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{{Redirect|Saint Amand|places named after the saint|Saint-Amand (disambiguation){{!}}Saint-Amand}}
{{Redirect|Saint Amand|places named after the saint|Saint-Amand (disambiguation){{!}}Saint-Amand}}
{{Redirect|Amand|the villages in Iran|Amand, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Amand, Iran}}
{{Redirect|Amand|the villages in Iran|Amand, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Amand, Iran}}
{{other uses}}
{{For|the leaders of the Gallic rebellion under Diocletian|Aelianus (rebel)}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
|name= Saint Amand
|honorific_prefix= Saint
|name= Amand
|image= Saintamandus.jpg
|image=File:SoultzBains StMaurice 19.JPG
|imagesize=
|imagesize=
|caption= Saint Amandus and the serpent, from a 14th-century [[manuscript]]
|caption= St Amandus, Église Saint-Maurice
|titles=
|titles=
|birth_date=584
|birth_date=584
|birth_place= [[Poitou|Lower Poitou]], [[Neustria]], France
|birth_place= [[Poitou|Lower Poitou]], [[Neustria]], France
|death_date=679<ref>[https://art.thewalters.org/detail/22284/shrine-of-saint-amandus/ "Shrine of Saint Amandus", The Walters Art Museum]</ref>
|death_date=675
|death_place= [[Saint-Amand Abbey|Saint-Amand]]
|death_place= [[Saint-Amand Abbey|Saint-Amand]]
|feast_day= February 6 (formerly February 1)
|feast_day= February 6 (formerly February 1 and October 26)<ref>[http://bilder.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste//grotefend/kalender/dioec_29.htm Calendar of Saints in the Diocese of Liège] (15th c.).</ref>
|beatified_date=
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_place=
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|issues=
|issues=
|suppressed_date=
|suppressed_date=
|venerated_in= [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
|venerated_in= [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<ref>February 19 / February 6. https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/</ref>
}}
}}
'''Amandus''' ({{c.}} 584 – 675 AD), commonly called '''Saint Amand''', was a bishop of [[List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège|Tongeren-Maastricht]] and one of the great [[Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] of [[Flanders]]. He is venerated as a [[saint]], particularly in [[France]] and [[Belgium]].
'''Amandus''' ({{c.}} 584 – 679), commonly called '''Saint Amand''', was a bishop of [[List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège|Tongeren-Maastricht]] and one of the [[roman catholic|catholic]] [[missionary|missionaries]] of [[Flanders]]. He is venerated as a [[saint]], particularly in [[France]] and [[Belgium]].


==Life==
==Life==
The chief source of details of his life is the ''Vita Sancti Amandi'', an eighth-century text attributed to Beaudemond ({{lang-la|Baudemundus}}). The vita was expanded by Philippe, abbot of Aumône. According to this biography, Amand was born in Lower [[Poitou]]. He was of noble birth but at the age of twenty, he became a monk on the [[Île d'Yeu]], against the wishes of his family. From there he went to [[Bourges]] and became a pupil of bishop [[Austregisilus]]. There he lived in solitude in a cell for fifteen years, living on no more than bread and water.<ref name="ce">Campbell, Thomas (1907). "St. Amandus", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>
The chief source of details of his life is the ''Vita Sancti Amandi'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vita S. Amandi[manuscript]|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E336B140-751E-11E6-9B48-3FC1D43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=8&xywh=-1141,-1,9341,5216|access-date=2020-08-24|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref> an eighth-century text attributed to Beaudemond ({{lang-la|Baudemundus}}). The vita was expanded by Philippe, abbot of Aumône. According to this biography, Amand was born in Lower [[Poitou]]. He was of noble birth but at the age of twenty, he became a monk on the [[Île d'Yeu]], against the wishes of his family. His father threatened to disinherit him if he did not return home.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ip9cAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gundoin%2C+Duke+of+Alsace&pg=PA189 Kreiner, Jamie. ''The Social Life of Hagiography in the Merovingian Kingdom'', Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 207]{{ISBN|9781107050655}}</ref> From there Amandus went to [[Bourges]] and became a pupil of bishop [[Austregisilus]]. There he lived in solitude in a cell for fifteen years, living on no more than bread and water.<ref name="ce">Campbell, Thomas (1907). "St. Amandus", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>


