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See also: Many have proposed burying Lenin's corpse and dismantling the Lenin Mausoleum, including Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, and hierophants of the Russian Orthodox Church.
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{{Short description|Political reforms to dismantle the cult of Vladimir Lenin}}
{{Short description|Political reforms to dismantle the cult of Vladimir Lenin}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2022}}
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|image1 = Falling_of_Lenin_in_Khmelnytskyi_park.jpg
| image1 = Falling_of_Lenin_in_Khmelnytskyi_park.jpg
|caption1 = Falling of Lenin statue in [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytsky park]], Ukraine
| caption1 = The toppling of a Lenin statue in [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytsky park]], Ukraine
|image2 = Detail_of_the_fallen_statue_of_Lenin.JPG
| image2 = Detail of the fallen statue of Lenin.JPG
|alt2 = Lenin faceplant
| caption2 = A toppled Lenin statue next to the [[Mogoşoaia Palace]], Romania
|image3=Statues_of_Groza_and_Lenin.JPG
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|caption3=Fallen statue of Lenin and [[Petru Groza]] next to the [[Mogoşoaia Palace]] (Romania)
| caption3 = A defaced and beheaded Lenin statue in [[Zhytomyr]], Ukraine
|image4=Lenin's head, piece of a dismounted statue of Vladimir Lenin (5685834691).jpg
| image4 =
|alt4=Lenin's dismounted head
| caption4 = A toppled Lenin statue in a stylized wooden coffin in [[Cēsis]], Latvia
}}
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'''De-Leninization''' ({{Lang-uk|Ленінопад|lit='''Leninfall'''|translit=Leninopad}}) is political reform aimed at refuting [[Leninism|Leninist]] and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] ideology and ending the personality cult of [[Vladimir Lenin]]. Examples include removing images and toppling [[List of statues of Vladimir Lenin|statues of Lenin]], [[List of places named after Vladimir Lenin|renaming places and buildings]], dismantling [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] currently in [[Red Square]], Moscow, and burying his mummified corpse.
[[File:3arrows Marx-Engles-Lenin.png|thumb|[[Three Arrows]] through a red flag of Marx, Engels, and Lenin]]
'''De-Leninization (Ленінопад, "Leninfall")''' is political reform aimed at refuting [[Leninism|Leninist]] and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] ideology, ending the personality cult of [[Vladimir Lenin]], removing images and toppling [[List of statues of Vladimir Lenin|statues of Lenin]], [[List of places named after Vladimir Lenin|renaming places and buildings]], dismantling the [[Lenin's Mausoleum|Lenin Mausoleum]] currently in [[Red Square]], Moscow, and burying his mummified corpse.


[[De-Stalinization]] began in the former Soviet Union in the mid-1950s during the [[Khrushchev thaw]] following the latter's secret speech "[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences]]". But this was framed as a return to orthodox Leninism and thus the cult of Lenin remained{{Sfn|Volkogonov|1994}} until the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the USSR]], when public challenges to the cult and its ideology and iconography began.
Former soviet states did remove many monuments even before the event, and after, although some remain.


==In post-Soviet Russia==
In 1991, Ukraine had 5,500 Lenin monuments.<ref name="LS Out of Sight D">[http://ukrainianweek.com/Society/154195 Out of Sight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129040659/http://ukrainianweek.com/Society/154195|date=29 January 2016}}, [[The Ukrainian Week]] (28 December 2015)</ref> In November 2015, approximately 1,300 Lenin monuments were still standing.<ref name="LS Out of Sight D" /> More than 700 Lenin monuments were removed and/or destroyed between February 2014 and December 2015, <ref name="LS Out of Sight D" /> [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|"Leninfall" Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine]].
{{main|Decommunization in Russia}}
A referendum on restoring the historic name of ''Leningrad'' (the city's name in 1924–1991) was held on 12 June 1991, with 54.86% of Russian SFSR voters (with a turnout of 65%) supporting ''[[Saint Petersburg]]'' (the city's name in 1703–1914). Returning to ''Petrograd'' (the city's name in 1914–1924) was not on the ballot, and neither was the colloquial ''Piter''. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991.<ref name="Orttung">{{cite book |last=Orttung |first=Robert W. |title=From Leningrad to Saint Petersburg |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-312-12080-1 |location=London and New York |pages=273–277 |chapter=Chronology of Major Events |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjbaxYyS2MYC&q=From+Leningrad+to+Saint+Petersburg}}</ref> Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still named [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad]]. This fact is largely attributed to the population of rural localities being more conservative, while the urban population is liberal and more Western-oriented.


