
Pember also "strongly objected" to the practice of striking the ball with the hands, at that time allowed by the FA laws, saying that it was "not football, as the game had to be played with the feet, and not with the hands":<ref name="fa_1866"/> "knocking on" was subsequently outlawed in 1867.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Laws of the Game (1867) |quote=8. No player shall carry or knock on the ball. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bell's Life in London |title=The Football Association |date=1867-03-02 |page=9 |issue=2341 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Bell%27s_Life_in_London)_1867-03-02.png}}</ref>


At the same meeting, Pember accepted an invitation from [[Sheffield FC]] to a match under Association rules, and captained the victorious London team in the ensuing [[London v Sheffield (1866)|London v Sheffield]] match, played in March 1866. Pember also played for [[Wanderers F.C.]] in November 1866.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Sportsman |date=1866-11-24 |title=Wanderers vs. Civil Service |page=4 |location=London |issue=148}}</ref><ref name="mcgregor">{{cite news |title=The London Wanderers |first=William |last=McGregor |work=Sunderland Daily Echo |date=1904-01-23 |page=5 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_London_Wanderers_(Sunderland_Daily_Echo)_1904-01-23.png}}</ref>
At the same meeting, Pember accepted an invitation from [[Sheffield FC]] to a match under Association rules, and captained the victorious London team in the ensuing [[London v Sheffield (1866)|London v Sheffield]] match, played in March 1866. Pember also played for [[Wanderers F.C.]] in November 1866.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Sportsman |date=1866-11-24 |title=Wanderers vs. Civil Service |page=4 |location=London |issue=148}}</ref><ref name="mcgregor">{{cite news |title=The London Wanderers |first=William |last=McGregor |work=Sunderland Daily Echo |date=1904-01-23 |page=5 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_London_Wanderers_(Sunderland_Daily_Echo)_1904-01-23.png}}</ref>


Pember was twice re-elected FA President, in October 1864 and February 1866.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Sportsman)_1864-11-05.png |title=Football Association |work=The Sporting Life |issue=590 |page=4 |date=1864-11-05}}</ref><ref name="fa_1866"/> At its next annual meeting in February 1867, which Pember did not attend, the FA elected Morley to replace him as president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Sportsman)_1867-02-28.png |title=Football Association |work=The Sportsman |location=London |issue=189 |page=4 |date=1867-02-28}}</ref> Pember's name is absent from records of subsequent FA annual meetings.<ref>e.g. {{cite news |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Sporting_Life)_1868-02-29.png |title=Football Association |journal=Sporting Life |location=London |issue=939 |page=4 |date=1868-02-29}}</ref>
Pember was twice re-elected FA President, in October 1864 and February 1866.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Sportsman)_1864-11-05.png |title=Football Association |work=The Sporting Life |issue=590 |page=4 |date=1864-11-05}}</ref><ref name="fa_1866"/> At its next annual meeting in February 1867, which Pember did not attend, the FA elected Morley to replace him as president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Sportsman)_1867-02-28.png |title=Football Association |work=The Sportsman |location=London |issue=189 |page=4 |date=1867-02-28}}</ref> Pember's name is absent from records of subsequent FA annual meetings.<ref>e.g. {{cite news |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Association_(Sporting_Life)_1868-02-29.png |title=Football Association |journal=Sporting Life |location=London |issue=939 |page=4 |date=1868-02-29}}</ref>