[[Humbert of Maroilles]] was of a noble family and trained as a monk in [[Laon]]. However, upon the death of his parents, he returned to his estates in Mézières sur Oise to settle some inheritance issues and found fine food, servants, and various conveniences sufficiently distracting that he gave up any thought of the monastic life, until one day Amandus took him on a pilgrimage to Rome.<ref>[https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/2147/Saint-Humbert.html "Saint Humbert", Nominis]</ref> Humbert became his disciple and companion.<ref name="catholic.org">[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3816 St. Humbert - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online]</ref><ref>[https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-humbert-of-marolles/ Monks of Ramsgate. “Humbert of Marolles”. ''Book of Saints'', 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 5 September 2013]{{PD-notice}}</ref>
⚫
After a pilgrimage to [[Rome]], he was made a missionary bishop in France in 628, without a fixed diocese. At the request of [[Clotaire II]], he evangelized the pagan inhabitants of [[Ghent]], later extending his field of operations to all of Flanders. Initially, he had little success, suffering persecution and undergoing great hardships. However, after allegedly performing a miracle (bringing back to life a hanged criminal) the attitude of the people changed and he made many converts.<ref name="ce"/> He founded a monastery at Elnon where he served as abbot for four years. Amandus was made a bishop in 628.<ref name=treasures>[http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Amandus.php "Saint Amandus", ''Treasures of Heaven'', Columbia University]</ref>
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-E336B140-751E-11E6-9B48-3FC1D43445F2 DS-55 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Excerpt from the Vita St. Amandi manuscript. Manufactured in Ghent, ca. 10th century. Preserved in the [[Ghent University Library]].<ref name=":0"/>]]
⚫
After the pilgrimage to [[Rome]], Amandus was made a missionary bishop in the Merovingian kingdom in 628, without a fixed diocese.<ref name=Smail>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEIPYhxqi4C&dq=Saint+Amandus&pg=PA115 "Saint Amandus Recues a Man From Judicial Vengeance", ''Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader'', (Daniel Lord Smail, Kelly Gibson, eds.), University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 115]{{ISBN|9781442601260}}</ref> At the request of [[Clotaire II]], he evangelized the pagan inhabitants of [[Ghent]], later extending his field of operations to all of Flanders. Initially, he had little success, suffering persecution and undergoing great hardships. However, after allegedly performing a miracle (bringing back to life a hanged criminal)<ref name=Smail/> the attitude of the people changed and he made many converts.<ref name="ce"/> He founded a monastery at [[Saint-Amand Abbey|Elnon]] where he served as abbot for four years. Amandus was made a bishop in 628.<ref name=treasures>{{Cite web |url=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Amandus.php |title="Saint Amandus", ''Treasures of Heaven'', Columbia University |access-date=2015-12-26 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306044653/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Amandus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>


[[File:Saintamandus.jpg|thumb|left|St. Amandus and the serpent, from a 14th-century manuscript]]
⚫
Returning to France in 630, he angered [[Dagobert I]] by attempting to have the king amend his life. In spite of the intervention of [[Saint Acarius]], Amand was expelled from the kingdom. Later Dagobert asked him to return and tutor the heir to the throne. Amand however declined. In 633, Amandus founded two monasteries in Ghent; one at [[Blandijnberg|Blandinberg]], and the other named for St. [[Bavo]], who gave his estate for its foundation.<ref name=Butler>[http://www.bartleby.com/210/2/063.html Butler, Alban. "St. Amandus, Bishop and Confessor", ''The Lives of the Saints'', Vol. III, 1866]</ref> His next missionary task was among the [[Slavic people]] of the [[Danube]] valley in present-day [[Slovakia]] but this was unsuccessful. Amand went to Rome and reported to the [[Pope]].<ref name="ce"/> While returning to France, he is said to have calmed a storm at sea. In 639, he built an abbey near Tournay.
He returned to the Merovingian kingdom in 630. Amandus was a close friend of [[Adalbard|Adalbard of Ostrevent]], whom he advised on the founding [[Marchiennes Abbey]].<ref name="athent">[https://books.google.com/books?id=M84sAAAAYAAJ&dq=Saint+Amandus&pg=PA143 Fell, Charles and Challoner, Richard. "St. Amandus, Bishop", ''The Lives of Saints: Collected from Authentick Records of Church History'', T. Osborne, 1750, p. 143]{{PD-notice}}</ref> His disciple, [[Jonatus]], was made abbot of the new house.<ref name=KU>{{citation |first=Karine |last=Ugé |title=The Legend of Saint Rictrude: Formation and Transformations (Tenth–Twelfth Century) |journal=Anglo-Norman Studies |volume=23 |year=2000 |pages=281–298}}, at 285 and n.</ref> Amandus, however, angered [[Dagobert I]] by attempting to have the king amend his life. In spite of the intervention of [[Acarius]], Amand was expelled from the kingdom and went to Gascony.<ref name="athent"/>