In 1992, Lenin's likeness disappeared from the currency as Russia's banking system transitioned to the [[Russian ruble|post-Soviet ruble]].
On 9 April 2015, the [[Ukrainian parliament]] passed legislation on [[Decommunization in Ukraine|de-communization,]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Hyde |first=Lily |date=20 April 2015 |title=Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/ukraine-decommunisation-law-soviet |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516095241/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/ukraine-decommunisation-law-soviet |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> which provided for their removal, signed into law on 15 May 2015.


There was some reform in education, and Lenin's name began to disappear from books, articles, and dissertations.
[[De-Stalinization]] began in the mid 50's during the [[Khrushchev thaw]] following the latter's secret speech [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences]], but this was framed as a return to orthodox Leninism and thus the cult of Lenin remained until the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the USSR]].


Former Soviet colonel general turned historian [[Dmitri Volkogonov]] gained access to the [[State Archive of the Russian Federation]] and wrote critical biographies of both Stalin and Lenin. He had previously been a head of the [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet military]]'s [[psychological warfare]] department.
In 1992 Lenin's likeness disappeared from the currency as the country's bank system transitioned to the [[Russian ruble|Russian Ruble]].


There was some reform in education, and Lenin's name began to disappear from books, articles, and dissertations, but only partial and intermittent removal of his statues and likenesses in Russia. As historian [[Yuri Pivovarov|Yury Pivovarov]] notes, “All these metamorphoses predominantly took place in publishing, on TV and the radio… the dismantling of Lenin happened only verbally and almost didn’t materialize in any other way.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=2021-12-25 |title=What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/334556-what-after-ussr-breakup |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref>
However, there was only partial and intermittent removal of his statues and likenesses in Russia. As historian [[Yuri Pivovarov|Yury Pivovarov]] notes, "All these metamorphoses predominantly took place in publishing, on TV and the radio… the dismantling of Lenin happened only verbally and almost didn’t materialize in any other way."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=25 December 2021 |title=What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/334556-what-after-ussr-breakup |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref>


[[File:Ленинское 33 (25450339767).jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Lenin in Murom]]
Russia's first president [[Boris Yeltsin]] tried and failed to establish the new regime on a basis of [[Anti-communism]]. Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] made peace with the Communists when he came to power in 2000, but after his 2012 election began denouncing the [[Bolsheviks]] for their treachery in "betraying the country's national interests" to Germany in World War I, usually without mentioning Lenin by name, who retains broad popularity in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nast |first=Condé |date=2014-09-03 |title=Putin Disses Lenin |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/putin-disses-lenin |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2016 he denounced Lenin's concept of a federative State divided along ethnic lines, each with a right of secession. He denounced Lenin for executing the czar and his family and servants and for killing priests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2016-01-25 |title=Vladimir Putin accuses Lenin of placing a 'time bomb' under Russia |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/25/vladmir-putin-accuses-lenin-of-placing-a-time-bomb-under-russia |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Lenin in Saint Petersburg (49778967518).jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Lenin in Saint Petersburg]]


Out of 7,000 Lenin statues as of 1991, Russia retained the vast majority. As of 2022, there are approximately [[List of statues of Vladimir Lenin#Russia|6,000 monuments]] to Lenin in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/23/unageing_monument_lenin_is_forever_14224.html | title=Relics of the Soviet era remain in Russia | date=23 January 2012 }}</ref>
In 2012 the state sponsored [[Russia Today]] media network announced that Liberal-Democratic party ([[LDPR]]) deputy [[Aleksandr Kurdyumov]] proposed removal of monuments to museums, citing high maintenance costs due to the prevalence in vandalism, and saying that Lenin's dominance was "unfair” to other outstanding personalities – such as Peter the Great, General Aleksandr Suvorov, Tsar Ivan the Terrible and others. The lawmaker proposed regional referendums to decide the question.


