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{{short description|Spanish general and politician}}
{{short description|Spanish general and politician (1831–1900)}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2021}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|Martínez-Campos|Antón|lang=Spanish}}
{{family name hatnote|Martínez-Campos|Antón|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arsenio Martínez-Campos
| name = Arsenio Martínez-Campos
| image = General Arsenio Martínez Campos (1831-1900).jpg
| image = General_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_%281831-1900%29.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait by [[Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz]] (1889)
| caption = Portrait of General Martínez-Campos, {{circa|1889}}
| order =
| order =
| office = [[Prime Minister of Spain]]
| office = [[Prime Minister of Spain]]
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| footnotes = <!--Military service-->
| footnotes = <!--Military service-->
| nickname =
| nickname =
| allegiance = Kingdom of Spain
| allegiance = {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]
| branch = Spanish Royal Army
| branch = [[File:Emblem of the Spanish Army.svg|22px]] [[Spanish Army]]
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears = 1860 – 1896
| rank = General-in-Chief/General
| rank = [[File:Spain-Army-OF-9.svg|16px]] ''General de ejército''
| unit =
| unit =
| commands =
| commands =
| battles = [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|Tetuán War]]<br>[[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]]<br>[[Ten Years' War]]<br>[[Third Carlist War]]<br>[[Cuban War of Independence]]
| battles =
*[[First Eastern Campaign]]
**[[Battle of Peralejo]]
*[[Invasion from East to West in Cuba]]
*[[Lanzadera Campaign]]
| awards =
| awards =
| military_blank1 =
| military_blank1 =
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| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Excellent]]
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Excellent]]
}}
}}
'''Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón''', born '''Martínez y Campos''' (14 December 1831, in [[Segovia]], Spain – 23 September 1900, in [[Zarauz]], Spain), was a Spanish officer who rose against the [[First Spanish Republic]] in a military revolution in 1874 and [[Restoration (Spain)|restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty]]. Later, he became Captain-General of [[Cuba]]. The soldier and politician took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the [[Third Carlist War]].<ref name="columbia">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Arsenio Martínez Campos | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 2007 }}</ref>
'''Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón''', born '''Martínez y Campos''' (14 December 1831 – 23 September 1900), was a Spanish officer who rose against the [[First Spanish Republic]] in a military revolution in 1874 and [[Restoration (Spain)|restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty]]. Later, he became Captain-General of [[Cuba]]. Martínez Campos took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the [[Third Carlist War]].<ref name="columbia">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Arsenio Martínez Campos | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 2007 }}</ref>


==Education and early military career==
==Education and early military career==
Martínez Campos received a military education and after 1852, he served on Spain's general staff (''Estado Mayor''). Later, he was named professor in its academy. In 1860, he was sent to Africa to take part in the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|Tetuán War]] in [[Morocco]], and he distinguished himself in 16 actions, obtaining the [[Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand|Cross of San Fernando]] and the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Campos, Arsenio Martinez de|volume=5|page=139}}</ref> He also took part in the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexican 1861 campaign]] against urban rebels under General [[Juan Prim]] in a joint expedition along with France and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref name="columbia"/>
In 1860, he was sent to Africa to take part in the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|Tetuán War]] in [[Morocco]], and he distinguished himself in 16 actions, obtaining the [[Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand|Cross of San Fernando]] and the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Campos, Arsenio Martinez de|volume=5|page=139}}</ref> He also took part in the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexican 1861 campaign]] against urban rebels under General [[Juan Prim]] in a joint expedition along with France and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref name="columbia"/>


==Ten Years' War==
==Ten Years' War==
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Despite technically winning, the Spanish losses against the Cuban rebels would make the Cubans consider the action to be a victory for the [[body count]] and then withdraw. The Cubans also knew that movements of Spanish in the field raised the exposure of the Spanish forces to [[yellow fever]] and other tropical diseases, which would hurt the enemy even further.
Despite technically winning, the Spanish losses against the Cuban rebels would make the Cubans consider the action to be a victory for the [[body count]] and then withdraw. The Cubans also knew that movements of Spanish in the field raised the exposure of the Spanish forces to [[yellow fever]] and other tropical diseases, which would hurt the enemy even further.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4210
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4210
Perceived as too soft to win, he was displaced by the ruthless [[Blas Villate]], Count of Balmaceda,<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Trumbull |title=Our War with Spain for Cuba's Freedom |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4210 |language=en |date=1898}}</ref> who proceeded with a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing, "The Rising Flood of Valmaseda."
Perceived as too soft to win, he was displaced by the ruthless [[Blas Villate]], Count of Balmaceda,<ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Trumbull |title=Our War with Spain for Cuba's Freedom |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4210 |language=en |date=1898}}</ref> who proceeded with a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing, "The Rising Flood of Valmaseda."


