Naturmuseum Senckenberg: Difference between revisions

Naturmuseum Senckenberg
	The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in 2012
Former name	Öffentliches Naturalienkabinett
Established	1821/1907
Location	Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, Germany
Coordinates	50°07′03″N 8°39′06″E / 50.11750°N 8.65167°E
Type	Natural history
Key holdings	Triceratops (skulls), Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036, Psittacosaurus SMF R 4970, Diplodocus SMF R 462, Placodus gigas SMF R 1035, Eurohippus messelensis SMF ME 11034, Dodo, Quagga
Collections	Dinosaurs, Insects, Birds, Reptils, Mammals, Human evolution, Messel Research
Collection size	40,800,000 specimens; 10,000 exhibits;
Visitors	220,740 (2021) ; 196,160 (2020) ; 398,754 (2019) ; 363,244 (2018) ;
Founder	Senckenberg Nature Research Society, (namesake: Johann Christian Senckenberg)
Director	Brigitte Franzen
Architect	Ludwig Neher
Owner	Senckenberg Nature Research Society
Employees	843
Public transit access	Bockenheimer Warte (3 min); Frankfurt West station (10 min); 32 Senckenbergmuseum;
Website	museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de

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The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF)^[7] is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.^[8] Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity".^[9] As of 2019^[update], the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.^[10]

History

In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.^[11]^[12] Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, German: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association.^[13]^[14]^[15] Soon after, Johann Georg Neuburg [de] donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.^[14] The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.^[a]^[17] Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm,^[18] the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.^[19]In 1896 a mummified Egyptian child in their collection (inventory number ÄS 18) was the subject of the first mummy X-ray.^[20] During World War II, the building was partly destroyed.^[b] However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.^[14]

Building

The neo-baroque building^[21] housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by Ludwig Neher [de] outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914.^[22] The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.^[23] The exhibition area covers 6,000 m² (65,000 sq ft).^[24]

Floor plans of the basement, ground floor and first floor of the Senckenberg Museum at the time of construction, published 1908
Cross section through the main axis of the Senckenberg Museum, published 1908

Source:^[25]

Expansion plans

As of 2018^[update], the museum has been expanded to 10,000 m² (110,000 sq ft).^[c]^[27] New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.^[28]^[29]

Directors

2021–present Brigitte Franzen [de]^[30]

Collections

The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant^[31] and geology^[32] exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.

Dinosaurs

Diplodocus

Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming,^[33]^[34] donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907,^[16]^[35]^[36] The 18 m (59 ft) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).^[33]^[37]

Psittacosaurus

As of 2022^[update], a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.^[38]^[39]^[40] The specimen was first reported in 2002.^[39]^[41] The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.^[38] A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.^[38]^[42] In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.^[43]^[44]^[45] In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.^[39]^[46] A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.^[47]^[48]

Edmontosaurus and Triceratops

Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming.^[49]^[50]^[51] and two Triceratops skulls.^[52]^[10] The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century.^[53]^[54] The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops,^[10] the museum's mascot.^[55]

Casts

Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex^[d] and Diplodocus longus (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.^[34]

Further casts or single bones:^[34]

Birds

A living reconstruction of the extinkt dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.^[56] Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).^[57]^[58] This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.^[58]

Reptiles

Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits.^[59] Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.^[60]

Messel research

The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit,^[61] Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,^[62] among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm (24 in) tall.^[63]^[64]^[65] In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare.^[66]^[67]^[68] Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.^[69]

Mammals

Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.^[70]^[71]

The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).^[72]

Human evolution

Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy,^[e] an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis.^[74] The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.^[74]

Gallery

Original Triceratops skulls
Reconstructed skeleton of Giganotosaurus carolinii
Original Diplodocus
Original Edmontosaurus mummy
Original Psittacosaurus
Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) devours a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
Original Messel fossil Eurohippus messelensis, primeval horse
Reconstructed skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy")

Notes

^ The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.^[16]
^ Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II, on 22 March 1944.^[14]
^ Including buildings Alte Physik (south) and Jügelbau (north) by architect Peter Kulka.^[26]
^ Copy of a Tyrannosaurus located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.^[10]
^ The original Lucy is stored in a safe at the National Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.^[73]

References

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External links

Official website (in German and English)
"Senckenberg Naturmuseum". Museumsufer Frankfurt. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
"Senckenberg Nature Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
Das neue Senckenberg-Museum erklärt on YouTube (in German)
Naturmuseum Senckenberg's channel on YouTube

[17] The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.^[16]

[22] Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II, on 22 March 1944.^[14]

[29] Including buildings Alte Physik (south) and Jügelbau (north) by architect Peter Kulka.^[26]

[59] Copy of a Tyrannosaurus located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.^[10]

[78] The original Lucy is stored in a safe at the National Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.^[73]

[Naturmuseum_Senckenberg-2022-1] SENCKENBERG ANNUAL REPORT 2021 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Süddeutsche.de-2021-2] "20 von 10.000: Senckenberg-Museum zeigt Wandel in 200 Jahren". Süddeutsche.de (in German). dpa. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

[Naturmuseum_Senckenberg-3-3] SENCKENBERG 2020 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[Naturmuseum_Senckenberg-2-4] SENCKENBERG 2019 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[Naturmuseum_Senckenberg-5] SENCKENBERG 2018 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[Süddeutsche.de-2020-6] "Brigitte Franzen übernimmt Leitung des Senckenberg-Museums". Süddeutsche.de (in German). dpa. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Sabaj-2020-7] Sabaj, Mark Henry (14 October 2020). "Codes for Natural History Collections in Ichthyology and Herpetology". Copeia. 108 (3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH). doi:10.1643/asihcodons2020. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 225328378.