Notable anti-communist measures in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] include the banning of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (and the creation of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]) as well as changing the names of some Russian cities back to what they were before the 1917 [[October Revolution]] (Leningrad to Saint Petersburg, Sverdlovsk to [[Yekaterinburg]] and Gorky to [[Nizhny Novgorod]]),<ref name="Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols"/> though others were maintained, with [[Ulyanovsk]] (former Simbirsk), [[Tolyatti]] (former Stavropol) and [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]] (former Vyatka) being examples. Even though Leningrad and Sverdlovsk were renamed, regions that were named after them are still officially called Leningrad and Sverdlovsk oblasts.
In August 2022 [[Estonia]] began removing Soviet-era monuments, beginning with a T-34 tank in Narva, saying it was necessary for public order and internal security.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Estonia removes Soviet Union war monuments |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/estonia-removes-soviet-union-war-monuments/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olsen |first=Jan |title=Estonia removes Soviet-era monument, citing public order |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/estonia-removes-soviet-monument-citing-public-order-88433371 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref>


Russia's first president [[Boris Yeltsin]] tried and failed to establish the new regime on a basis of [[anti-communism]]. Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] made peace with the Communists when he came to power in 2000, but after his 2012 election began denouncing the [[Bolsheviks]] for their treachery in "betraying the country's national interests" to Germany in [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=3 September 2014 |title=Putin Disses Lenin |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/putin-disses-lenin |access-date=18 August 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2016, he critiqued Lenin's concept of a federative state divided along ethnic lines, each with a right of secession. Various public figures also denounced Lenin for [[Murder of the Romanov family|murdering the Tsar and his family]] and for killing priests.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=25 January 2016 |title=Vladimir Putin accuses Lenin of placing a 'time bomb' under Russia |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/25/vladmir-putin-accuses-lenin-of-placing-a-time-bomb-under-russia |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A 2017 survey showed that 56% of Russia's population had a favorable opinion of Lenin, with the majority of support coming from the older generation that lived in the USSR.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Lenin's approval rating surges, 100 years after the Bolshevik Revolution |url=https://www.newsweek.com/lenin-support-peaks-russian-revolution-bolshevik-centennial-586201 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of [[Citizens of Russia|Russians]] indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Arkhipov |first=Ilya |date=16 April 2019 |title=Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-16/russian-support-for-soviet-tyrant-stalin-hits-record-poll-shows |work=Bloomberg |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003223316/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-16/russian-support-for-soviet-tyrant-stalin-hits-record-poll-shows |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Mausoleum Controversy ==
Many have proposed burying Lenin's corpse and dismantling the Lenin Mausoleum, including [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[Boris Yeltsin]], and hierophants of the Russian Orthodox Church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-05 |title=A century after the Russian Revolution, why is Lenin's body still on display in Red Square? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/why-putin-will-still-not-bury-lenin-his-red-square-mausoleum-698730 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>


In 2012, the state-sponsored [[Russia Today]] media network reported that Liberal-Democratic party ([[LDPR]]) deputy [[Aleksandr Kurdyumov]] proposed the removal of Lenin monuments to museums, citing high maintenance costs due to the prevalence of vandalism, and saying that Lenin's dominance was "unfair" to other outstanding personalities – such as [[Peter the Great]], [[Alexander Suvorov]], [[Ivan the Terrible]] and others. The lawmaker proposed regional referendums to decide the question.
== See also ==


Conscious attempts in Russian society to deal with the Soviet past have been uncertain.<ref>Nelson, Susan H. [https://drum.umd.edu/dspace/handle/1903/3506 "The Bureaucratic Politics of Democracy Promotion: The Russian Democratization Project"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613081951/https://drum.umd.edu/dspace/handle/1903/3506 |date=13 June 2007 }} PhD Diss, University of Maryland, 2006.</ref> Organisations such as the [[Memorial Society]] have worked on numerous projects involving witnesses to past events (Gulag inmates, [[Chronicle of Current Events| Soviet rights activists]]) and younger generations, including schoolchildren. The organization was officially banned in Russia in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Organization Has Been Liquidated by a Court Decision |url=https://www.memo.ru/en-us/ |website=Memorial Society |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chernova |first1=Anna |title=Historic Russian Human Rights Center Closes, Warns of "Return to the Totalitarian Past" |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-04-05-22/h_898a98f6feb1ec357775a6d70b434940 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|author=Старикова, М.
|language = ru
|url = https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5295773
|title = «Мемориал» после ликвидации объявил о старте нового проекта
|publisher = Коммерсантъ
|date = 7 April 2022
|accessdate = 11 April 2022
}}</ref>