==Political and military intrigue in Spain==
==Political and military intrigue in Spain==
Line 91: Line 95:
[[File:Buen Retiro A Martinez Campos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Monument to General Martínez Campos|Monument to Martínez-Campos]] in [[Madrid]] ([[Mariano Benlliure|M. Benlliure]], 1907).]]
[[File:Buen Retiro A Martinez Campos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[Monument to General Martínez Campos|Monument to Martínez-Campos]] in [[Madrid]] ([[Mariano Benlliure|M. Benlliure]], 1907).]]


==Spanish-American War==
==First Melillan campaign==
In 1893, he was named general-in-chief of the [[Army of Africa (Spain)|Army of Africa]] in the [[First Melillan campaign]], and agreed to a peace treaty (Peace of [[Melilla]]) with the Sultan of Morocco in 1894. In 1893, he survived an assassination attempt.


⚫
Two years later at age 53, he was sent to Cuba as the first general to face down a Cuban attempt at independence. The campaign faced difficulties from the very beginning, with much of the imperial force suffering from malaria and yellow fever during the first summer in the swamps. Moreover, the insurgents' use of dynamite and ambush proved effective in pushing back against the superior numbers of the Spanish force. After months of rebels executing effective raids and capturing undefended towns, Campos attempted to provoke a decisive fight in July.
==Cuban War of Independence==
⚫
Two years later at age 53, he was sent to Cuba as the first general to face down a Cuban attempt at independence. The campaign faced difficulties from the very beginning, with much of the imperial force suffering from malaria and yellow fever during the first summer in the swamps. Moreover, the insurgents' use of dynamite and ambush proved effective in pushing back against the superior numbers of the Spanish force. After months of rebels executing effective raids and capturing undefended towns, Campos attempted to provoke a decisive fight in July. However, superior tactics by the rebels led his side to flee the field, a major humiliation for the Spanish. With increasing pressure from both the rebels and his own government, Campos began considering more extreme measures. Facing an incorrectly perceived need to toughen measures against the rebels, he refused to order [[ethnic cleansing]] and resigned his post and was replaced by [[Valeriano Weyler]].<ref name="OneLongNight">{{cite book |last1=Pitzer |first1=Andrea |title=One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps |date=September 2017 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=9780316303583 |pages=18–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0PTDQAAQBAJ&q=one+long+night |access-date=25 January 2020 |language=en|author-link=Andrea Pitzer}}</ref>


However, superior tactics by the rebels led his side to flee the field, a major humiliation for the Spanish. With increasing pressure from both the rebels and his own government, Campos began considering more extreme measures. Facing an incorrectly perceived need to toughen measures against the rebels, he refused to order [[ethnic cleansing]] and resigned his post and was replaced by [[Valeriano Weyler]].<ref name="OneLongNight">{{cite book |last1=Pitzer |first1=Andrea |title=One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps |date=September 2017 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |isbn=9780316303583 |pages=18–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0PTDQAAQBAJ&q=one+long+night |access-date=25 January 2020 |language=en|author-link=Andrea Pitzer}}</ref>
⚫
Days after the defeat, Campos sent a letter to the Spanish prime minister outlining a strategy by which hundreds of thousands of rural Cubans could be "reconcentrated" behind trenches and barbed wire in Spanish-held towns, isolating the insurgents in the countryside and cutting the support to the rebels given throughout the war by the rural population. However, Campos refused to implement this tactic himself, refusing to raise the stakes of an already brutal campaign. Campos offered to hand over his imperial post.<ref name="OneLongNight" />
[[File:Arsenio Martínez Campos, de Zenón Quintana.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of General Martínez-Campos in his old age, {{circa|1891}}]]<

⚫
Days after the defeat, Campos sent a letter to the Spanish prime minister that outlined a strategy by which hundreds of thousands of rural Cubans could be "[[concentration camp|reconcentrated]]" behind trenches and barbed wire in Spanish-held towns to isolate the insurgents in the countryside and cut the support to the rebels that was given throughout the war by the rural population. However, Campos refused to implement the tactic himself and to raise the stakes of an already-brutal campaign. He offered to hand over his imperial post.<ref name="OneLongNight" />


