Richard Abegg: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|German chemist (1869–1910)}} |
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{{Infobox scientist |
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|caption = Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg (1869–1910) |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1869|1|9|mf=y}} |
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|image = Richard Abegg (cropped).jpg |
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|caption = |
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|residence = [[Germany]] |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1869|1|9|df=y}}<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Dale H. |editor-last=Hoiberg |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich |edition=15th |year=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |volume=I: A-ak Bayes |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/24 24] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/24 }}</ref> |
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|death_place = [[Tessin, Germany|Tessin]], [[German Empire]] |
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|death_place = [[Köslin]], [[German Empire]]<br>(now [[Koszalin]], [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]], Poland)<ref name=EB/><ref name=WW>{{cite book|editor-first=Allen G.|editor-last=Debus|title=World Who's Who in Science|year=1968|publisher=Western Publishing Company|location=Hannibal, MO|isbn=0-8379-1001-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoinsc0000unse/page/3 3]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoinsc0000unse/page/3}}</ref> |
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|field = [[Chemist]] |
|field = [[Chemist]] |
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|work_institution = [[University of |
|work_institution = [[University of Göttingen]]<br/>[[University of Stockholm]]<br/>[[University of Breslau]] |
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|alma_mater = [[University of Kiel]]<br/>[[University of Tübingen]]<br/>[[University of Berlin]] |
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|doctoral_advisor = [[August Wilhelm von Hofmann]] |
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|doctoral_students = [[Clara Immerwahr]] |
|doctoral_students = [[Clara Immerwahr]] |
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|known_for = [[Abegg's rule]] |
|known_for = [[Abegg's rule]] |
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|religion = |
|religion = |
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|footnotes = |
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|signature = Richard_Abegg_singature.svg |
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'''Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg''' (January |
'''Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg''' (9 January 1869 – 3 April 1910) was a German [[chemist]]<ref name="CBD">{{cite book|title = Chambers Biographical Dictionary|isbn = 0-5501-8022-2|pages = 3|title-link = Chambers Biographical Dictionary|last1 = Thorne|first1 = J. O.|last2 = Collocott|first2 = T. C.|year = 1984| publisher=Chambers }}</ref> and pioneer of [[valence (chemistry)|valence theory]]. He proposed that the difference of the maximum positive and negative valence of an element tends to be eight. This has come to be known as [[Abegg's rule]]. He was a [[gas balloon]] enthusiast, which caused his death at the age of 41 when he crashed in his balloon in [[Schlesien|Silesia]]. |
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Abegg received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] on |
Abegg received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] on 19 July 1891 as the student of [[August Wilhelm von Hofmann]] at the [[University of Berlin]]. Abegg learned [[organic chemistry]] from Hofmann, but one year after finishing his PhD degree he began researching [[physical chemistry]] while studying with [[Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald]] in [[Leipzig]], Germany. Abegg later served as private assistant to [[Walther Nernst]] at the [[University of Göttingen]] and to [[Svante Arrhenius]] at the [[University of Stockholm]]. |
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Abegg discovered the theory of [[freezing-point depression]] and anticipated [[Gilbert Newton Lewis]]'s [[octet rule]] by revealing that the lowest and highest oxidation states of elements often differ by eight. He researched many topics in physical chemistry, including [[melting point|freezing points]], the [[Relative permittivity|dielectric constant]] of ice, [[osmotic pressure]]s, [[oxidation potential]]s, and [[Coordination complex|complex ions]].<ref name=EB-2>{{cite encyclopedia|year = 2010 |title = Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|location = Chicago}}</ref> |
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==Personal life and education== |
==Personal life and education== |
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Richard Abegg was the son of Wilhelm Abegg and Margarete Friedenthal. He had a brother, Wilhelm Abegg, who |
Richard Abegg was the son of Wilhelm Abegg and Margarete Friedenthal. He had a brother, Wilhelm Abegg, who became the [[Prussia]]n Secretary of State.<ref name="CBD" /> After attending Wilhelm High School in [[Berlin]], Abegg studied organic chemistry at the [[University of Kiel]] and the [[University of Tübingen]]. He then attended the [[University of Berlin]], from which he received his doctorate as the student of [[August Wilhelm von Hofmann]]. In 1895, he married Line Simon, who was also a ballooning enthusiast. |