===Lenin's Mausoleum controversy===
Many have proposed burying Lenin's corpse and dismantling the Lenin Mausoleum, including [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[Boris Yeltsin]], and hierophants of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2017, legislation was proposed by six lawmakers, including three from Putin's [[United Russia]] party and three from the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia|LDPR]], but was opposed by the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Party]]. The embalming and Mausoleum had been opposed from its outset by [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Nikolai Bukharin|Bukharin]], [[Lev Kamenev|Kamenev]], by Lenin's widow [[Nadezhda Krupskaya]], and reportedly by Lenin himself before his premature death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=A century after the Russian Revolution, why is Lenin's body still on display in Red Square? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/why-putin-will-still-not-bury-lenin-his-red-square-mausoleum-698730 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>

==In Ukraine and other post-Soviet states==
{{main|Decommunization in Ukraine}}
After the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the USSR]], other [[post-Soviet states]] also began removing many of their Lenin monuments, although some have remained. In 1991, Ukraine, where the Soviet Union is viewed much more negatively than in Russia, (according to a poll by the sociological group [[Rating (sociological group)|''Rating'']], 76% of [[Ukrainians]] support the initiative to rename streets and other objects whose names are associated with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Russia]] after the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=76% of Ukrainians support renaming streets and other objects related to Russia |url=https://nikopol.city/articles/205714/-76-ukrainciv-pidtrimuyut-perejmenuvannya-nazv-vulic-ta-inshih-obyektiv-povyazanih-z-rosiyeyu |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Nikopol.City |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eighth National Poll: Ukraine in War Conditions (April 6, 2022) |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/vosmoy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_ukraina_v_usloviyah_voyny_6_aprelya_2022.html |language=uk}}</ref>) had 5,500 Lenin monuments,<ref name="LS Out of Sight D">{{cite web|url=http://ukrainianweek.com/Society/154195|title=Out of Sight: Decommunisation as a Way to Decolonise the Visual Space of Ukrainian Cities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129040659/http://ukrainianweek.com/Society/154195|archive-date=29 January 2016|work=[[The Ukrainian Week]]|date=28 December 2015}}</ref> and until November 2015, approximately 1,300 Lenin monuments were still standing.<ref name="LS Out of Sight D" /> More than 700 Lenin monuments [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine#Communist monuments toppled during Euromaidan|were removed or destroyed between February 2014 and December 2015]],<ref name="LS Out of Sight D" /> On 9 April 2015, the [[Ukrainian parliament]] passed legislation on [[Decommunization in Ukraine|de-communization]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Hyde |first=Lily |date=20 April 2015 |title=Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/ukraine-decommunisation-law-soviet |access-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516095241/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/ukraine-decommunisation-law-soviet |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> which provided for their removal, signed into law on 15 May 2015.

[[Nostalgia for the Soviet Union]] is gradually on the rise in Russia.<ref name="The Russians with fond memories of the USSR">{{citation|title = The Russians with fond memories of the USSR|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/video_and_audio/headlines/37130143|publisher = BBC News|author = Steve Rosenberg|date = 19 Aug 2016|accessdate = 20 Aug 2016|archive-date = 21 August 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160821111034/http://www.bbc.com/news/video_and_audio/headlines/37130143|url-status = dead}}</ref> Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in [[Media of Russia|state-controlled media]], as banning on them in other countries is seen by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian foreign ministry]] as "sacrilege" and "a perverse idea of good and evil".<ref name="Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols">{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 |first= Vitaly |last= Shevchenko |title= Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols |work= [[BBC News]] |date=14 April 2015 |accessdate= 1 June 2016}}</ref> The process of [[decommunization in Ukraine]], a neighbouring post-Soviet state, was met with fierce criticism by Russia,<ref name="Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols"/> who regularly dismisses [[Soviet war crimes]].<ref name="The rape of Berlin">{{citation|title = The rape of Berlin|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32529679|publisher = BBC News|author = Lucy Ash|date = 1 May 2016|accessdate = 1 June 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Decommunization]]
* [[Decommunization]]
* [[Anti-communism|Anticommunism]]
* [[Anti-communism]]
* [[Fall of the monument to Lenin in Kyiv]]
* [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine]]
* [[Demolition of the Vladimir Lenin monument in Kyiv]]
* [[Fallen Monument Park]]
* [[Muzeon Park of Arts]]
* [[Good Bye, Lenin!]]
* [[Good Bye, Lenin!]]
* [[David Shub]] – exiled social democrat revolutionary who wrote an early critical biography of Lenin.
* [[Statue of Lenin (Seattle)]]
* [[Leon Trotsky]] – Bolshevik revolutionary, exponent of anti-Leninist [[Trotskyism]].