[8] Eiff, Doris von (3 February 2011). "Besucherzahlen im Senckenberg Naturmuseum weiter auf hohem Niveau". Informationsdienst Wissenschaft. Idw-online.de. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

[9] Benn, Roland (16 November 2022). "Das Haus der Evolutionäre". Die Zeit (in German). Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Der_Spiegel-2019-10] "Deutschlands beste Dino-Ausstellungen: Senckenberg". Der Spiegel (in German). 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Deutsche_Welle-11] "200 Jahre Senckenberg-Gesellschaft – Naturkunde für Jung und Alt – 22.11.2017". Deutsche Welle (in German). Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Internet_Archive-2022-12] "Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main : Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Bundesministerium_für_Bildung_und_Forschung_–_BMBF-2017-13] "Senckenberg Gesellschaft feiert 200. Geburtstag". Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF (in German). 18 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

[Senckenberg_Society_for_Nature_Research-2021-14] "Historie". Senckenberg Society for Nature Research. 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[Leibniz-Gemeinschaft-15] "Leibniz-Gemeinschaft: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung". Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (in German). Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

[Naumberg-1931-16] Naumberg, Elsie M. B. (1931). "The Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort-on-Main, Germany". The Auk. 48 (3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 379–384. doi:10.2307/4076482. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4076482.

[Senckenberg_Museum_Frankfurt-2021-18] "Museum for Tomorrow 200 Jahre Museum · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt". Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt. 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Museum of natural history in Frankfurt}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
 {{Infobox museum
 | name            = Naturmuseum Senckenberg
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | alt             =
 | caption         = The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in 2012
-| mapframe-zoom   = 12
 | map_type        =
 | map_relief      =
 | map_size        =
 | map_caption     =
+| mapframe-zoom   = 14
 | coordinates     = {{coord|50|07|03|N|8|39|06|E|region:DE_type:landmark|display=title, inline}}
 | former_name     = Öffentliches Naturalienkabinett
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 | accreditation   =
 | key_holdings    = ''[[Triceratops]]'' (skulls), [[Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036|''Edmontosaurus'' mummy SMF R 4036]], [[Psittacosaurus|''Psittacosaurus'' SMF R 4970]], [[Diplodocus|''Diplodocus'' SMF R 462]], [[Placodus gigas|''Placodus gigas'' SMF R 1035]], [[Eurohippus messelensis|''Eurohippus messelensis'' SMF ME 11034]], [[Dodo]], [[Quagga]]
-| collections     = Dinosaurs, Insects, Birds, Mammals, Human evolution, [[Messel pit|Messel Research]]
+| collections     = Dinosaurs, Insects, Birds, Reptils, Mammals, Human evolution, [[Messel pit|Messel Research]]
 | collection_size = {{ubl|40,800,000 specimens<ref name="Naturmuseum Senckenberg-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://www.senckenberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/JB_2021_final.pdf |title=SENCKENBERG ANNUAL REPORT 2021 |date=May 2022 |publisher=Naturmuseum Senckenberg |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230163708/https://www.senckenberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/JB_2021_final.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> | 10,000 exhibits<ref name="Süddeutsche.de-2021">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=20 von 10.000: Senckenberg-Museum zeigt Wandel in 200 Jahren |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/museen-frankfurt-am-main-20-von-10-000-senckenberg-museum-zeigt-wandel-in-200-jahren-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210629-99-189130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103115318/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/museen-frankfurt-am-main-20-von-10-000-senckenberg-museum-zeigt-wandel-in-200-jahren-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210629-99-189130 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]] |language=de |agency=dpa}}</ref>}}
 | employees       = 843
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 }}
-The '''Naturmuseum Senckenberg''' ('''{{abbr|SMF|Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}''')<ref name="Sabaj-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Sabaj |first=Mark Henry |date=14 October 2020 |title=Codes for Natural History Collections in Ichthyology and Herpetology |journal=Copeia |publisher=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) |volume=108 |issue=3 |doi=10.1643/asihcodons2020 |issn=0045-8511 |s2cid=225328378}}</ref> is a museum of [[natural history]], located in [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]]. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the [[Senckenberg Nature Research Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eiff |first=Doris von |date=3 February 2011 |title=Besucherzahlen im Senckenberg Naturmuseum weiter auf hohem Niveau |url=http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news407597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212160345/http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news407597 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=2 January 2013 |website=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft |publisher=Idw-online.de}}</ref> Senckenberg's slogan is "World of [[biodiversity]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benn |first=Roland |date=16 November 2022 |title=Das Haus der Evolutionäre |url=https://www.zeit.de/entdecken/reisen/merian/senckenbergmuseum-fossilien-forschung-evolution-frankfurt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230210320/https://www.zeit.de/entdecken/reisen/merian/senckenbergmuseum-fossilien-forschung-evolution-frankfurt |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref> {{asof|2019}}, the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.<ref name="Der Spiegel-2019" />