===Mountaineering===
===Mountaineering===
In addition to being a footballer, Pember was a keen outdoorsman. He successfully climbed [[Mont Blanc]] in August 1863,<ref>{{cite book |page=593 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433066368865?urlappend=%3Bseq=603 |location=Paris |year=1864 |publisher=F. Savy |title=Matériaux pour L'Etude des Glaciers—Tome IV: Ascensions |language=French |first=Daniel |last=Dollfus-Ausset}}</ref> and would go on to describe his experience on the mountain in public lectures.<ref>e.g. {{cite news |work=New York Herald |title=Mont Blanc: Lecture by Arthur Pember |page=9 |date=1869-12-31 |issue=12185}}</ref>
In addition to being a footballer, Pember was a keen outdoorsman. He successfully climbed [[Mont Blanc]] in August 1863,<ref>{{cite book |page=593 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433066368865?urlappend=%3Bseq=603 |location=Paris |year=1864 |publisher=F. Savy |title=Matériaux pour L'Etude des Glaciers—Tome IV: Ascensions |language=French |first=Daniel |last=Dollfus-Ausset|hdl = 2027/nyp.33433066368865?urlappend=%3Bseq=603}}</ref> and would go on to describe his experience on the mountain in public lectures.<ref>e.g. {{cite news |work=New York Herald |title=Mont Blanc: Lecture by Arthur Pember |page=9 |date=1869-12-31 |issue=12185}}</ref>


==Journalist==
==Journalist==
[[File:Arthur Pember Beggar.png|thumb|As part of his journalism work, Pember would adopt disguises, here as a beggar]]
[[File:Arthur Pember Beggar.png|thumb|As part of his journalism work, Pember would adopt disguises, here as a beggar]]
In 1868, Pember emigrated with his wife and two sons to [[New York City|New York]], where he started a new career as a journalist.<ref name="howler"/>
In 1868, Pember emigrated with his wife and two sons to [[New York City|New York]], where he started a new career as a journalist.<ref name="howler"/>


Working initially for the ''[[New York Tribune]]'', Pember investigated crime and corruption in New York City. In 1871, along with colleague Edward Breck, he published an exposé of so-called "panel-houses" ("places for robbery, most ingeniously prepared and carried on under the guise of prostitution"), in which he named both the owners of the establishments and the police officers who were bribed to permit their crimes to continue.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028821440/page/16/mode/2up |pages=16–17 |title=The Book of New York |first=Julius |last=Chambers |year=1912 |publisher=Book of New York Company |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="further"/><ref>"Gambling and Panel Houses" (1871)</ref>
Working initially for the ''[[New York Tribune]]'', Pember investigated crime and corruption in New York City. In 1871, along with colleague Edward Breck, he published an exposé of so-called "panel-houses" ("places for robbery, most ingeniously prepared and carried on under the guise of prostitution"), in which he named both the owners of the establishments and the police officers who were bribed to permit their crimes to continue.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028821440/page/16/mode/2up |pages=16–17 |title=The Book of New York |first=Julius |last=Chambers |year=1912 |publisher=Book of New York Company |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="further"/><ref>"Gambling and Panel Houses" (1871)</ref>
Pember's aggressive journalistic style was described as "attack[ing] the specialty of abuses like a terrier after rats, hesitating at no sort of a hole or vileness of vermin".<ref>{{cite news |work=Buffalo Courier |page=1 |date=1872-04-30 |volume=xxxvii |issue=103 |title=From New York}}</ref>
Pember's aggressive journalistic style was described as "attack[ing] the specialty of abuses like a terrier after rats, hesitating at no sort of a hole or vileness of vermin".<ref>{{cite news |work=Buffalo Courier |page=1 |date=1872-04-30 |volume=xxxvii |issue=103 |title=From New York}}</ref>


In 1871 and 1872, Pember contributed to a lengthy series of articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on "Our State Institutions".<ref>{{cite news |work=Morning Express |location=Buffalo, N.Y. |date=1872-06-03 |title=Personal |page=1}}</ref><ref>For example, {{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Our State Institutions -- III: The Onondaga Salt Works |author=A. P. |date=1871-11-18 |page=5 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1871/11/18/79003770.pdf}}</ref> He followed this up in 1872 and 1873 with a series of ''The New York Times'' articles exploring "how the other half lives", for which the author assumed several disguises including beggar and circus performer. These articles were collected and edited, with substantial additional material, into Pember's 1874 book ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis''.
In 1871 and 1872, Pember contributed to a lengthy series of articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on "Our State Institutions".<ref>{{cite news |work=Morning Express |location=Buffalo, N.Y. |date=1872-06-03 |title=Personal |page=1}}</ref><ref>For example, {{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Our State Institutions -- III: The Onondaga Salt Works |author=A. P. |date=1871-11-18 |page=5 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1871/11/18/79003770.pdf}}</ref> He followed this up in 1872 and 1873 with a series of ''The New York Times'' articles exploring "how the other half lives", for which the author assumed several disguises including beggar and circus performer. These articles were collected and edited, with substantial additional material, into Pember's 1874 book ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis''.
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==Later life==
==Later life==
After having given birth to ten children in 14 years, Pember's wife Alice died of typhoid in 1881 at the age of 36.<ref name="howler"/>
After having given birth to ten children in 14 years, Pember's wife Alice died of [[typhoid]] in 1881. She was 36 years old.<ref name="howler"/>