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


=== Books ===
===Books===

* {{cite book |last=Shub |first=David |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=Pelican |year=1966 |edition=revised |location=London |author-link=David Shub}}
* {{cite book |last=Shub |first=David |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=Pelican |year=1966 |edition=revised |location=London |author-link=David Shub}}
* {{cite book |last=Shub |first=David |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=Mentor Books |year=1948 |edition=revised |location=New York |contribution=Appendix: [[David Shub#Essentials of Leninism|Essentials of Leninism]] |author-link=David Shub |contributor-last=Lenin |contributor-first=Vladimir |contributor-link=Vladimir Lenin}}
* {{cite book |last=Shub |first=David |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=Mentor Books |year=1948 |edition=revised |location=New York |contribution=Appendix: [[David Shub#Essentials of Leninism|Essentials of Leninism]] |author-link=David Shub |contributor-last=Lenin |contributor-first=Vladimir |contributor-link=Vladimir Lenin}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Sebestyen |author-first=Victor |title=Lenin: The Man, the Dictator, and the Master of Terror. |date=2017 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=9781101871638 |author-link=Victor Sebestyen}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Sebestyen |author-first=Victor |title=Lenin: The Man, the Dictator, and the Master of Terror. |date=2017 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=9781101871638 |author-link=Victor Sebestyen}}
* {{cite book |last=Volkogonov |first=Dmitri |title=Lenin: A New Biography |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-00-255123-6 |location=London |translator-last=Shukman |translator-first=Harold |author-link=Dmitri Volkogonov |translator-link=Harold Shukman}}
* {{cite book |last=Volkogonov |first=Dmitri |title=Lenin: A New Biography |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-00-255123-6 |location=London |translator-last=Shukman |translator-first=Harold |author-link=Dmitri Volkogonov |translator-link=Harold Shukman}}
* {{Cite web |last=Velikanova |first=Olga V. |date=2001 |title=The Public Perception of the Cult of Lenin Based on Archival Materials |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501442/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=UNT Digital Library |language=Russian}}
* {{Cite web |last=Velikanova |first=Olga V. |date=2001 |title=The Public Perception of the Cult of Lenin Based on Archival Materials |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501442/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=UNT Digital Library |language=Russian}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shub |first=Anatole|author-link=Anatole Shub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnlFHAAACAAJ |title="De-Leninization" Or "post-Leninism"?: New Soviet Thinking on the Past and Future |date=1989 |publisher=U.S. Information Agency, Office of Research |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shub |first=Anatole|author-link=Anatole Shub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnlFHAAACAAJ |title="De-Leninization" Or "post-Leninism"?: New Soviet Thinking on the Past and Future |date=1989 |publisher=U.S. Information Agency, Office of Research |language=en}}


=== Articles and Reviews ===
===Articles and reviews===
* {{Cite news |last=Clines |first=Francis X. |date=1992-01-22 |title=Moscow Journal; Temple to Lenin Opens Its Doors to Freethinkers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/22/world/moscow-journal-temple-to-lenin-opens-its-doors-to-freethinkers.html |access-date=2022-04-14 |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite news |last=Clines |first=Francis X. |date=22 January 1992 |title=Moscow Journal; Temple to Lenin Opens Its Doors to Freethinkers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/22/world/moscow-journal-temple-to-lenin-opens-its-doors-to-freethinkers.html |access-date=14 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=2021-12-25 |title=What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/334556-what-after-ussr-breakup |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=25 December 2021 |title=What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/334556-what-after-ussr-breakup |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Next Line of Hills: The Challenge of Peace Revisited {{!}} George Weigel |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/1990/04/the-next-line-of-hills-the-challenge-of-peace-revisited |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=First Things |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Next Line of Hills: The Challenge of Peace Revisited {{!}} George Weigel |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/1990/04/the-next-line-of-hills-the-challenge-of-peace-revisited |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=First Things |date=April 1990 |language=en}}