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Abegg occupied himself with photography and balloon |
Abegg occupied himself with photography and balloon excursions. He was the initiator and chairman of the Silesian Club for Aeronautics in [[Breslau]]. Furthermore, he had an assessor's function with the presidency of the German Air Sailors' Association. On 3 April 1910, Abegg flew from Breslau to Köslin in a balloon; at the end of the flight, the balloon's basket caught in some bushes during the landing, resulting in Abegg being thrown out and striking his head. He died from a fractured skull in the early morning of 4 April.<ref name="Nature_obit">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=14 April 1910 |title=Prof. R. Abegg |journal=Nature |volume=83 |issue=2111 |pages=195 |doi=10.1038/083195a0 |bibcode= 1910Natur..83Q.195.|s2cid= 5503381|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Work== |
==Work== |
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During school, Abegg fulfilled his duties in the military. In 1891, |
During school, Abegg fulfilled his duties in the military. In 1891, he became an officer of the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Reserves]]. In 1900, he became an [[Oberleutnant]] in the Reserves in the 9th Regiment of Hussars. During this year, he made his first flight in a balloon, for military purposes. Balloon flights became a frequent pastime of both Abegg and his wife. He made many scientific observations during his subsequent flights, which were never published.<ref name="JCS">{{cite journal|last1 = Hills|first1 = Walter|title = Richard Abegg|journal = Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions|year = 1911|volume = 99|pages = 599–602|doi = 10.1039/CT9119900599|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1522426}}</ref> |
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In 1894, Abegg worked as an assistant to Walther Nernst, one of the founders of physical chemistry and, at the time, Professor of Physical Chemistry. |
In 1894, Abegg worked as an assistant to Walther Nernst, one of the founders of physical chemistry and, at the time, Professor of Physical Chemistry. In 1897, he took a position as a professor of chemistry at the [[University of Breslau]]. Two years later, Abegg was promoted to a [[Privatdozent]] (chemistry chair).<ref name=EB/> A year later he became a professor. [[Clara Immerwahr]], the first wife of [[Fritz Haber]], studied and graduated as his student. In 1909 he became a full professor. Together with his colleague [[Guido Bodländer]], he published on [[Electron affinity|electro-affinity]], then a new principle of [[inorganic chemistry]]. |
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Abegg is |
Abegg is known best for his research recognizing the role that [[valence (chemistry)|valence]] had with respect to chemical interactions. He found that some [[chemical element|elements]] were less likely to combine into [[molecule]]s, and from this concluded that the more [[chemical stability|stable]] elements had what are now called full [[electron shell]]s. He was able to explain the attraction of atoms through opposite electrical charges. He also made the distinction between normal valence and contravalence. He found that the sum of these two valences always comes to eight, a rule that is now known as Abegg's rule.<ref name=EB/> |
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Abegg was the editor of ''Zeitschrift |
Abegg was the editor of ''Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie'' from 1901 until his death.<ref name=JCS /> |
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== Books by Abegg == |
== Books by Abegg == |
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* ''Über das Chrysen und seine Derivate.'' Schade, Berlin 1891 |
* ''Über das Chrysen und seine Derivate.'' Schade, Berlin 1891 |
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* ''Anleitung zur Berechnung volumetrischer Analysen.'' Grass, Barth & Co, Breslau 1900 |
* ''Anleitung zur Berechnung volumetrischer Analysen.'' Grass, Barth & Co, Breslau 1900 |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Sources=== |
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* ''Am. Chem. J.'' 1910, '''43''', pp. 563–564. |
* ''Am. Chem. J.'' 1910, '''43''', pp. 563–564. |
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*{{cite journal |
*{{cite journal |
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| author = |
| author = Walther Nernst |
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| title = Obituary Richard Abegg |
| title = Obituary Richard Abegg |
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| journal = [[Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft]] |
| journal = [[Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft]] |
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| issue = 1 |
| issue = 1 |
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| pages = 619–628 |
| pages = 619–628 |
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| doi = 10.1002/cber.19130460182 |
| doi = 10.1002/cber.19130460182| author-link = Walther Nernst |
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| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1426505 |
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* J.R. Partington, ''A History of Chemistry,'' Macmillan, 1964, '''vol. 4''', p. 662. |
* J.R. Partington, ''A History of Chemistry,'' Macmillan, 1964, '''vol. 4''', p. 662. |
