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40°46′27″N 73°58′16″W / 40.774123°N 73.971135°W / 40.774123; -73.971135

Notable buildings and structures of Central Park. Click on the map and then on the points for details.

Bethesda Terrace and Fountain are two architectural features overlooking the southern shore of the Lake in New York City's Central Park. The fountain, with its Angel of the Waters statue, is located in the center of the terrace.

Bethesda Terrace's two levels are united by two grand staircases and a lesser one that passes under Terrace Drive. They provide passage southward to the Central Park Mall and Naumburg Bandshell at the center of the park. The upper terrace flanks the 72nd Street Cross Drive and the lower terrace provides a podium for viewing the Lake. The mustard-olive colored carved stone is New Brunswick sandstone, with a harder stone for cappings, with granite steps and landings, and herringbone pattern paving of Roman brick laid on edge.

History

Construction

Under construction in 1862

From the same viewpoint in 2008

In Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted's 1858 Greensward Plan, the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called The Water Terrace, but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to Bethesda Terrace.

Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the American Civil War. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant, both demolished.^[1] By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.^[2]^[3] The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,^[4] and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.^[5]

In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.^[6] The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.^[7] The original plans had called for marble and bronze figures to be installed on the upper level, but those were not executed.^[8]^[9] The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.^[10]

Restoration

After being abandoned for years except used as a bicycle-rental spot, Bethesda Terrace became a site for The Fountain Cafe, an outdoor luncheon restaurant between 1967 and 1974. It was closed in preparation of restoration work, which did not begin for several years.^[11]^[12]^[13] During this time the site became a congregating spot for the hippie generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.^[12] Bethesda Fountain was completely dry by then.^[14] By the early 1980s, the stonework had decayed or been damaged; the ceiling of the arcade was leaking; and frost and trees' roots had caused many of the floor surfaces to crack.^[15]

The fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the Central Park Conservancy as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park.^[14] The terrace was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.^[16] Parts of the balustrade were removed for cleaning and restoration.^[17]

The Mintons encaustic tiles of the arcade ceiling^[18] were removed in the 1980s renovation because the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.^[19] Mayor Ed Koch declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.^[20] The tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy began restoring the tiles for $7 million in 2004, and the tiles were reinstalled in 2007.^[14]^[21]

Bethesda Terrace

Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the Central Park Mall.^[22]^[23] The mall, which runs from approximately 65th to 73rd Streets,^[22] is the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the Greensward Plan.^[23] Bethesda Terrace is divided into two levels: the upper level (corresponding to the Mall) and the lower level (corresponding to the fountain). The upper level carries a carriage road, which corresponds to 72nd Street.^[22]^[23] The carriage road, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, is supported by a wrought-iron box-girder bridge, concealed beneath a stone cladding.^[24] The lower level, which faces The Ramble and Lake to the north, is formally known as the Esplanade. This portion consists of a flagstone plaza with stone parapets and plantings to the west and east, as well as Bethesda Fountain in the center.^[25]

South of 72nd Street, a central stairway descends to an arcade underneath the street.^[22]^[15] The ceiling of the arcade has Minton encaustic tiles designed by Mould.^[22]^[26]^[27] There are 14,000 such tiles; most of them are part of the original design, but three panels of replacement tiles were installed during the 2000s renovation.^[14]^[21] When the park opened, one observer referred to the arcade as a "large and delightfully cool hall".^[26]

North of the street, a pair of stairs descends two flights to the lower plaza. The stairs contain stone balustrades with carvings of birds and plants.^[22]^[23] Jacob Wrey Mould designed the balustrades' sculptural details.^[28]^[26] The decorations largely contain motifs representing the seasons, similar to illustrations in classical illuminated manuscripts. These include lambs' heads representing spring; butterflies and berries for summer; holly leaves, pine boughs, pine cones, and birds for fall; and firewood for winter.^[22] Other motifs were also used in the balustrades, including ice skates, signifying winter; a rooster, signifying longer days in the spring and summer; and a witch on a broomstick, signifying Halloween. At the tops of the stairs, the balustrade on 72nd Street contains a scroll motif with birds and flowering plants.^[8]