In May 1884, Pember moved with his five sons from New York to [[LaMoure, North Dakota|LaMoure, Dakota Territory]], in order to become a stock farmer. According to one account, he "was told by his doctor one day that if he did not cease pumping his brains into a daily paper, his heart would soon stop pumping blood into his brains".<ref name="buffalo">{{cite news |title=Arthur Pember |work=Buffalo Times |page=2 |date=1885-08-11}}</ref> According to his obituary, on the other hand, the motivation for the move was to "transfer his boys from the temptations of the city to the country".<ref name="obituary"/> An 1885 newspaper article reported that Pember was writing a book entitled "Twenty Years In New York Journalism".<ref name="buffalo"/>
In May 1884, Pember moved with his five sons from New York to [[LaMoure, North Dakota|LaMoure, Dakota Territory]], in order to become a stock farmer. According to one account, he "was told by his doctor one day that if he did not cease pumping his brains into a daily paper, his heart would soon stop pumping blood into his brains".<ref name="buffalo">{{cite news |title=Arthur Pember |work=Buffalo Times |page=2 |date=1885-08-11}}</ref> According to his obituary, on the other hand, the motivation for the move was to "transfer his boys from the temptations of the city to the country".<ref name="obituary"/> An 1885 newspaper article reported that Pember was writing a book entitled "Twenty Years in New York Journalism".<ref name="buffalo"/>


==Death==
==Death==
On the morning of 3 April 1886, Pember died in his residence at LaMoure. The cause of death was a kidney disorder.<ref name="obituary"/>
On the morning of 3 April 1886, Pember died in his residence at LaMoure. The cause of death was a kidney disorder.<ref name="obituary"/>
<ref>{{cite news |work=Times-Picayune |location=New Orleans, La. |date=1886-04-03 |title=Arthur Pember}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |work=Times-Picayune |location=New Orleans, La. |date=1886-04-03 |title=Arthur Pember}}</ref>
A substantial obituary appeared in the local newspaper.<ref name="obituary"/> Its anonymous author remembered Pember as a "welcome addition to the little gatherings ... which serve to relieve the tedium of village life", praising his "superior intelligence", "racy reminiscences of journalistic life" and "pungent comments on current events". The article explored Pember's education in England and journalistic career in New York in some detail, but said nothing about football.<ref name="obituary"/>
A substantial obituary appeared in the local newspaper.<ref name="obituary"/> Its anonymous author remembered Pember as a "welcome addition to the little gatherings ... which serve to relieve the tedium of village life", praising his "superior intelligence", "racy reminiscences of journalistic life" and "pungent comments on current events". The article explored Pember's education in England and journalistic career in New York in some detail, but said nothing about football.<ref name="obituary"/>