⚫
Later Dagobert asked him to return and tutor the heir to the throne. Amand however declined. In 633, Amandus founded two monasteries in Ghent; one at [[Blandijnberg|Blandinberg]], and the other named for St. [[Bavo]], who gave his estate for its foundation.<ref name=Butler>[http://www.bartleby.com/210/2/063.html Butler, Alban. "St. Amandus, Bishop and Confessor", ''The Lives of the Saints'', Vol. III, 1866]</ref> His next missionary task was among the [[Slavic people]] of the [[Danube]] valley in present-day [[Slovakia]] but this was unsuccessful. Amand went to Rome and reported to the [[Pope]].<ref name="ce"/> In 639, he built an abbey near Tournai.
⚫
From 647 till 650, Amand briefly served as [[Bishop of Maastricht]]. The pope gave him some advice on how to deal with disobedient clerics and warned him about the [[Monothelite]] heresy, at that time prevalent in the East. Amand was commissioned by the pope to organize church councils in [[Neustria]] and [[Austrasia]] in order to pass on the various decrees from Rome. The bishops asked Amand to transmit the proceedings of the church councils to the pope. He resigned the see to St. Remaclus, to resume his missionary work.<ref name=Butler/>

⚫
From 647 till 650, Amand briefly served as [[Bishop of Maastricht]]. The pope gave him some advice on how to deal with disobedient clerics and told him about the [[Monothelite]], at that time prevalent in the East. Amand was commissioned by the pope to organize church councils in [[Neustria]] and [[Austrasia]] in order to pass on the various decrees from Rome. The bishops asked Amand to transmit the proceedings of the church councils to the pope. He resigned the see to St. Remaclus, to resume his missionary work.<ref name=Butler/>


Around this time, Amand established contact with the family of [[Pepin of Landen]] and helped [[Gertrude of Nivelles]] and her mother [[Itta]] establishing the famous monastery of [[Nivelles]]. At the same time, he was now 70 years old, the inhabitants of the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque country]] asked him to return to their country to evangelize, although 30 years earlier he had preached there in vain. Returning home, he founded several more monasteries in present-day Belgium with the help of king Dagobert.
Around this time, Amand established contact with the family of [[Pepin of Landen]] and helped [[Gertrude of Nivelles]] and her mother [[Itta]] establishing the famous monastery of [[Nivelles]]. At the same time, he was now 70 years old, the inhabitants of the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque country]] asked him to return to their country to evangelize, although 30 years earlier he had preached there in vain. Returning home, he founded several more monasteries in present-day Belgium with the help of king Dagobert.


Amand died in [[Elnone Abbey]] (later Saint-Amand Abbey, in [[Saint-Amand-les-Eaux]], near [[Tournai]]) at the age of ninety.<ref name=Butler/> His feast day is 6 February. Although mostly revered in Flanders and [[Picardy]], he is also venerated in England, where at least one private chapel (at [[East Hendred]] in [[Oxfordshire]]) is dedicated to him.
Amand died in [[Elnone Abbey]] (later Saint-Amand Abbey, in [[Saint-Amand-les-Eaux]], near [[Tournai]]) at the age of ninety.

<!--pending confirmation: Friend and spiritual advisor of Saint Humbert of Pelagius]]. Assisted in his work by Saint Acharius.-->
<!--pending confirmation: Assisted in his work by Saint Acharius.-->


==Veneration==
==Veneration==
[[File:België - Wezeren - Sint-Amanduskerk - 03.jpg|thumb|right|The village church of [[Wezeren]], Belgium is dedicated to Amandus]]
Saint Amand is the [[Patron Saint|patron saint]] of all who produce [[beer]]: brewers, innkeepers and bartenders. He is also the patron of vine growers, [[vintner]]s and merchants, and of [[Scouting|Boy Scouts]].
Known for his hospitality, Amand is the [[Patron Saint|patron saint]] of all who produce [[beer]]: brewers, innkeepers and bartenders.<ref>[https://brookstonbeerbulletin.com/beer-saints/ "Beer Saints", Brookston Beer Bulletin]</ref> He is also the patron of vine growers, [[vintner]]s and merchants, and of [[Scouting|Boy Scouts]].