Bethesda Fountain

Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace. The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by Emma Stebbins in 1868 and unveiled in 1873.^[29] Also called the Angel of the Waters, the statue refers to the biblical healing of a disabled man at Bethesda, a story from the Gospel of John about an angel blessing the Pool of Bethesda, giving it healing powers.^[23]^[29] It was the only statue funded by the city in the original design for the park.^[30]^[29] Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.^[29]

The 8-foot (2.4 m) bronze statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool. Beneath her are four four-foot cherubs representing temperance, purity, health, and peace.^[23]^[22]^[29] The statue alludes to the Croton Aqueduct, the first pure-water aqueduct in New York City, which opened in 1842 on the site of Central Park. The angel carries a lily in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below.^[29] The lower basin has water lilies, lotus, and papyrus, inspired by an illustration in an 1891 book by Vaux's assistant and partner Samuel Parsons, the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park,^[31]

The base of the fountain was designed by Calvert Vaux, with sculptural details by Mould. The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by Owen Jones, a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould^[32] are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.^[33]

Gallery

Lower Passage
1858 rendering
View of the fountain from the terrace
During the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City

References

Citations

^ Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.
^ "1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. pp. 12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Improvements in Central Park". The New York Times. December 18, 1861. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
^ "1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862. p. 6 (PDF p. 7). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. p. 16 (PDF p. 18). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867. p. 8 (PDF p. 9). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Reynolds 1994, p. 324.
^ Kinkead 1990, p. 267.
^ "The Bethesda Fountain; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions". The New York Times. June 1, 1873. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
^ Feeley, Constance (September 10, 1966). "The Fountain Cafe". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Anderson, Susan Heller (May 3, 1987). "In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant". The New York Times. February 10, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Murphy & Ottavino 1986: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".
^ ^a ^b Kinkead 1990, p. 132.
^ "1980–1988". The Official Website of Central Park. Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.
^ Kinkead 1990, p. 134.
^ Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.
^ Neuffer, Elizabeth (June 7, 1987). "Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!". The New York Times. June 14, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Champe, Peter; Rabinowitz, Mark (1999). "Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City". APT Bulletin. 30 (2–3): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1504635. JSTOR 1504635. Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Reynolds 1994, p. 322.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kinkead 1990, p. 37.
^ Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.
^ Kinkead 1990, pp. 131–132.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kinkead 1990, p. 52.
^ Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.
^ Reynolds 1994, p. 323.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York". The Daily Plant. Vol. XVII, no. 3695. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. September 10, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
^ Kinkead 1990, p. 89.
^ Parsons, Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253
^ Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 26.
^ Commissioners of the Central Park Reports (New-York Historical Society), noted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 26.

Sources

Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.
Murphy, Jean Parker; Ottavino, Kate Burns (1986). "The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York". Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology. 18 (3): 24–38. doi:10.2307/1494116. JSTOR 1494116.
Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295.
Rosenzweig, Roy & Blackmar, Elizabeth (1992). The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5.

External links

Angel of the Waters Fountain at Central Park's official website

[1] Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1861-2] "1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. pp. 12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[3] "Improvements in Central Park". The New York Times. December 18, 1861. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1862-4] "1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862. p. 6 (PDF p. 7). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1863-5] "1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. p. 16 (PDF p. 18). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1864-6] "1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1867-7] "1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867. p. 8 (PDF p. 9). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[FOOTNOTEReynolds1994324-8] Reynolds 1994, p. 324.

[FOOTNOTEKinkead1990267-9] Kinkead 1990, p. 267.

[10] "The Bethesda Fountain; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions". The New York Times. June 1, 1873. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2019.

[11] Feeley, Constance (September 10, 1966). "The Fountain Cafe". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 25, 2022.

[decay-12] Anderson, Susan Heller (May 3, 1987). "In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[13] "Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant". The New York Times. February 10, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2022.

[Murphy_and_Ottavino-14] Murphy & Ottavino 1986: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".

[FOOTNOTEKinkead1990132-15] Kinkead 1990, p. 132.

[16] "1980–1988". The Official Website of Central Park. Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.

[FOOTNOTEKinkead1990134-17] Kinkead 1990, p. 134.

[18] Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.

[19] Neuffer, Elizabeth (June 7, 1987). "Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[20] "THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!". The New York Times. June 14, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[Champe-21] Champe, Peter; Rabinowitz, Mark (1999). "Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City". APT Bulletin. 30 (2–3): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1504635. JSTOR 1504635. Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.

[FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Reynolds 1994, p. 322.

[FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kinkead 1990, p. 37.