==Descendants==
==Descendants==
Pember had ten children with his wife Alice, of whom six survived infancy.<ref name="obituary"/> His English-born daughter Lillian (b. London 1866; d. London 1925) was adopted by his brother Edward and remained in that country; his two English-born sons Cyril Fugion (b. London 1865; d. New York 1936) and St. John Bentley (b. London 1867; d. St. Paul, MN 1888) emigrated with their parents to New York in 1868. His three American-born sons who survived infancy were Roosa Herbert (b. Connecticut 1869; 3 children), Gilbert Edward (b. New York 1876; d. Pennsylvania 1934) and Godfrey Churchill (b. New York 1879; d. Poughkeepsie, NY 1970; 4 children). His four children who died in infancy were twin daughters Mabel (d. 27 July 1875) and Alice Richardson (d. 30 July 1875), and sons Valentine (d. 18 July 1874) and Geoffrey Francis (d. 21 July 1872).<ref name="howler"/>
Pember had ten children with his wife Alice, of whom six survived infancy.<ref name="obituary"/> His English-born daughter Lillian (b. London 1866; d. London 1925) was adopted by his brother Edward and remained in that country; his two English-born sons Cyril Fugion (b. London 1865; d. New York 1936) and St. John Bentley (b. London 1867; d. St. Paul, MN 1888) emigrated with their parents to New York in 1868. His three American-born sons who survived infancy were Roosa Herbert (b. Connecticut 1869; 3 children), Gilbert Edward (b. New York 1876; d. Pennsylvania 1934) and Godfrey Churchill (b. New York 1879; d. Poughkeepsie, NY 1970; 4 children). His four children who died in infancy were twin daughters Mabel (d. 27 July 1875) and Alice Richardson (d. 30 July 1875), and sons Valentine (d. 18 July 1874) and Geoffrey Francis (d. 21 July 1872).<ref name="howler"/>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 74: Line 75:
==Notable publications==
==Notable publications==
* {{cite news |title=New York After Dark: Exploring Water St. |work=New-York Daily Tribune |date=1869-01-02 |page=2 |author=[anonymous] |volume=xxviii |issue=8654 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29414712/new_york_after_dark/}} (included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'' under the title "The Purlieus of Water Street after Dark")
* {{cite news |title=New York After Dark: Exploring Water St. |work=New-York Daily Tribune |date=1869-01-02 |page=2 |author=[anonymous] |volume=xxviii |issue=8654 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29414712/new_york_after_dark/}} (included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'' under the title "The Purlieus of Water Street after Dark")
* {{cite news |title=Ritualism in England |work=The Atlantic Monthly |location=Boston |author=An English Ritualist |volume=xxiii |issue=cxxxvi |date=February 1869|pages=188–198 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106008591676?urlappend=%3Bseq=196}}
* {{cite news |title=Ritualism in England |work=The Atlantic Monthly |location=Boston |author=An English Ritualist |volume=xxiii |issue=cxxxvi |date=February 1869|pages=188–198 |hdl=2027/uc1.32106008591676?urlappend=%3Bseq=196 |url=https://archive.org/details/atlantic23bostuoft/page/188/mode/2up}}
* {{cite news |title=The Coming Revolution in England |work=Lippincott's Magazine |location=Philadelphia |volume=v |issue=16 |first=Arthur |last=Pember |date=March 1870 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101073757864?urlappend=%3Bseq=301 |pages=279–286}}
* {{cite news |title=The Coming Revolution in England |work=Lippincott's Magazine |location=Philadelphia |volume=v |issue=16 |first=Arthur |last=Pember |date=March 1870 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101073757864?urlappend=%3Bseq=301 |pages=279–286|hdl=2027/njp.32101073757864?urlappend=%3Bseq=301 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Gambling and Panel Houses |pages=1–2 |author=[anonymous] [with Edward Breck] |work=New-York Daily Tribune |date=1871-03-16 |volume=xxx |issue=9342 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60258707/gambling-and-panel-houses-pember-and/}} (edited version included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'' under the title "After the Gambling and Panel Houses")
* {{cite journal |title=Gambling and Panel Houses |pages=1–2 |author=[anonymous] [with Edward Breck] |journal=New-York Daily Tribune |date=1871-03-16 |volume=xxx |issue=9342 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60258707/gambling-and-panel-houses-pember-and/}} (edited version included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'' under the title "After the Gambling and Panel Houses")
* {{cite news |title=The Beggars' Banquet |work=The New York Times |date=1872-03-17 |pages=4–5 |author=A. P. |volume=xxi |issue=6393 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/03/17/79015164.pdf}} (included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'')
* {{cite news |title=The Beggars' Banquet |work=The New York Times |date=1872-03-17 |pages=4–5 |author=A. P. |volume=xxi |issue=6393 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/03/17/79015164.pdf}} (included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'')
* {{cite news |title=The Amateur Beggar |work=The New York Times |date=1872-04-21 |pages=5 |author=[anonymous] |volume=xxi |issue=6423 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/04/21/79019076.pdf}} (included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'')
* {{cite news |title=The Amateur Beggar |work=The New York Times |date=1872-04-21 |pages=5 |author=[anonymous] |volume=xxi |issue=6423 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/04/21/79019076.pdf}} (included in ''The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis'')
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[[Category:Wanderers F.C. players]]
[[Category:Wanderers F.C. players]]
[[Category:N.N. Club players]]
[[Category:N.N. Club players]]
[[Category:Association footballers not categorized by position]]
[[Category:Men's association football players not categorized by position]]
[[Category:English footballers]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:19th-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Brixton]]