+The '''Naturmuseum Senckenberg''' ('''{{abbr|SMF|Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}''')<ref name="Sabaj-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Sabaj |first=Mark Henry |date=14 October 2020 |title=Codes for Natural History Collections in Ichthyology and Herpetology |journal=Copeia |publisher=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) |volume=108 |issue=3 |doi=10.1643/asihcodons2020 |issn=0045-8511 |s2cid=225328378|doi-access=free }}</ref> is a museum of [[natural history]], located in [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]]. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the [[Senckenberg Nature Research Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eiff |first=Doris von |date=3 February 2011 |title=Besucherzahlen im Senckenberg Naturmuseum weiter auf hohem Niveau |url=http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news407597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212160345/http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news407597 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=2 January 2013 |website=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft |publisher=Idw-online.de}}</ref> Senckenberg's slogan is "world of [[biodiversity]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benn |first=Roland |date=16 November 2022 |title=Das Haus der Evolutionäre |url=https://www.zeit.de/entdecken/reisen/merian/senckenbergmuseum-fossilien-forschung-evolution-frankfurt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230210320/https://www.zeit.de/entdecken/reisen/merian/senckenbergmuseum-fossilien-forschung-evolution-frankfurt |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref> {{asof|2019}}, the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.<ref name="Der Spiegel-2019" />
 == History ==
-In 1763, [[Johann Christian Senckenberg]] donated 95,000 [[guilder]]s–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{Cite web |title=200 Jahre Senckenberg-Gesellschaft – Naturkunde für Jung und Alt – 22.11.2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/200-jahre-senckenberg-gesellschaft-naturkunde-f%C3%BCr-jung-und-alt/g-41425697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230134950/https://www.dw.com/de/200-jahre-senckenberg-gesellschaft-naturkunde-f%C3%BCr-jung-und-alt/g-41425697 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Internet Archive-2022">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main : Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/berichtdersencke4849senc |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, in Senckenberg's memory, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the  non-profit [[Senckenberg Nature Research Society]] (in German: ''Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung'' (SGN)),which is a member of the [[Leibniz Association]].<ref name="Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF-2017">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2017 |title=Senckenberg Gesellschaft feiert 200. Geburtstag |url=https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/kurzmeldungen/de/senckenberg-gesellschaft-feiert-200-geburtstag.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105230/https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/kurzmeldungen/de/senckenberg-gesellschaft-feiert-200-geburtstag.html |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021" /><ref name="Leibniz-Gemeinschaft">{{Cite web |title=Leibniz-Gemeinschaft: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |url=https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/institute/leibniz-institute-alle-listen/senckenberg-gesellschaft-fuer-naturforschung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102124454/https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/institute/leibniz-institute-alle-listen/senckenberg-gesellschaft-fuer-naturforschung |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Leibniz-Gemeinschaft |language=de}}</ref> Soon after, {{ill|Johann Georg Neuburg|de|Johann Georg Neuburg (Mediziner)}} donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Historie |url=https://www.senckenberg.de/de/ueber-uns/historie-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230135628/https://www.senckenberg.de/de/ueber-uns/historie-2/ |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Society for Nature Research}}</ref> The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.{{efn|The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.<ref name="Naumberg-1931" />}}<ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2021">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=Museum for Tomorrow 200 Jahre Museum · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/pressemeldungen/museum-for-tomorrow-200-jahre-museum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230203754/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/pressemeldungen/museum-for-tomorrow-200-jahre-museum/ |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}</ref> initially located near the [[Eschenheimer Turm]],<ref name="Deutsche Biographie">{{Cite web |title=Senckenberg, Johann Christian |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz80030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230135547/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz80030.html |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Deutsche Biographie |language=de}}</ref> the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Geschichte der Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/historie-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303174532/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/historie-2/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |language=de-DE}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the building was partly destroyed.{{efn|[[Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II]], on 22 March 1944.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021" />}} However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021" />
+In 1763, [[Johann Christian Senckenberg]] donated 95,000 [[guilder]]s–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{Cite web |title=200 Jahre Senckenberg-Gesellschaft – Naturkunde für Jung und Alt – 22.11.2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/200-jahre-senckenberg-gesellschaft-naturkunde-f%C3%BCr-jung-und-alt/g-41425697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230134950/https://www.dw.com/de/200-jahre-senckenberg-gesellschaft-naturkunde-f%C3%BCr-jung-und-alt/g-41425697 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Internet Archive-2022">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main : Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/berichtdersencke4849senc |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit [[Senckenberg Nature Research Society]], {{lang-de|link=no|Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung}} (SGN), which is a member of the [[Leibniz Association]].<ref name="Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF-2017">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2017 |title=Senckenberg Gesellschaft feiert 200. Geburtstag |url=https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/kurzmeldungen/de/senckenberg-gesellschaft-feiert-200-geburtstag.