[FOOTNOTEMurphyOttavino198635-24] Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEKinkead1990131–132-25] Kinkead 1990, pp. 131–132.

[FOOTNOTEKinkead199052-26] Kinkead 1990, p. 52.

[27] Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEReynolds1994323-28] Reynolds 1994, p. 323.

[ginko-29] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York". The Daily Plant. Vol. XVII, no. 3695. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. September 10, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.

[FOOTNOTEKinkead199089-30] Kinkead 1990, p. 89.

[31] Parsons, Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253

[FOOTNOTEMurphyOttavino198626-32] Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 26.

[33] Commissioners of the Central Park Reports (New-York Historical Society), noted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 26.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
-{{Short description|Architectural features in Central Park, New York City, U.S.}}
+{{Short description|Architectural features in New York City's Central Park}}
 {{coord|40.774123|-73.971135|display=title}}
 {{stack|float=right|
-[[File:Angel of the Waters Fountain and Bethesda Terrace, Central Park, NYC.jpg|thumb|300px<!--fixed image size, instead of variable, to match the map below-->|Bethesda Terrace (back) and Bethesda Fountain with its ''Angel of the Waters'' statue]]
+[[File:Angel of the Waters Fountain and Bethesda Terrace, Central Park, NYC.jpg|thumb|300px<!--fixed image size, instead of variable, to match the map below-->|Bethesda Terrace (back) and Bethesda Fountain with its  ''Angel of the Waters'' statue]]
 {{Central Park map|lat=40.779447|long=-73.96906|zoom=14}}
 }}
-[[File:Bethesda Terrace at Sunset (21574066483).jpg|300px|thumb|Bethesda Terrace at Sunset]]
 '''Bethesda Terrace and Fountain''' are two architectural features overlooking the southern shore of [[The Ramble and Lake|the Lake]] in [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]]. The [[fountain]], with its '''''Angel of the Waters''''' statue, is located in the center of the [[terrace (building)|terrace]].
 Bethesda Terrace's two levels are united by two grand staircases and a lesser one that passes under Terrace Drive. They provide passage southward to the [[Central Park Mall]] and [[Naumburg Bandshell]] at the center of the park. The upper terrace flanks the 72nd Street Cross Drive and the lower terrace provides a podium for viewing the Lake. The mustard-olive colored carved stone is [[Mary's Point#History|New Brunswick sandstone]], with a harder stone for cappings, with granite steps and landings, and [[herringbone pattern]] paving of [[Roman brick]] laid on edge.
-== Construction ==
+== History ==
+=== Construction ===
 {{multiple image
 |align=left
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 |caption2=From the same viewpoint in 2008
 }}
-Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the [[Central Park Mall]], the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the [[Greensward Plan]].<ref name="Kinkead">{{cite book|last=Kinkead|first=Eugene |title=Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=1990|isbn=0-393-02531-4|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink |pages=36–37}}</ref>
+In [[Calvert Vaux]] and [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]'s 1858 [[Central Park#Greensward Plan|Greensward Plan]], the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called ''The Water Terrace'', but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to ''Bethesda Terrace''.
-Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the [[American Civil War]]. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the [[Central Park Casino|Casino]] restaurant, both demolished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heckscher |first=Morrison H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17 |title=Creating Central Park |date=2008 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-30013-669-2|pages=58–59}}</ref> By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1861">{{Cite web |title= 1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |date=1861 |pages=12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Improvements in Central Park |date=December 18, 1861 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/12/18/archives/improvements-in-central-park.html |work=The New York Times|access-date=April 7, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1862">{{Cite web |title= 1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |date=1862 |page=6 (PDF p. 7)}}</ref> and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1863">{{Cite web |title=1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1863 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |page=16 (PDF p. 18)}}</ref> In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1864">{{Cite web |title=1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1864 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4060annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1864.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |pages=6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10)}}</ref> The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1867">{{Cite web |title=1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1867 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4087annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1867.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |page=8 (PDF p. 9)}}</ref> The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1873/06/01/archives/the-bethesda-fountain-inauguration-at-the-terrace-central-park-the.html|title=THE BETHESDA FOUNTAIN.; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions.|date=June 1, 1873|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 12, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the [[American Civil War]]. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the [[Central Park Casino|Casino]] restaurant, both demolished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heckscher |first=Morrison H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17 |title=Creating Central Park |date=2008 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-30013-669-2|pages=58–59}}</ref> By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1861">{{Cite web |title=1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |date=1861 |pages=12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16) |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Improvements in Central Park |date=December 18, 1861 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/12/18/archives/improvements-in-central-park.html |work=The New York Times|access-date=April 7, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1862">{{Cite web |title=1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |date=1862 |page=6 (PDF p. 7) |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206211955/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1863">{{Cite web |title=1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1863 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |page=16 (PDF p. 18) |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206212057/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-=={{anchor|The terrace}}Bethesda Terrace==