Latest revision as of 16:06, 9 May 2024

Arthur Pember
Portrait of Arthur Pember, from "The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis" (1874)
Born(1835-01-15)15 January 1835
Brixton, Surrey, England[1]
Died3 April 1886(1886-04-03) (aged 51)
LaMoure, Dakota Territory, US
NationalityEnglish
Occupation(s)Stockbroker, journalist
Known forFirst president of the Football Association

Arthur Pember (15 January 1835 – 3 April 1886)[2] was a British sportsman, stockbroker, lawyer, journalist and author, notable for serving as the first president of The Football Association from 1863 to 1867.

Early life[edit]

Pember was born in 1835 into a wealthy family, the third child and second son of a stockbroker.[3] He grew up in the Brixton Hill and Clapham Park suburbs of London. Educated at home, he did not attend university.[1][4] In 1857, he joined his father working as a stockbroker in the City of London.[1] In March 1860, he married Elizabeth Hoghton.[5] The newly married couple moved to their own house in Carlton Road, Maida Vale,[6] but Elizabeth died of complications of a miscarriage in December of that same year.[7] Pember remarried in October 1862 to Alice Mary Grieve.[8]

Sportsman[edit]

Football[edit]

It was around this time that Pember became associated with N.N. Football Club, which played on fields opposite his house. Both Arthur and his younger brother George are recorded playing for N.N. in a victory over Barnes F.C. in April 1863.[9] Pember represented N.N. as club captain at the first meeting of the Football Association (FA) on 26 October 1863. This meeting began with Pember being "requested to take the chair", and ended with him being formally elected the Association's first president.[10][11][12]

Creation of the FA's 1863 Laws[edit]

At this time, some football clubs followed the example of Rugby School by allowing the ball to be carried in the hands, with players allowed to "hack" (kick in the shins) opponents who were carrying the ball. Other clubs forbade both practices. During the meetings to draw up the FA laws, there was an acrimonious division between the "hacking" and "non-hacking" clubs, with Pember being "dead against" hacking.[13] An FA meeting of 17 November 1863 discussed this question, with the "hacking" clubs predominating.[14] A further meeting was scheduled in order to finalize ("settle") the laws.[15]

At this crucial 24 November meeting, the "hackers" were again in a narrow majority. During the meeting, however, FA secretary Ebenezer Morley brought the delegates' attention to a recently published set of football laws from Cambridge University which banned carrying and hacking. Discussion of the Cambridge rules, and suggestions for possible communication with Cambridge on the subject, served to delay the final "settlement" of the laws to a further meeting, on 1 December.[16][13] A number of representatives who supported rugby-style football did not attend this additional meeting,[17] resulting in hacking and carrying being banned.[13]

Francis Campbell of Blackheath, the most prominent "hacking" club, accused Pember of improperly managing the 24 November meeting, with the purpose of preventing the "pro-hacking" laws from being adopted.[18] Pember strongly denied such an "accusation of ungentlemanly conduct". The verdicts of later historians have been mixed: Young accuses Campbell of "arrogance",[19] while Harvey supports Campbell's allegations, accusing Pember (along with Morley and their allies) of a "coup" against the pro-hacking clubs.[20]