[[Category:De-Stalinization]]
[[Category:De-Stalinization]]
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[[Category:Leninism]]
[[Category:Leninism]]
[[Category:Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Category:Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Category:Decommunization]]

Revision as of 22:44, 30 April 2024

The toppling of a Lenin statue in Khmelnytsky park, Ukraine
A toppled Lenin statue next to the Mogoşoaia Palace, Romania

De-Leninization (Ukrainian: Ленінопад, romanizedLeninopad, lit.'Leninfall') is political reform aimed at refuting Leninist and Marxist–Leninist ideology and ending the personality cult of Vladimir Lenin. Examples include removing images and toppling statues of Lenin, renaming places and buildings, dismantling Lenin's Mausoleum currently in Red Square, Moscow, and burying his mummified corpse.

De-Stalinization began in the former Soviet Union in the mid-1950s during the Khrushchev thaw following the latter's secret speech "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences". But this was framed as a return to orthodox Leninism and thus the cult of Lenin remained[1] until the dissolution of the USSR, when public challenges to the cult and its ideology and iconography began.

In post-Soviet Russia

A referendum on restoring the historic name of Leningrad (the city's name in 1924–1991) was held on 12 June 1991, with 54.86% of Russian SFSR voters (with a turnout of 65%) supporting Saint Petersburg (the city's name in 1703–1914). Returning to Petrograd (the city's name in 1914–1924) was not on the ballot, and neither was the colloquial Piter. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991.[2] Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still named Leningrad. This fact is largely attributed to the population of rural localities being more conservative, while the urban population is liberal and more Western-oriented.

In 1992, Lenin's likeness disappeared from the currency as Russia's banking system transitioned to the post-Soviet ruble.

There was some reform in education, and Lenin's name began to disappear from books, articles, and dissertations.

Former Soviet colonel general turned historian Dmitri Volkogonov gained access to the State Archive of the Russian Federation and wrote critical biographies of both Stalin and Lenin. He had previously been a head of the Soviet military's psychological warfare department.

However, there was only partial and intermittent removal of his statues and likenesses in Russia. As historian Yury Pivovarov notes, "All these metamorphoses predominantly took place in publishing, on TV and the radio… the dismantling of Lenin happened only verbally and almost didn’t materialize in any other way."[3]

Statue of Lenin in Murom
Statue of Lenin in Saint Petersburg

Out of 7,000 Lenin statues as of 1991, Russia retained the vast majority. As of 2022, there are approximately 6,000 monuments to Lenin in Russia.[4]

Notable anti-communist measures in the Russian Federation include the banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (and the creation of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation) as well as changing the names of some Russian cities back to what they were before the 1917 October Revolution (Leningrad to Saint Petersburg, Sverdlovsk to Yekaterinburg and Gorky to Nizhny Novgorod),[5] though others were maintained, with Ulyanovsk (former Simbirsk), Tolyatti (former Stavropol) and Kirov (former Vyatka) being examples. Even though Leningrad and Sverdlovsk were renamed, regions that were named after them are still officially called Leningrad and Sverdlovsk oblasts.

Russia's first president Boris Yeltsin tried and failed to establish the new regime on a basis of anti-communism. Russian president Vladimir Putin made peace with the Communists when he came to power in 2000, but after his 2012 election began denouncing the Bolsheviks for their treachery in "betraying the country's national interests" to Germany in World War I.[6] In 2016, he critiqued Lenin's concept of a federative state divided along ethnic lines, each with a right of secession. Various public figures also denounced Lenin for murdering the Tsar and his family and for killing priests.[7] A 2017 survey showed that 56% of Russia's population had a favorable opinion of Lenin, with the majority of support coming from the older generation that lived in the USSR.[8] In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of Joseph Stalin.[9]

In 2012, the state-sponsored Russia Today media network reported that Liberal-Democratic party (LDPR) deputy Aleksandr Kurdyumov proposed the removal of Lenin monuments to museums, citing high maintenance costs due to the prevalence of vandalism, and saying that Lenin's dominance was "unfair" to other outstanding personalities – such as Peter the Great, Alexander Suvorov, Ivan the Terrible and others. The lawmaker proposed regional referendums to decide the question.