+In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1864">{{Cite web |title=1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1864 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4060annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1864.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |pages=6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10)}}</ref> The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1867">{{Cite web |title=1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1867 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4087annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1867.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |page=8 (PDF p. 9)}}</ref> The original plans had called for marble and bronze figures to be installed on the upper level, but those were not executed.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=324}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=267}}  The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1873/06/01/archives/the-bethesda-fountain-inauguration-at-the-terrace-central-park-the.html|title=The Bethesda Fountain; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions.|date=June 1, 1873|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 12, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-[[File:Bethesda Fountain, Central Park, New York, USA-1Aug2010.jpg|thumb|The Terrace]]
+=== Restoration ===
-Bethesda Terrace became a site for an outdoor luncheon restaurant at the end of the 1960s, then became a congregating spot for the ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay|last=Anderson |first=Susan Heller|date=May 3, 1987|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/nyregion/in-central-park-a-terrace-is-saved-from-decay.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Terrace, designed by [[Calvert Vaux]] with sculptural decoration by [[Jacob Wrey Mould]], was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Central Park Conservancy |url=http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126152855/http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |archive-date=January 26, 2007 |title=1980–1988 |website=The Official Website of Central Park}}</ref> However, after having matured into dense blocks, these plants were removed in 2008 to make way for plants native to the United States.
+After being abandoned for years except used as a bicycle-rental spot, Bethesda Terrace became a site for ''The Fountain Cafe'', an outdoor luncheon restaurant between 1967 and 1974. It was closed in preparation of restoration work, which did not begin for several years.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Feeley |first=Constance |date=September 10, 1966 |title=The Fountain Cafe |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1966/09/17/the-fountain-cafe |access-date=April 25, 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="decay">{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Susan Heller |date=May 3, 1987 |title=In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/nyregion/in-central-park-a-terrace-is-saved-from-decay.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 1974 |title=Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/bethesda-fountain-restoration-to-mean-closing-of-restaurant.html |access-date=April 25, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During this time the site became a congregating spot for the [[hippie]] generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.<ref name="decay" /> Bethesda Fountain was completely dry by then.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino" /> By the  early 1980s, the stonework had decayed or been damaged; the ceiling of the arcade was leaking; and frost and trees' roots had caused many of the floor surfaces to crack.{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=132}}
+The fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the [[Central Park Conservancy]] as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino" /> The terrace was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=1980–1988 |url=http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126152855/http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |archive-date=January 26, 2007 |website=The Official Website of Central Park |publisher=Central Park Conservancy}}</ref>  Parts of the balustrade were removed for cleaning and restoration.{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=134}}
-The [[Mintons]] [[encaustic tile]]s of the ceiling of the arcade between the flanking stairs, designed by Mould,<ref>Clarence C. Cook, ''A Description of the New York Central Park'', 1869, quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=35}}.</ref> were removed in the 1980s renovation because the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling|last=Neuffer|first=Elizabeth|date=June 7, 1987 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/07/nyregion/terrace-in-central-park-lacks-its-ornate-ceiling.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mayor [[Ed Koch]] declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.<ref>{{Cite news |title=THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles! |date=June 14, 1987|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/weekinreview/the-region-what-s-up-in-the-park-ceiling-tiles.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nevertheless, the tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy embarked on a $7 million restoration effort to return the Minton tiles in 2004. A team of seven conservation technicians cleaned and repaired more than 14,000 original tiles by hand. Only three panels of replica tiles were needed to replace those that had been damaged beyond repair. For those recreations, the Conservancy decided to commission Maw and Company, Minton's successor in Stoke-on-Trent, England. The tiles were reinstalled in 2007.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Champe |first1=Peter |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=Mark |title=Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City |journal=[[APT Bulletin]] |volume=30 |issue=2-3 |date=1999 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.2307/1504635 |jstor=1504635}} Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.</ref>