The final version of the FA's laws was formally adopted and published in December 1863. On 2 January 1864, Pember led his "President's Side" to victory over the "Secretary's Side" in a friendly match at Battersea Park to test out the new laws.[21]

Subsequent activity as FA President[edit]

In February 1866, Pember chaired the FA meeting that created the second edition of the Laws of the Game. The original 1863 laws had permitted a goal to be scored at any height between two posts eight yards apart. Pember urged that a tape be strung between the posts, with a goal counting only if the ball went below the tape. The meeting agreed to make this change, setting the height of the tape at 8 feet. The dimensions of the goal have remained the same ever since, with the tape subsequently replaced by a crossbar.[22] Pember also "strongly objected" to the practice of striking the ball with the hands, at that time allowed by the FA laws, saying that it was "not football, as the game had to be played with the feet, and not with the hands":[22] "knocking on" was subsequently outlawed in 1867.[23][24]

At the same meeting, Pember accepted an invitation from Sheffield FC to a match under Association rules, and captained the victorious London team in the ensuing London v Sheffield match, played in March 1866. Pember also played for Wanderers F.C. in November 1866.[25][11]

Pember was twice re-elected FA President, in October 1864 and February 1866.[26][22] At its next annual meeting in February 1867, which Pember did not attend, the FA elected Morley to replace him as president.[27] Pember's name is absent from records of subsequent FA annual meetings.[28]

Mountaineering[edit]

In addition to being a footballer, Pember was a keen outdoorsman. He successfully climbed Mont Blanc in August 1863,[29] and would go on to describe his experience on the mountain in public lectures.[30]

Journalist[edit]

As part of his journalism work, Pember would adopt disguises, here as a beggar

In 1868, Pember emigrated with his wife and two sons to New York, where he started a new career as a journalist.[1]

Working initially for the New York Tribune, Pember investigated crime and corruption in New York City. In 1871, along with colleague Edward Breck, he published an exposé of so-called "panel-houses" ("places for robbery, most ingeniously prepared and carried on under the guise of prostitution"), in which he named both the owners of the establishments and the police officers who were bribed to permit their crimes to continue.[31][32][33] Pember's aggressive journalistic style was described as "attack[ing] the specialty of abuses like a terrier after rats, hesitating at no sort of a hole or vileness of vermin".[34]

In 1871 and 1872, Pember contributed to a lengthy series of articles in The New York Times on "Our State Institutions".[35][36] He followed this up in 1872 and 1873 with a series of The New York Times articles exploring "how the other half lives", for which the author assumed several disguises including beggar and circus performer. These articles were collected and edited, with substantial additional material, into Pember's 1874 book The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis.

In 1875, Pember appeared before a New York state legislative crime committee in order to testify about the police collusion he had discovered in 1871.[32][37]

Later life[edit]

After having given birth to ten children in 14 years, Pember's wife Alice died of typhoid in 1881. She was 36 years old.[1]

In May 1884, Pember moved with his five sons from New York to LaMoure, Dakota Territory, in order to become a stock farmer. According to one account, he "was told by his doctor one day that if he did not cease pumping his brains into a daily paper, his heart would soon stop pumping blood into his brains".[38] According to his obituary, on the other hand, the motivation for the move was to "transfer his boys from the temptations of the city to the country".[2] An 1885 newspaper article reported that Pember was writing a book entitled "Twenty Years in New York Journalism".[38]

Death[edit]

On the morning of 3 April 1886, Pember died in his residence at LaMoure. The cause of death was a kidney disorder.[2] [39] A substantial obituary appeared in the local newspaper.[2] Its anonymous author remembered Pember as a "welcome addition to the little gatherings ... which serve to relieve the tedium of village life", praising his "superior intelligence", "racy reminiscences of journalistic life" and "pungent comments on current events". The article explored Pember's education in England and journalistic career in New York in some detail, but said nothing about football.[2]