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105230/https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/kurzmeldungen/de/senckenberg-gesellschaft-feiert-200-geburtstag.html |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021" /><ref name="Leibniz-Gemeinschaft">{{Cite web |title=Leibniz-Gemeinschaft: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |url=https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/institute/leibniz-institute-alle-listen/senckenberg-gesellschaft-fuer-naturforschung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102124454/https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/institute/leibniz-institute-alle-listen/senckenberg-gesellschaft-fuer-naturforschung |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Leibniz-Gemeinschaft |language=de}}</ref> Soon after, {{ill|Johann Georg Neuburg|de|Johann Georg Neuburg (Mediziner)}} donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Historie |url=https://www.senckenberg.de/de/ueber-uns/historie-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230135628/https://www.senckenberg.de/de/ueber-uns/historie-2/ |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Society for Nature Research}}</ref> The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.{{efn|The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.<ref name="Naumberg-1931" />}}<ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2021">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=Museum for Tomorrow 200 Jahre Museum · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/pressemeldungen/museum-for-tomorrow-200-jahre-museum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230203754/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/pressemeldungen/museum-for-tomorrow-200-jahre-museum/ |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}</ref> Initially located near the [[Eschenheimer Turm]],<ref name="Deutsche Biographie">{{Cite web |title=Senckenberg, Johann Christian |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz80030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230135547/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz80030.html |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Deutsche Biographie |language=de}}</ref> the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Geschichte der Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/historie-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303174532/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/historie-2/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |language=de-DE}}</ref>In 1896 a mummified Egyptian child in their collection (inventory number ÄS 18) was the subject of the first mummy X-ray.<ref name=Zesch>{{cite journal | last=Zesch | first=Stephanie | last2=Panzer | first2=Stephanie | last3=Rosendahl | first3=Wilfried | last4=Nance | first4=John W | last5=Schönberg | first5=Stefan O | last6=Henzler | first6=Thomas | title=From first to latest imaging technology: Revisiting the first mummy investigated with X-ray in 1896 by using dual-source computed tomography | journal=European Journal of Radiology Open | volume=3 | date=2016 | pmid=27504475 | pmc=4968187 | doi=10.1016/j.ejro.2016.07.002 | pages=172–181}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the building was partly destroyed.{{efn|[[Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II]], on 22 March 1944.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021" />}} However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2021" />
 == Building ==
 The [[Baroque Revival architecture|neo-baroque]] building<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zoske |first=Sascha |date=8 November 2003 |title=Senckenberg-Museum: Hausputz bei den Sauriern |language=de |work=[[FAZ.NET]] |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/senckenberg-museum-hausputz-bei-den-sauriern-1132977.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230142107/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/senckenberg-museum-hausputz-bei-den-sauriern-1132977.html |archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by {{ill|Ludwig Neher|de}} outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main|Johann Wolfgang Goethe University]], which was founded in 1914.<ref name="Schweiger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schweiger |first=Doris |date=29 January 2018 |title=Das "Senckenberg Naturmuseum" in Frankfurt am Main |url=https://www.meinbezirk.at/amstetten/c-reisen/das-senckenberg-naturmuseum-in-frankfurt-am-main_a2389940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230145957/https://www.meinbezirk.at/amstetten/c-reisen/das-senckenberg-naturmuseum-in-frankfurt-am-main_a2389940 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=MeinBezirk.at |language=de}}</ref> The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johann Christian Senckenberg und seine Stiftung |url=https://www.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/ueber/senckenberg_biographie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714082508/http://www.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/ueber/senckenberg_biographie.html |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=www.ub.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref> The exhibition area covers {{convert|6000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2021-2">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2021 |title=Start einer neuen Ära · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/projekt-neues-museum/start-einer-neuen-aera/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103221/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/projekt-neues-museum/start-einer-neuen-aera/ |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |language=de}}</ref>
-<gallery mode=packed heights="180px">
+<gallery mode=packed heights="160px">
 Ludwig Neher, Senckenberg-Museum (Grundrisse UG, EG und 1. OG).tif|Floor plans of the basement, ground floor and first floor of the Senckenberg Museum at the time of construction, published 1908
 Ludwig Neher, Senckenberg-Museum (Querschnitt durch die Hauptachse).tif|Cross section through the main axis of the Senckenberg Museum, published 1908
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 === Expansion plans ===