His feast day is 6 February. Although mostly revered in Flanders and [[Picardy]], he is also venerated in England, where at least one private chapel (at [[East Hendred]] in [[Oxfordshire]]) is dedicated to him.
{{Portal|Saints}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 51: Line 59:


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=St. Amandus |volume=1 |first=Thomas Joseph |last=Campbell}}
*''Acta Sanctorum'' (Antwerp, 64 vols, 1643-), Feb 1 (1658), 815-904
*''Acta Sanctorum'' (Antwerp, 64 vols, 1643-), Feb 1 (1658), 815-904
*Krusch, B, ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'', ''Scriptores rerum merov.'', V, 395-485
*Krusch, B, ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'', ''Scriptores rerum merov.'', V, 395-485
*Moreau, E de, ''Saint Amand'' (1927) An abbreviated version is Moreau, ''Saint Amand, le principal évangélisatur de la Belgique'', 1942.
*Moreau, E de, ''Saint Amand'' (1927) An abbreviated version is Moreau, ''Saint Amand, le principal évangélisatur de la Belgique'', 1942.
*Moreau, E de,
*Moreau, E de, ''La Vita Amandi Prima et les Fondations monastiques de St Amand'', Analecta Bollandiana lxvii (1949), 447-64


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Saint Amand}}
{{Commons category|Saint Amandus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502123002/http://www.harmoniesaintamand.com/ville/histoire.htm Website of Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, with a good history section (in French)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060502123002/http://www.harmoniesaintamand.com/ville/histoire.htm Website of Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, with a good history section (in French)]
<!-- Navboxes go here -->

{{Subject bar |portal1= Saints |portal2= Biography |portal3= Catholicism |portal4= Belgium}}
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{{Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=St. Amandus |volume=1 |first=Thomas Joseph |last=Campbell}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amand, Saint}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amand, Saint}}
[[Category:584 births]]
[[Category:584 births]]
[[Category:675 deaths]]
[[Category:675 deaths]]
[[Category:Merovingian saints]]
[[Category:Belgian Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Belgian Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:People from Poitou-Charentes]]
[[Category:People from Poitou-Charentes]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:7th-century Frankish saints]]
[[Category:Bishops in Gaul]]
[[Category:7th-century Frankish bishops]]

Revision as of 05:55, 9 May 2024

"Saint Amand" redirects here. For places named after the saint, see Saint-Amand.
"Amand" redirects here. For the villages in Iran, see Amand, Iran.
For other uses, see Amandus (disambiguation).
Saint

Amand
St Amandus, Église Saint-Maurice
Born584
Lower Poitou, Neustria, France
Died679[1]
Saint-Amand
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church[2]
FeastFebruary 6 (formerly February 1 and October 26)[3]
AttributesChair, church, flag
PatronageWine makers, Beer brewers, merchants, innkeepers, bartenders

Amandus (c. 584 – 679), commonly called Saint Amand, was a bishop of Tongeren-Maastricht and one of the catholic missionaries of Flanders. He is venerated as a saint, particularly in France and Belgium.

Life

The chief source of details of his life is the Vita Sancti Amandi,[4] an eighth-century text attributed to Beaudemond (Latin: Baudemundus). The vita was expanded by Philippe, abbot of Aumône. According to this biography, Amand was born in Lower Poitou. He was of noble birth but at the age of twenty, he became a monk on the Île d'Yeu, against the wishes of his family. His father threatened to disinherit him if he did not return home.[5] From there Amandus went to Bourges and became a pupil of bishop Austregisilus. There he lived in solitude in a cell for fifteen years, living on no more than bread and water.[6]

Humbert of Maroilles was of a noble family and trained as a monk in Laon. However, upon the death of his parents, he returned to his estates in Mézières sur Oise to settle some inheritance issues and found fine food, servants, and various conveniences sufficiently distracting that he gave up any thought of the monastic life, until one day Amandus took him on a pilgrimage to Rome.[7] Humbert became his disciple and companion.[8][9]

Excerpt from the Vita St. Amandi manuscript. Manufactured in Ghent, ca. 10th century. Preserved in the Ghent University Library.[4]