Descendants[edit]

Pember had ten children with his wife Alice, of whom six survived infancy.[2] His English-born daughter Lillian (b. London 1866; d. London 1925) was adopted by his brother Edward and remained in that country; his two English-born sons Cyril Fugion (b. London 1865; d. New York 1936) and St. John Bentley (b. London 1867; d. St. Paul, MN 1888) emigrated with their parents to New York in 1868. His three American-born sons who survived infancy were Roosa Herbert (b. Connecticut 1869; 3 children), Gilbert Edward (b. New York 1876; d. Pennsylvania 1934) and Godfrey Churchill (b. New York 1879; d. Poughkeepsie, NY 1970; 4 children). His four children who died in infancy were twin daughters Mabel (d. 27 July 1875) and Alice Richardson (d. 30 July 1875), and sons Valentine (d. 18 July 1874) and Geoffrey Francis (d. 21 July 1872).[1]

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Pember.

Notable publications[edit]

  • [anonymous] (2 January 1869). "New York After Dark: Exploring Water St". New-York Daily Tribune. Vol. xxviii, no. 8654. p. 2. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis under the title "The Purlieus of Water Street after Dark")
  • An English Ritualist (February 1869). "Ritualism in England". The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. xxiii, no. cxxxvi. Boston. pp. 188–198. hdl:2027/uc1.32106008591676.
  • Pember, Arthur (March 1870). "The Coming Revolution in England". Lippincott's Magazine. Vol. v, no. 16. Philadelphia. pp. 279–286. hdl:2027/njp.32101073757864.
  • [anonymous] [with Edward Breck] (16 March 1871). "Gambling and Panel Houses". New-York Daily Tribune. xxx (9342): 1–2. (edited version included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis under the title "After the Gambling and Panel Houses")
  • A. P. (17 March 1872). "The Beggars' Banquet" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. xxi, no. 6393. pp. 4–5. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (21 April 1872). "The Amateur Beggar" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. xxi, no. 6423. p. 5. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (19 May 1872). "Life in a Circus" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 5. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (16 June 1872). "A Ride on an Engine" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 4. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (23 June 1872). "The Life of a Tramp" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 4. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (7 July 1872). "Life on the Erie Canal" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 4. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (6 October 1872). "The Model Costermonger" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 3. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (1 December 1872). "Down in a Coal Mine" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 3. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • [anonymous] (16 August 1873). "The Peep-Show Man" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 3. (included in The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis)
  • Pember, Arthur (November 1873). "Two Boys' Ascent of Vesuvius". Our Young Folks. Vol. ix, no. xi. Boston: Osgood. pp. 680–685.
  • A. P. (the amateur vagabond) (1874). The Mysteries and Miseries of the Great Metropolis. New York: Appleton.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Brown, Paul (6 September 2018). "Arthur Pember's Code". Howler.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Death of Arthur Pember". LaMoure Progress and Chronicle. LaMoure, N.D. 9 April 1886. p. 1.
  3. ^ U.K. Census of 1851; record H.O. 107/1576
  4. ^ Pember's obituary in the local newspaper, which must have relied in great part on his own recounting of his life story, claimed that he was a graduate of the University of Oxford; yet records of Oxford alumni note only the attendance of Arthur's elder brother Edward at Christ Church College between 1850 and 1854: see Foster, Joseph (1888). Alumni Oxonienses: 1715–1886. Vol. iii. Oxford: Parker. p. 1091. hdl:2027/hvd.hn48z4. "Death of Arthur Pember". LaMoure Progress and Chronicle. LaMoure, N.D. 9 April 1886. p. 1.