-{{asof|2021}}, the museum will be expanded to {{convert|10000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}},{{efn|Architect: {{ill|Peter Kulka|de}}}} with the new sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Das neue Senckenberg: Mehr Platz für die großen Fragen |url=https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-04/29/senckenberg-museums-sanierung-und-erweiterung-kommt-voran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231205335/https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-04/29/senckenberg-museums-sanierung-und-erweiterung-kommt-voran |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de |agency=dpa}}</ref><ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2020-3">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Kickoff into a new era · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/the-new-museum/kickoff-into-a-new-era/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231210339/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/the-new-museum/kickoff-into-a-new-era/ |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}</ref>
+{{asof|2018}}, the museum has been expanded to {{convert|10000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}.{{efn|Including buildings ''Alte Physik'' (south) and ''Jügelbau'' (north) by architect [[Peter Kulka]].<ref name="Peter Kulka 2018 e726">{{cite web | title=Senckenberg | website=Peter Kulka | date=11 December 2018 | url=https://www.peterkulka.de/neugestaltung-senckenberg | language=de | access-date=11 December 2023 | archive-date=12 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212101742/https://www.peterkulka.de/neugestaltung-senckenberg | url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="DAM-Preis f262">{{cite web | title=DAM Preis 2020 | website=DAM-Preis | url=https://www.dam-preis.de/de/81/archiv/dam-preis-2020/nominierungen/?action=detail&id=536 | language=de | access-date=11 December 2023 | archive-date=11 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211171518/https://www.dam-preis.de/de/81/archiv/dam-preis-2020/nominierungen/?action=detail&id=536 | url-status=live }}</ref> New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Das neue Senckenberg: Mehr Platz für die großen Fragen |url=https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-04/29/senckenberg-museums-sanierung-und-erweiterung-kommt-voran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231205335/https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-04/29/senckenberg-museums-sanierung-und-erweiterung-kommt-voran |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de |agency=dpa}}</ref><ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2020-3">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Kickoff into a new era – Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/the-new-museum/kickoff-into-a-new-era/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231210339/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/the-new-museum/kickoff-into-a-new-era/ |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}</ref>
 == Directors ==
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 ====''Psittacosaurus''====
-{{asof|2022}}, a key holding is a fossilized ''[[Psittacosaurus]]'' (specimen SMF R 4970) from [[Liaoning]], China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.<ref name="Mayr-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Gerald |last2=Peters |first2=Stefan |last3=Plodowski |first3=Gerhard |last4=Vogel |first4=Olaf |date=1 August 2002 |title=Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus |journal=Naturwissenschaften |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=89 |issue=8 |pages=361–365 |bibcode=2002NW.....89..361M |doi=10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 |issn=0028-1042 |pmid=12435037 |s2cid=17781405}}</ref><ref name="Bell-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Phil R. |last2=Hendrickx |first2=Christophe |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Kaye |first4=Thomas G. |last5=Mayr |first5=Gerald |date=12 August 2022 |title=The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs |journal=Communications Biology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=809 |doi=10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=9374759 |pmid=35962036}}</ref><ref name="Vinther-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Vinther |first=Jakob |last2=Nicholls |first2=Robert |last3=Lautenschlager |first3=Stephan |last4=Pittman |first4=Michael |last5=Kaye |first5=Thomas G. |last6=Rayfield |first6=Emily |last7=Mayr |first7=Gerald |last8=Cuthill |first8=Innes C. |year=2016 |title=3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur |journal=Current Biology |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=2456–2462 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.065 |issn=0960-9822 |pmc=5049543 |pmid=27641767}}</ref> The specimen was first reported in 2002.<ref name="Bell-2022" /><ref name="Greshko 2023 w437">{{cite web | last=Greshko | first=Michael | title=A dinosaur ‘belly button’? This 130 million-year-old fossil reveals that—and more | website=Premium | date=11 July 2023 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/psittacosaurus-dinosaur-fossil-skin-belly-button | access-date=6 December 2023 | archive-date=23 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923132242/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/psittacosaurus-dinosaur-fossil-skin-belly-button | url-status=live }}</ref> The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.<ref name="Mayr-2002" /> A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.<ref name="Mayr-2002" /><ref name="Dalton-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Dalton |first=Rex |year=2001 |title=Wandering Chinese fossil turns up at museum |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=414 |issue=6864 |pages=571 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..571D |doi=10.1038/414571a |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11740516 |s2cid=161099010}}</ref> In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.<ref name="Vinther-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Vinther |first=Jakob |last2=Nicholls |first2=Robert |last3=Kelly |first3=Diane A. |year=2021 |title=A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur |journal=Current Biology |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=R182–R183 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.039 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=33472049 |s2cid=231644183}}</ref><ref name="Sci.News: Breaking Science News-2021">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Paleontologists Reconstruct Cloacal Opening of Non-Avian Dinosaur - Paleontology |url=https://www.sci.news/paleontology/psittacosaurus-cloacal-opening-09272.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103191024/https://www.sci.news/paleontology/psittacosaurus-cloacal-opening-09272.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Sci.News: Breaking Science News}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times-2021">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Finally in 3-D: A Dinosaur's All-Purpose Orifice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/science/dinosaur-cloaca-fossil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103191356/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/science/dinosaur-cloaca-fossil.