==Return to Spain and death==
==Return to Spain and death==
Martínez Campos returned to Spain,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expediente personal del Senador por derecho propio D. Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón|url=http://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/senado18341923/senadores/fichasenador/index.html?id1=1756|website=[[Senate of Spain]]|language=es|access-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref> where he was named president of the Supreme War and Navy Council but resigned after a month within office.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Gaceta de Madrid|title=Real Decreto de 27 de febrero de 1896 por el que se admite la dimisión como Presidente del Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina del Capitán General a Arsenio Martínez de Campos y Antón|date=February 28, 1896|access-date=June 23, 2014|volume=CCXXXV|number=59|pages=713|url=http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1896/059/A00713-00713.pdf}}</ref> He died on September 23, 1900, at [[Zarauz]].<ref name="lieya1900">{{Cite book|title=[[La Ilustración Española y Americana]]|volume=44|number=36|date=September 30, 1900|pages=183–184}}</ref>
Martínez Campos returned to Spain, where he was named president of the Supreme War and Navy Council until his death, in 1900. Weyler's tactics were at first successful, but eventually contributed to US intervention and the [[Spanish–American War]].


==References==
==References==
Line 108: Line 113:
* Anon. (1906) ''Monumento al general Martínez Campos'', Madrid : Establecimiento Tipografico "El Trabajo", 580 p.
* Anon. (1906) ''Monumento al general Martínez Campos'', Madrid : Establecimiento Tipografico "El Trabajo", 580 p.
* Navarro Martin, Antonio (1878) ''Opúsculo sobre la Pacificacion de Cuba, acompañado ... de los festejos de la paz y biografía ... de su ilustre pacificador ... D. Arsenio Martinez de Campos'', México, 78 p.
* Navarro Martin, Antonio (1878) ''Opúsculo sobre la Pacificacion de Cuba, acompañado ... de los festejos de la paz y biografía ... de su ilustre pacificador ... D. Arsenio Martinez de Campos'', México, 78 p.
* Tone, John Lawrence (2006) ''War and genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898'', Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, {{ISBN|0-8078-3006-2}}
* Tone, John Lawrence (2006) ''War and genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898'', Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, {{ISBN|0-8078-3006-2}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Segovia]]
[[Category:People from Segovia]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Spain]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Spain]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (Spain) politicians]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (Spain) politicians]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) politicians]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Cuba]]
[[Category:Governors of Cuba]]
[[Category:People of the Ten Years' War]]
[[Category:People of the Ten Years' War]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Captains General of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Captains General of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Senate of Spain]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Senate of Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Third Carlist War (Governmental faction)]]
[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Third Carlist War (Governmental faction)]]
[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Spanish–American War]]

Revision as of 17:45, 6 May 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Martínez-Campos and the second or maternal family name is Antón.
The Most Excellent
Arsenio Martínez-Campos
Portrait of General Martínez-Campos, c. 1889
Prime Minister of Spain
In office
7 March 1879 – 9 December 1879
MonarchAlfonso XII
Preceded byAntonio Cánovas del Castillo
Succeeded byAntonio Cánovas del Castillo
Personal details
Born
Arsenio Martínez y Campos

14 December 1831
Segovia, Spain
Died23 September 1900
Zarauz, Spain
Political partyConservative Party (1831-1871)
Other political
affiliations		Liberals (1871-1900)
ProfessionSpanish Armed Forces
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Spain
Branch/service Spanish Army
Years of service1860 – 1896
Rank General de ejército
Battles/warsTetuán War
Glorious Revolution
Ten Years' War
Third Carlist War
Cuban War of Independence

Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, born Martínez y Campos (14 December 1831 – 23 September 1900), was a Spanish officer who rose against the First Spanish Republic in a military revolution in 1874 and restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty. Later, he became Captain-General of Cuba. Martínez Campos took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the Third Carlist War.[1]

Education and early military career

In 1860, he was sent to Africa to take part in the Tetuán War in Morocco, and he distinguished himself in 16 actions, obtaining the Cross of San Fernando and the rank of lieutenant colonel.[2] He also took part in the Mexican 1861 campaign against urban rebels under General Juan Prim in a joint expedition along with France and Britain.[1]

Ten Years' War

After the Revolution of 1868, Martínez Campos requested a posting to Cuba, where he fought against the rebels in 1869 in the Ten Years' War, gaining the rank of brigadier general.[3] Success in this war was often a matter of perception. The Spanish Army, after taking massive losses, would take the field in bayonet charges.

Despite technically winning, the Spanish losses against the Cuban rebels would make the Cubans consider the action to be a victory for the body count and then withdraw. The Cubans also knew that movements of Spanish in the field raised the exposure of the Spanish forces to yellow fever and other tropical diseases, which would hurt the enemy even further. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4210 Perceived as too soft to win, he was displaced by the ruthless Blas Villate, Count of Balmaceda,[4] who proceeded with a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing, "The Rising Flood of Valmaseda."