After the pilgrimage to Rome, Amandus was made a missionary bishop in the Merovingian kingdom in 628, without a fixed diocese.[10] At the request of Clotaire II, he evangelized the pagan inhabitants of Ghent, later extending his field of operations to all of Flanders. Initially, he had little success, suffering persecution and undergoing great hardships. However, after allegedly performing a miracle (bringing back to life a hanged criminal)[10] the attitude of the people changed and he made many converts.[6] He founded a monastery at Elnon where he served as abbot for four years. Amandus was made a bishop in 628.[11]

St. Amandus and the serpent, from a 14th-century manuscript

He returned to the Merovingian kingdom in 630. Amandus was a close friend of Adalbard of Ostrevent, whom he advised on the founding Marchiennes Abbey.[12] His disciple, Jonatus, was made abbot of the new house.[13] Amandus, however, angered Dagobert I by attempting to have the king amend his life. In spite of the intervention of Acarius, Amand was expelled from the kingdom and went to Gascony.[12]

Later Dagobert asked him to return and tutor the heir to the throne. Amand however declined. In 633, Amandus founded two monasteries in Ghent; one at Blandinberg, and the other named for St. Bavo, who gave his estate for its foundation.[14] His next missionary task was among the Slavic people of the Danube valley in present-day Slovakia but this was unsuccessful. Amand went to Rome and reported to the Pope.[6] In 639, he built an abbey near Tournai.

From 647 till 650, Amand briefly served as Bishop of Maastricht. The pope gave him some advice on how to deal with disobedient clerics and told him about the Monothelite, at that time prevalent in the East. Amand was commissioned by the pope to organize church councils in Neustria and Austrasia in order to pass on the various decrees from Rome. The bishops asked Amand to transmit the proceedings of the church councils to the pope. He resigned the see to St. Remaclus, to resume his missionary work.[14]

Around this time, Amand established contact with the family of Pepin of Landen and helped Gertrude of Nivelles and her mother Itta establishing the famous monastery of Nivelles. At the same time, he was now 70 years old, the inhabitants of the Basque country asked him to return to their country to evangelize, although 30 years earlier he had preached there in vain. Returning home, he founded several more monasteries in present-day Belgium with the help of king Dagobert.

Amand died in Elnone Abbey (later Saint-Amand Abbey, in Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, near Tournai) at the age of ninety.


Veneration

The village church of Wezeren, Belgium is dedicated to Amandus

Known for his hospitality, Amand is the patron saint of all who produce beer: brewers, innkeepers and bartenders.[15] He is also the patron of vine growers, vintners and merchants, and of Boy Scouts.

His feast day is 6 February. Although mostly revered in Flanders and Picardy, he is also venerated in England, where at least one private chapel (at East Hendred in Oxfordshire) is dedicated to him.

Notes

  1. ^ "Shrine of Saint Amandus", The Walters Art Museum
  2. ^ February 19 / February 6. https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/
  3. ^ Calendar of Saints in the Diocese of Liège (15th c.).
  4. ^ a b "Vita S. Amandi[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  5. ^ Kreiner, Jamie. The Social Life of Hagiography in the Merovingian Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 207ISBN 9781107050655
  6. ^ a b c Campbell, Thomas (1907). "St. Amandus", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  7. ^ "Saint Humbert", Nominis
  8. ^ St. Humbert - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online
  9. ^ Monks of Ramsgate. “Humbert of Marolles”. Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 5 September 2013Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ a b "Saint Amandus Recues a Man From Judicial Vengeance", Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader, (Daniel Lord Smail, Kelly Gibson, eds.), University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 115ISBN 9781442601260
  11. ^ ""Saint Amandus", Treasures of Heaven, Columbia University". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  12. ^ a b Fell, Charles and Challoner, Richard. "St. Amandus, Bishop", The Lives of Saints: Collected from Authentick Records of Church History, T. Osborne, 1750, p. 143Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ Ugé, Karine (2000), "The Legend of Saint Rictrude: Formation and Transformations (Tenth–Twelfth Century)", Anglo-Norman Studies, 23: 281–298, at 285 and n.
  14. ^ a b Butler, Alban. "St. Amandus, Bishop and Confessor", The Lives of the Saints, Vol. III, 1866
  15. ^ "Beer Saints", Brookston Beer Bulletin

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Campbell, Thomas Joseph (1907). "St. Amandus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

  • Acta Sanctorum (Antwerp, 64 vols, 1643-), Feb 1 (1658), 815-904
  • Krusch, B, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum merov., V, 395-485
  • Moreau, E de, Saint Amand (1927) An abbreviated version is Moreau, Saint Amand, le principal évangélisatur de la Belgique, 1942.
  • Moreau, E de,
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