  5. ^ "Marriages". The Times. No. 23567. London. 14 March 1860. p. 1.
  6. ^ "Deaths". Morning Post. No. 27148. London. 20 December 1860. p. 8.
  7. ^ "Births, Marriages and Deaths". The Observer. London. 24 December 1860. p. 4.
  8. ^ "Births, Marriages and Deaths". Daily News. London. 3 October 1862. p. 8.
  9. ^ "Football". Bell's Life in London. 12 April 1863. p. 7.
  10. ^ "Meeting of Captains". Bell's Life in London. 31 October 1863. p. 10.
  11. ^ a b McGregor, William (23 January 1904). "The London Wanderers". Sunderland Daily Echo. p. 5.
  12. ^ According to C. W. Alcock, Pember was "the moving formation" in the formation of the FA: Alcock, C. W. (8 January 1898). "Association Football: No. 1 -- Its Origin". The Sportsman (8851). London: 3.
  13. ^ a b c "The Football Association". Supplement to Bell's Life in London. 5 December 1863. p. 1.
  14. ^ Harvey (2005), pp. 135–139
  15. ^ "The Football Association". Bell's Life in London. 28 November 1863. p. 6.
  16. ^ "The Football Association". Bell's Life in London. 28 November 1863. p. 6. The PRESIDENT pointed out that the vote just passed to all intents and purposes annulled the business of the evening, whereupon Mr. ALCOCK said it was too late to proceed further, and moved that the meeting do adjourn till Tuesday next, 1 Dec., and it was so resolved.
  17. ^ Harvey (2005), pp. 144–145
  18. ^ "The Football Association". Supplement to Bell's Life in London. 5 December 1863. p. 1. MR CAMPBELL: [...] When the last meeting was held for the express purpose [...] of settling the proposed laws, they ought to have gone on with the rules as proposed by the association, and not taken the course they did as to the Cambridge rules, but the resolution and amendments had been proposed and passed in the way they had been without being properly put to the meeting, because it was found that the "hacking" party were too strong
  19. ^ Young, Percy M. (1968). A History of British Football. London: Arrow Books. p. 136. ISBN 0-09-907490-7.
  20. ^ Harvey (2005), p. 144
  21. ^ "The Football Association". Sporting Life. No. 503. London. 6 January 1864. p. 4.
  22. ^ a b c "The Football Association". Bell's Life in London. No. 2288. 24 February 1866. p. 7.
  23. ^ Laws of the Game (1867)  – via Wikisource. 8. No player shall carry or knock on the ball.
  24. ^ "The Football Association". Bell's Life in London (2341): 9. 2 March 1867.
  25. ^ "Wanderers vs. Civil Service". The Sportsman. No. 148. London. 24 November 1866. p. 4.
  26. ^ "Football Association". The Sporting Life. No. 590. 5 November 1864. p. 4.
  27. ^ "Football Association". The Sportsman. No. 189. London. 28 February 1867. p. 4.
  28. ^ e.g. "Football Association". Sporting Life. No. 939. London. 29 February 1868. p. 4.
  29. ^ Dollfus-Ausset, Daniel (1864). Matériaux pour L'Etude des Glaciers—Tome IV: Ascensions (in French). Paris: F. Savy. p. 593. hdl:2027/nyp.33433066368865.
  30. ^ e.g. "Mont Blanc: Lecture by Arthur Pember". New York Herald. No. 12185. 31 December 1869. p. 9.
  31. ^ Chambers, Julius (1912). The Book of New York. New York: Book of New York Company. pp. 16–17.
  32. ^ a b "The Police and Crime: Further Investigation by the Legislative Committee" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 July 1875. p. 2.
  33. ^ "Gambling and Panel Houses" (1871)
  34. ^ "From New York". Buffalo Courier. Vol. xxxvii, no. 103. 30 April 1872. p. 1.
  35. ^ "Personal". Morning Express. Buffalo, N.Y. 3 June 1872. p. 1.
  36. ^ For example, A. P. (18 November 1871). "Our State Institutions -- III: The Onondaga Salt Works" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 5.
  37. ^ Campbell, Thomas Cooper; et al. (1876). Report of the Select Committee Appointed by the Assembly of 1875 to Investigate the Causes of the Increase of Crime in the City of New York. New York, NY: Brown. p. 13.
  38. ^ a b "Arthur Pember". Buffalo Times. 11 August 1885. p. 2.
  39. ^ "Arthur Pember". Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La. 3 April 1886.

References[edit]

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