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* I. Asimov, ''Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology'' (2nd Ed.), Doubleday, 1982, p. 625. |
* I. Asimov, ''Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology'' (2nd Ed.), Doubleday, 1982, p. 625. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.3rd1000.com/history/nuclear.htm Nuclear Atom] |
*[http://www.3rd1000.com/history/nuclear.htm Nuclear Atom] – contains an excerpt of Abegg's contributions. |
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*[http://www.nernst.de/abegg/abegg.htm Abegg biography] |
*[http://www.nernst.de/abegg/abegg.htm Abegg biography] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME= Abegg, Richard |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Germany|German]] [[chemist]] |
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|DATE OF BIRTH= January 9, 1869 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Danzig]], [[Germany]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH= April 3, 1910 |
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|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Tessin]], [[Germany]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Abegg, Richard}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abegg, Richard}} |
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[[Category:German chemists]] |
[[Category:German physical chemists]] |
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[[Category:19th-century German chemists]] |
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[[Category:1869 births]] |
[[Category:1869 births]] |
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[[Category:1910 deaths]] |
[[Category:1910 deaths]] |
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[[Category:German balloonists]] |
[[Category:German balloonists]] |
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[[Category:Prussian Army personnel]] |
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[[Category:Scientists from Gdańsk]] |
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[[Category:Scientists from the Province of Prussia]] |
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[[cs:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]] |
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[[de:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[Category:University of Kiel alumni]] |
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[[es:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen]] |
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[[fr:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[Category:Academic staff of Stockholm University]] |
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[[gd:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]] |
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[[hi:रिचर्ड अबेग]] |
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[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Poland]] |
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[[id:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[Category:20th-century German chemists]] |
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[[it:Richard Abegg]] |
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[[ja:リヒャルト・アベッグ]] |
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[[ru:Абегг, Рихард]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:13, 5 May 2024
Richard Abegg | |
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Born | [1] | 9 January 1869
Died | 4 April 1910[2] | (aged 41)
Nationality | German |
Alma mater | University of Kiel University of Tübingen University of Berlin |
Known for | Abegg's rule |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Chemist |
Institutions | University of Göttingen University of Stockholm University of Breslau |
Doctoral advisor | August Wilhelm von Hofmann |
Doctoral students | Clara Immerwahr |
Signature | |
Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg (9 January 1869 – 3 April 1910) was a German chemist[4] and pioneer of valence theory. He proposed that the difference of the maximum positive and negative valence of an element tends to be eight. This has come to be known as Abegg's rule. He was a gas balloon enthusiast, which caused his death at the age of 41 when he crashed in his balloon in Silesia.
Abegg received his PhD on 19 July 1891 as the student of August Wilhelm von Hofmann at the University of Berlin. Abegg learned organic chemistry from Hofmann, but one year after finishing his PhD degree he began researching physical chemistry while studying with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in Leipzig, Germany. Abegg later served as private assistant to Walther Nernst at the University of Göttingen and to Svante Arrhenius at the University of Stockholm.
Abegg discovered the theory of freezing-point depression and anticipated Gilbert Newton Lewis's octet rule by revealing that the lowest and highest oxidation states of elements often differ by eight. He researched many topics in physical chemistry, including freezing points, the dielectric constant of ice, osmotic pressures, oxidation potentials, and complex ions.[5]
Personal life and education
[edit]Richard Abegg was the son of Wilhelm Abegg and Margarete Friedenthal. He had a brother, Wilhelm Abegg, who became the Prussian Secretary of State.[4] After attending Wilhelm High School in Berlin, Abegg studied organic chemistry at the University of Kiel and the University of Tübingen. He then attended the University of Berlin, from which he received his doctorate as the student of August Wilhelm von Hofmann. In 1895, he married Line Simon, who was also a ballooning enthusiast.