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.<ref name="Bell-2022" /><ref name="Lamm-2022">{{Cite web |last=Lamm |first=Lisa |last2=Geographic |first2=National |date=5 July 2022 |title=Erstmals Bauchnabel in Dino-Fossil gefunden |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.de/tiere/2022/07/erstmals-bauchnabel-in-dino-fossil-gefunden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103190550/https://www.nationalgeographic.de/tiere/2022/07/erstmals-bauchnabel-in-dino-fossil-gefunden |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=National Geographic |language=de}}</ref> A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist [[Robert Nicholls (artist)|Robert Nicholls]].<ref name="Patalong-2016">{{Cite web |last=Patalong |first=Frank |date=15 September 2016 |title=Forscher rekonstruieren Psittacosaurus |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/forscher-rekonstruieren-psittacosaurus-a-1112428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103223116/https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/forscher-rekonstruieren-psittacosaurus-a-1112428.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Panciroli-2016">{{Cite web |last=Panciroli |first=Elsa |date=14 September 2016 |title=Scientists reveal most accurate depiction of a dinosaur ever created |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/14/scientists-reveal-most-accurate-depiction-of-a-dinosaur-ever-created |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220124921/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/14/scientists-reveal-most-accurate-depiction-of-a-dinosaur-ever-created |archive-date=20 December 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
+{{asof|2022}}, a key holding is a fossilized ''[[Psittacosaurus]]'' (specimen SMF R 4970) from [[Liaoning]], China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.<ref name="Mayr-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Gerald |last2=Peters |first2=Stefan |last3=Plodowski |first3=Gerhard |last4=Vogel |first4=Olaf |date=1 August 2002 |title=Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus |journal=Naturwissenschaften |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=89 |issue=8 |pages=361–365 |bibcode=2002NW.....89..361M |doi=10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 |issn=0028-1042 |pmid=12435037 |s2cid=17781405}}</ref><ref name="Bell-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Phil R. |last2=Hendrickx |first2=Christophe |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Kaye |first4=Thomas G. |last5=Mayr |first5=Gerald |date=12 August 2022 |title=The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs |journal=Communications Biology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=809 |doi=10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=9374759 |pmid=35962036}}</ref><ref name="Vinther-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Vinther |first=Jakob |last2=Nicholls |first2=Robert |last3=Lautenschlager |first3=Stephan |last4=Pittman |first4=Michael |last5=Kaye |first5=Thomas G. |last6=Rayfield |first6=Emily |last7=Mayr |first7=Gerald |last8=Cuthill |first8=Innes C. |year=2016 |title=3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur |journal=Current Biology |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=2456–2462 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.065 |issn=0960-9822 |pmc=5049543 |pmid=27641767}}</ref> The specimen was first reported in 2002.<ref name="Bell-2022" /><ref name="Greshko 2023 w437">{{cite web | last=Greshko | first=Michael | title=A dinosaur 'belly button'? This 130 million-year-old fossil reveals that—and more | website=Premium | date=11 July 2023 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/psittacosaurus-dinosaur-fossil-skin-belly-button | access-date=6 December 2023 | archive-date=23 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923132242/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/psittacosaurus-dinosaur-fossil-skin-belly-button | url-status=live }}</ref> The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.<ref name="Mayr-2002" /> A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.<ref name="Mayr-2002" /><ref name="Dalton-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Dalton |first=Rex |year=2001 |title=Wandering Chinese fossil turns up at museum |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=414 |issue=6864 |pages=571 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..571D |doi=10.1038/414571a |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11740516 |s2cid=161099010|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.<ref name="Vinther-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Vinther |first=Jakob |last2=Nicholls |first2=Robert |last3=Kelly |first3=Diane A. |year=2021 |title=A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur |journal=Current Biology |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=R182–R183 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.039 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=33472049 |s2cid=231644183|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Sci.News: Breaking Science News-2021">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Paleontologists Reconstruct Cloacal Opening of Non-Avian Dinosaur - Paleontology |url=https://www.sci.news/paleontology/psittacosaurus-cloacal-opening-09272.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103191024/https://www.sci.news/paleontology/psittacosaurus-cloacal-opening-09272.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Sci.News: Breaking Science News}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times-2021">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Finally in 3-D: A Dinosaur's All-Purpose Orifice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/science/dinosaur-cloaca-fossil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103191356/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/science/dinosaur-cloaca-fossil.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.<ref name="Bell-2022" /><ref name="Lamm-2022">{{Cite web |last=Lamm |first=Lisa |date=5 July 2022 |title=Erstmals Bauchnabel in Dino-Fossil gefunden |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.de/tiere/2022/07/erstmals-bauchnabel-in-dino-fossil-gefunden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103190550/https://www.nationalgeographic.de/tiere/2022/07/erstmals-bauchnabel-in-dino-fossil-gefunden |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=National Geographic |language=de}}</ref> A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist [[Robert Nicholls (artist)|Robert Nicholls]].