Conscious attempts in Russian society to deal with the Soviet past have been uncertain.[10] Organisations such as the Memorial Society have worked on numerous projects involving witnesses to past events (Gulag inmates, Soviet rights activists) and younger generations, including schoolchildren. The organization was officially banned in Russia in 2022.[11][12][13]

Lenin's Mausoleum controversy

Many have proposed burying Lenin's corpse and dismantling the Lenin Mausoleum, including Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, and hierophants of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2017, legislation was proposed by six lawmakers, including three from Putin's United Russia party and three from the LDPR, but was opposed by the Russian Communist Party. The embalming and Mausoleum had been opposed from its outset by Leon Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, by Lenin's widow Nadezhda Krupskaya, and reportedly by Lenin himself before his premature death.[14]

In Ukraine and other post-Soviet states

After the dissolution of the USSR, other post-Soviet states also began removing many of their Lenin monuments, although some have remained. In 1991, Ukraine, where the Soviet Union is viewed much more negatively than in Russia, (according to a poll by the sociological group Rating, 76% of Ukrainians support the initiative to rename streets and other objects whose names are associated with the Soviet Union and Russia after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[15][16]) had 5,500 Lenin monuments,[17] and until November 2015, approximately 1,300 Lenin monuments were still standing.[17] More than 700 Lenin monuments were removed or destroyed between February 2014 and December 2015,[17] On 9 April 2015, the Ukrainian parliament passed legislation on de-communization,[18] which provided for their removal, signed into law on 15 May 2015.

Nostalgia for the Soviet Union is gradually on the rise in Russia.[19] Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in state-controlled media, as banning on them in other countries is seen by the Russian foreign ministry as "sacrilege" and "a perverse idea of good and evil".[5] The process of decommunization in Ukraine, a neighbouring post-Soviet state, was met with fierce criticism by Russia,[5] who regularly dismisses Soviet war crimes.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Volkogonov 1994.
  2. ^ Orttung, Robert W. (1995). "Chronology of Major Events". From Leningrad to Saint Petersburg. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 273–277. ISBN 978-0-312-12080-1.
  3. ^ Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (25 December 2021). "What Russia felt IMMEDIATELY after the USSR's breakup". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Relics of the Soviet era remain in Russia". 23 January 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Shevchenko, Vitaly (14 April 2015). "Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols". BBC News. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  6. ^ "Putin Disses Lenin". The New Yorker. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  7. ^ "Vladimir Putin accuses Lenin of placing a 'time bomb' under Russia". the Guardian. Associated Press. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  8. ^ "Lenin's approval rating surges, 100 years after the Bolshevik Revolution". Newsweek. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  9. ^ Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  10. ^ Nelson, Susan H. "The Bureaucratic Politics of Democracy Promotion: The Russian Democratization Project" Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine PhD Diss, University of Maryland, 2006.
  11. ^ "The Organization Has Been Liquidated by a Court Decision". Memorial Society. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  12. ^ Chernova, Anna. "Historic Russian Human Rights Center Closes, Warns of "Return to the Totalitarian Past"". CNN. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  13. ^ Старикова, М. (7 April 2022). "«Мемориал» после ликвидации объявил о старте нового проекта" (in Russian). Коммерсантъ. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  14. ^ "A century after the Russian Revolution, why is Lenin's body still on display in Red Square?". Newsweek. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  15. ^ "76% of Ukrainians support renaming streets and other objects related to Russia". Nikopol.City (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  16. ^ "Eighth National Poll: Ukraine in War Conditions (April 6, 2022)" (in Ukrainian).
  17. ^ a b c "Out of Sight: Decommunisation as a Way to Decolonise the Visual Space of Ukrainian Cities". The Ukrainian Week. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
  18. ^ Hyde, Lily (20 April 2015). "Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  19. ^ Steve Rosenberg (19 August 2016), The Russians with fond memories of the USSR, BBC News, archived from the original on 21 August 2016, retrieved 20 August 2016
  20. ^ Lucy Ash (1 May 2016), The rape of Berlin, BBC News, retrieved 1 June 2016

Books

Articles and reviews