Abegg occupied himself with photography and balloon excursions. He was the initiator and chairman of the Silesian Club for Aeronautics in Breslau. Furthermore, he had an assessor's function with the presidency of the German Air Sailors' Association. On 3 April 1910, Abegg flew from Breslau to Köslin in a balloon; at the end of the flight, the balloon's basket caught in some bushes during the landing, resulting in Abegg being thrown out and striking his head. He died from a fractured skull in the early morning of 4 April.[2]
Work
[edit]During school, Abegg fulfilled his duties in the military. In 1891, he became an officer of the German Reserves. In 1900, he became an Oberleutnant in the Reserves in the 9th Regiment of Hussars. During this year, he made his first flight in a balloon, for military purposes. Balloon flights became a frequent pastime of both Abegg and his wife. He made many scientific observations during his subsequent flights, which were never published.[6]
In 1894, Abegg worked as an assistant to Walther Nernst, one of the founders of physical chemistry and, at the time, Professor of Physical Chemistry. In 1897, he took a position as a professor of chemistry at the University of Breslau. Two years later, Abegg was promoted to a Privatdozent (chemistry chair).[1] A year later he became a professor. Clara Immerwahr, the first wife of Fritz Haber, studied and graduated as his student. In 1909 he became a full professor. Together with his colleague Guido Bodländer, he published on electro-affinity, then a new principle of inorganic chemistry.
Abegg is known best for his research recognizing the role that valence had with respect to chemical interactions. He found that some elements were less likely to combine into molecules, and from this concluded that the more stable elements had what are now called full electron shells. He was able to explain the attraction of atoms through opposite electrical charges. He also made the distinction between normal valence and contravalence. He found that the sum of these two valences always comes to eight, a rule that is now known as Abegg's rule.[1]
Abegg was the editor of Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie from 1901 until his death.[6]
Books by Abegg
[edit]- Über das Chrysen und seine Derivate. Schade, Berlin 1891
- Anleitung zur Berechnung volumetrischer Analysen. Grass, Barth & Co, Breslau 1900
- Die Theorie der elektrolytischen Dissociation. Enke, Stuttgart 1903
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 24. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- ^ a b "Prof. R. Abegg". Nature. 83 (2111): 195. 14 April 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..83Q.195.. doi:10.1038/083195a0. S2CID 5503381.
- ^ Debus, Allen G., ed. (1968). World Who's Who in Science. Hannibal, MO: Western Publishing Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-8379-1001-3.
- ^ a b Thorne, J. O.; Collocott, T. C. (1984). Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Chambers. p. 3. ISBN 0-5501-8022-2.
- ^ "Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
- ^ a b Hills, Walter (1911). "Richard Abegg". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 99: 599–602. doi:10.1039/CT9119900599.
Sources
[edit]- Am. Chem. J. 1910, 43, pp. 563–564.
- Walther Nernst (1913). "Obituary Richard Abegg". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 46 (1): 619–628. doi:10.1002/cber.19130460182.
- J.R. Partington, A History of Chemistry, Macmillan, 1964, vol. 4, p. 662.
- I. Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2nd Ed.), Doubleday, 1982, p. 625.
- A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, Williams, T. I., Ed., Wiley, 1969, p. 1.
- Z. Elektrochem, 1910, 16, pp. 554–557.
- Neue Deutsche Biographie, Duncker & Humblot, 1953–1990, vol. 1, p. 7.
External links
[edit]- Nuclear Atom – contains an excerpt of Abegg's contributions.
- Abegg biography
- German physical chemists
- 19th-century German chemists
- 1869 births
- 1910 deaths
- German balloonists
- Prussian Army personnel
- Scientists from Gdańsk
- Scientists from the Province of Prussia
- University of Tübingen alumni
- University of Kiel alumni
- Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
- Academic staff of Stockholm University
- Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
- Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Poland
- 20th-century German chemists