Political and military intrigue in Spain

In 1872, Martínez Campos returned to Spain, where he backed the coup d'état led by Manuel Pavía. There, he took charge of several brigades to fight the Carlist uprisings with little success. Then, he was put in charge of the Valencian army, fighting independent forces in Alicante and Cartagena.

The chaotic situation in Spain caused him to plot against the Republic and for Alfonso XII, son of the exiled Isabel II.

Though Martínez Campos made no secret of his designs, Marshal Serrano in 1874 appointed him to the command of a division, which took part in the relief of Bilbao on 2 May and in the operations around Estella-Lizarra in June. On both occasions, Martínez Campos tried in vain to induce the other commanders to proclaim Alfonso XII. He was quartered in Ávila under surveillance but managed to escape and hid in Madrid.[2]

On 29 December 1874, Martínez Campos led a coup d'état in Sagunto to restore the throne to Alfonso XII. Later, he was named Captain General of Catalonia after defeating the Carlists there, ending the civil war,[3] and in Navarre in the Restoration.

Governor of Cuba

He was made captain general (governor) of Cuba in 1876. His reputation as a noble warrior allowed him to arrange a peace treaty (Paz de Zanjón) with the war-weary Cuban rebels in 1878. The treaty granted more autonomy to Cuba and freedom to rebels who had been slaves, and, a few years afterward, it led to the complete abolition of slavery on the island.

Returning to Spain, after presiding over a conservative government in 1879 as Cánovas's puppet, he was forced to leave the Conservative Party since he favoured granting total freedom to all races in Spain.

He turned to the Liberals. As Minister for War under Sagasta, he founded the General Military Academy. After the death of King Alfonso in 1885, Martínez Campos steadily supported the regency of Queen Maria Christina and held high commands but declined to take office.[2]

Monument to Martínez-Campos in Madrid (M. Benlliure, 1907).

Spanish-American War

Two years later at age 53, he was sent to Cuba as the first general to face down a Cuban attempt at independence. The campaign faced difficulties from the very beginning, with much of the imperial force suffering from malaria and yellow fever during the first summer in the swamps. Moreover, the insurgents' use of dynamite and ambush proved effective in pushing back against the superior numbers of the Spanish force. After months of rebels executing effective raids and capturing undefended towns, Campos attempted to provoke a decisive fight in July.

However, superior tactics by the rebels led his side to flee the field, a major humiliation for the Spanish. With increasing pressure from both the rebels and his own government, Campos began considering more extreme measures. Facing an incorrectly perceived need to toughen measures against the rebels, he refused to order ethnic cleansing and resigned his post and was replaced by Valeriano Weyler.[5]

Photograph of General Martínez-Campos in his old age, c. 1891

<

Days after the defeat, Campos sent a letter to the Spanish prime minister that outlined a strategy by which hundreds of thousands of rural Cubans could be "reconcentrated" behind trenches and barbed wire in Spanish-held towns to isolate the insurgents in the countryside and cut the support to the rebels that was given throughout the war by the rural population. However, Campos refused to implement the tactic himself and to raise the stakes of an already-brutal campaign. He offered to hand over his imperial post.[5]

Return to Spain and death

Martínez Campos returned to Spain,[6] where he was named president of the Supreme War and Navy Council but resigned after a month within office.[7] He died on September 23, 1900, at Zarauz.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b "Arsenio Martínez Campos". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2007.
  2. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Campos, Arsenio Martinez de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
  3. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ White, Trumbull (1898). Our War with Spain for Cuba's Freedom.
  5. ^ a b Pitzer, Andrea (September 2017). One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9780316303583. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  6. ^ "Expediente personal del Senador por derecho propio D. Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  7. ^ Real Decreto de 27 de febrero de 1896 por el que se admite la dimisión como Presidente del Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina del Capitán General a Arsenio Martínez de Campos y Antón (PDF). Vol. CCXXXV. Gaceta de Madrid. February 28, 1896. p. 713. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  8. ^ La Ilustración Española y Americana. Vol. 44. September 30, 1900. pp. 183–184.

Sources

  • Anon. (1906) Monumento al general Martínez Campos, Madrid : Establecimiento Tipografico "El Trabajo", 580 p.
  • Navarro Martin, Antonio (1878) Opúsculo sobre la Pacificacion de Cuba, acompañado ... de los festejos de la paz y biografía ... de su ilustre pacificador ... D. Arsenio Martinez de Campos, México, 78 p.
  • Tone, John Lawrence (2006) War and genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898, Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-3006-2
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