<ref name="Patalong-2016">{{Cite web |last=Patalong |first=Frank |date=15 September 2016 |title=Forscher rekonstruieren Psittacosaurus |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/forscher-rekonstruieren-psittacosaurus-a-1112428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103223116/https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/forscher-rekonstruieren-psittacosaurus-a-1112428.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Panciroli-2016">{{Cite web |last=Panciroli |first=Elsa |date=14 September 2016 |title=Scientists reveal most accurate depiction of a dinosaur ever created |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/14/scientists-reveal-most-accurate-depiction-of-a-dinosaur-ever-created |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220124921/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/14/scientists-reveal-most-accurate-depiction-of-a-dinosaur-ever-created |archive-date=20 December 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
 ====''Edmontosaurus'' and ''Triceratops''====
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 ====Casts====
-Big public attractions also include the casts of ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''{{efn|Copy of a ''Tyrannosaurus'' located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.<ref name="Der Spiegel-2019" />}} (in front of the museum), an ''[[Iguanodon]]'', the crested [[Hadrosaur]] ''[[Parasaurolophus]]'' and an ''[[Oviraptor]]''.<ref name="Dinosaurier machen Schule" />
+Big public attractions also include the casts of ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''{{efn|Copy of a ''Tyrannosaurus'' located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.<ref name="Der Spiegel-2019" />}} and ''[[Diplodocus longus]]'' (in front of the museum), an ''[[Iguanodon]]'', the crested [[Hadrosaur]] ''[[Parasaurolophus]]'' and an ''[[Oviraptor]]''.<ref name="Dinosaurier machen Schule" />
 Further casts or single bones:<ref name="Dinosaurier machen Schule" />
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 ===Birds===
-A living reconstruction of the extinkt [[dodo]] is shown in a permanent exhibition.<ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2020-4">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=Dodo · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/ausstellung/dauerausstellungen/dodo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102110211/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/ausstellung/dauerausstellungen/dodo/ |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}</ref> Additionally to the extensive display collection, the museum contains a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).<ref name="Natural History Museum">{{Cite web |title=Electronic inventory of European bird collections : The Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/collections/zoological-collections/ebeac/details.html?colId=452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133318/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/collections/zoological-collections/ebeac/details.html?colId=452 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Natural History Museum}}</ref><ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2019">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=FFM Ornithology: Collection |url=https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-terrestrial-zoology/section-ornithology-2/ornithology-collection-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101150421/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-terrestrial-zoology/section-ornithology-2/ornithology-collection-2/ |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Senckenberg Society for Nature Research}}</ref> This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2019" />
+A living reconstruction of the extinkt [[dodo]] and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.<ref name="Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt-2020-4">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=Dodo · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt |url=https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/ausstellung/dauerausstellungen/dodo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102110211/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/ausstellung/dauerausstellungen/dodo/ |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}</ref> Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).<ref name="Natural History Museum">{{Cite web |title=Electronic inventory of European bird collections : The Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/collections/zoological-collections/ebeac/details.html?colId=452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133318/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/collections/zoological-collections/ebeac/details.html?colId=452 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Natural History Museum}}</ref><ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2019">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=FFM Ornithology: Collection |url=https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-terrestrial-zoology/section-ornithology-2/ornithology-collection-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101150421/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-terrestrial-zoology/section-ornithology-2/ornithology-collection-2/ |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Senckenberg Society for Nature Research}}</ref> This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.<ref name="Senckenberg Society for Nature Research-2019" />
 ===Reptiles===
@@ Line 161: / Line 161: @@
 ==Further reading==
 * {{Cite book |last=Natur-Museum und Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg |title=Senckenberg Natural History Museum of the Senckenberg Natural History Research Society : [guide-book]. |date=1972 |publisher=Kramer |isbn=978-3-7829-1039-2 |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |oclc=1256488478}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Willi |title=Naturmuseum Senckenberg Führer durch d. Ausstellungen |date=1987 |isbn=978-3-7829-1108-5 |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |oclc=74831798}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Willi |title=Naturmuseum Senckenberg Führer durch d. Ausstellungen |date=1987 |isbn=978-3-7829-1108-5 |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |publisher=Kramer |language=de |oclc=74831798}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Senckenberg. Naturforschende Ges. |first=Frankfurt a. Main |title=Natur-Museum Senckenberg |date=1972 |isbn=978-3-7829-1040-8 |publication-place=Frankfurt (am Main) |language=de |oclc=74134133}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Senckenberg. Naturforschende Ges. |first=Frankfurt a. Main |publisher=Kramer |title=Natur-Museum Senckenberg |date=1972 |isbn=978-3-7829-1040-8 |publication-place=Frankfurt (am Main) |language=de |oclc=74134133}}
 * {{Cite web |last=Stillbauer |first=Thomas |date=29 April 2021 |title=Frankfurt: Senckenberg wächst enorm |url=https://www.fr.de/frankfurt/frankfurt-senckenberg-waechst-enorm-90481938.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}
 * {{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Das neue Senckenberg: Mehr Platz für die großen Fragen |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/museen-frankfurt-am-main-das-neue-senckenberg-mehr-platz-fuer-die-grossen-fragen-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210429-99-398572 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]] |language=de}}
 * {{Cite web |title=150 Jahre Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt, 28. Oktober 1967 |url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/xsrec/current/1/sn/edb/mode/base?q=YToxOntzOjQ6InplaXQiO3M6MTA6IjI4LjEwLjE5NjciO30= |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Zeitgeschichte in Hessen |language=de |ref={{sfnref|Zeitgeschichte in Hessen}}}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Scholz |first=Joachim |title=Briefe an die Lebenden Geschichten aus dem Senckenberg-Museum : verfasst anlässlich des 200-jährigen Jubiläums der Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |last2=Afshar |first2=Karin |last3=Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-929907-93-3 |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |oclc=986511315}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Scholz |first=Joachim |title=Briefe an die Lebenden Geschichten aus dem Senckenberg-Museum |last2=Afshar |first2=Karin |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |publisher=Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-929907-93-3 |language=de |oclc=986511315}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Baumann |first=Margret |title=200 Jahre Senckenberg. Die Zeit von 1993–2017 |last2=Bauer |first2=Friederike |last3=Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |last4=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung |first4=Nägele und Obermiller |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-510-61416-5 |publication-place=Stuttgart |language=de |oclc=1192503441}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Baumann |first=Margret |title=200 Jahre Senckenberg. Die Zeit von 1993–2017 |last2=Bauer |first2=Friederike |last3=Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |publication-place=Stuttgart |publisher=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Nägele und Obermiller |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-510-61416-5 |language=de |oclc=1192503441}}
 * {{Cite web |last=Kühl |first=Stefan |last2=Müller |first2=Vera |last3=Wolff |first3=Birgitta |title=Museum für Dodo, Dinos und Menschheits-Fragen |url=https://www.forschung-und-lehre.de/zeitfragen/museum-fuer-dodo-dinos-und-menschheits-fragen-3880 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Forschung & Lehre |language=de}}
 * {{Cite web |date=22 November 2017 |title=Vor 200 Jahren gegründet: Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft – Mit Bürgersinn der Natur auf der Spur |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-200-jahren-gegruendet-die-senckenbergische-100.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk]] |language=de |ref={{sfnref|Deutschlandfunk|2017}}}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Mosbrugger |first=Volker |title=Auge in Auge mit der Natur Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt |last2=Dürr |first2=Sören |last3=Havlik |first3=Philipe |last4=Herkner |first4=Bernd |last5=Moll |first5=Valentina |last6=Neitscher |first6=Eva |last7=Rossmanith |first7=Eva |last8=Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |date=2015 |isbn=978-3-929907-90-2 |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |oclc=926153922}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Mosbrugger |first=Volker |title=Auge in Auge mit der Natur Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt |last2=Dürr |first2=Sören |last3=Havlik |first3=Philipe |last4=Herkner |first4=Bernd |last5=Moll |first5=Valentina |last6=Neitscher |first6=Eva |last7=Rossmanith |first7=Eva |publication-place=Frankfurt am Main |publisher=Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung |date=2015 |isbn=978-3-929907-90-2 |language=de |oclc=926153922}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Nigge |first=Klaus |title=Vogelwelten : Expeditionen ins Museum |last2=Schulze-Hagen |first2=Karl |last3=Fiebig |first3=Jürgen |last4=Vogel |first4=Johannes |last5=von dem Knesebeck GmbH et Co. Verlag KG |date=2022 |isbn=978-3-95728-410-5 |publication-place=München |language=de |oclc=1350778543}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Nigge |first=Klaus |title=Vogelwelten : Expeditionen ins Museum |last2=Schulze-Hagen |first2=Karl |last3=Fiebig |first3=Jürgen |last4=Vogel |first4=Johannes |publication-place=München |publisher=Knesebeck GmbH et Co. Verlag KG |date=2022 |isbn=978-3-95728-410-5 |language=de |oclc=1350778543}}
 * {{Cite web |last=Patalong |first=Frank |date=5 February 2020 |title=So wird ein Dino zusammengesetzt |url=https://www.spiegel.de/deinspiegel/so-wird-ein-dino-skelett-zusammengesetzt-a-3a6df816-61cb-40a1-b3a2-d47dc3a17f99 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de}}
 * {{Cite web |date=30 September 2012 |title=Blick hinter die Kulissen der Messel-Forschung |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/blick-hinter-die-kulissen-der-messel-forschung-a-852958.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de}}
@@ Line 182: / Line 182: @@
 {{wikispecies|SMF|Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt}}
 * {{Official website|https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/}} {{in lang|de|en}}
-* {{Cite web |title=DE-MUS-047910 |url=https://sigel.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/suche?isil=DE-MUS-047910 |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=Deutsche ISIL-Agentur und Sigelstelle |language=de}}
 * {{Cite web |title=Senckenberg Naturmuseum |url=https://www.museumsufer.de/en/all-museums/senckenberg-naturmuseum/ |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=Museumsufer Frankfurt}}
 * {{Cite web |title=Senckenberg Nature Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/senckenberg-nature-museum-frankfurt |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Google Arts & Culture |ref={{sfnref|Google Arts & Culture}}}}

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