+The [[Mintons]] [[encaustic tile]]s of the arcade ceiling<ref>Clarence C. Cook, ''A Description of the New York Central Park'', 1869, quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|Ottavino|1986|p=35}}.</ref> were removed in the 1980s renovation because the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Neuffer |first=Elizabeth |date=June 7, 1987 |title=Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/07/nyregion/terrace-in-central-park-lacks-its-ornate-ceiling.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mayor [[Ed Koch]] declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 1987 |title=THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles! |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/weekinreview/the-region-what-s-up-in-the-park-ceiling-tiles.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy began restoring the tiles for $7 million in 2004, and the tiles were reinstalled in 2007.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino" /><ref name=Champe>{{cite journal |last1=Champe |first1=Peter |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=Mark |date=1999 |title=Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City |volume=30 |issue=2–3 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.2307/1504635 |jstor=1504635 |journal=[[APT Bulletin]]}} Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.</ref>
-Following an illustration in an 1891 book by the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park, Vaux's assistant and partner, [[Samuel Parsons]],<ref>Parsons, ''Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...''(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253</ref> the lower basin once again has [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]], [[Lotus (plant)|lotus]], and [[Cyperus_papyrus|papyrus]], grown in removable pots.
+==<span class="anchor" id="The terrace"></span>Bethesda Terrace==
+[[File:Bethesda Fountain, Central Park, New York, USA-1Aug2010.jpg|thumb|The Terrace]]
-=={{Anchor|The fountain}}Bethesda Fountain==
-[[File:Bethesda Fountain in 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Bethesda Fountain with restored plants]]
+Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the [[Central Park Mall]].{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=37}} The mall, which runs from approximately 65th to 73rd Streets,{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}} is the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the [[Greensward Plan]].{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=37}} Bethesda Terrace is divided into two levels: the upper level (corresponding to the Mall) and the lower level (corresponding to the fountain). The upper level carries a carriage road, which corresponds to [[72nd Street (Manhattan)|72nd Street]].{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=37}} The carriage road, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, is supported by a wrought-iron box-girder bridge, concealed beneath a stone cladding.{{sfn|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=35}} The lower level, which faces [[The Ramble and Lake]] to the north, is {{not a typo|formally}} known as the Esplanade. This portion consists of a [[flagstone]] plaza with stone parapets and plantings to the west and east, as well as Bethesda Fountain in the center.{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|pp=131–132}}
-Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace, constructed between 1859 and 1864,{{efn|The concealed wrought-iron box-girder structure of the bridge, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, was finished early, by 1860.{{sfn|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=35}}}} which is enclosed within two elliptical balustrades.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino">{{harvnb|Murphy |Ottavino |1986}}: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".</ref>
+South of 72nd Street, a central stairway descends to an [[arcade (architecture)|arcade]] underneath the street.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=132}} The ceiling of the arcade has Minton encaustic tiles designed by Mould.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=52}}<ref>Clarence C. Cook, ''A Description of the New York Central Park'', 1869, quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|Ottavino|1986|p=35}}.</ref> There are 14,000 such tiles; most of them are part of the original design, but three panels of replacement tiles were installed during the 2000s renovation.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino">{{harvnb|Murphy |Ottavino |1986}}: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".</ref><ref name=Champe/> When the park opened, one observer referred to the arcade as a "large and delightfully cool hall".{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=52}}
-The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by [[Emma Stebbins]] in 1868 and unveiled in 1873.<ref name="ginko">{{Cite news |title=Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=15031 |date=September 10, 2002 |volume=XVII |issue=3695 |work=The Daily Plant |access-date=January 3, 2015 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] }}</ref> Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.<ref name=ginko /> The bronze, eight-foot statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool.  It was the only statue in the park called for in the original design. Beneath her are four four-foot [[cherub]]s representing [[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]], [[Virtue|Purity]], [[Health]], and [[Peace]].<ref name=ginko /> Also called the ''Angel of the Waters'', the statue refers to [[Healing the paralytic at Bethesda]], a story from the [[Gospel of John]] about an angel blessing the [[Pool of Bethesda]], giving it healing powers.<ref name=ginko /> In Central Park the referent is the [[Croton Aqueduct]] opened in 1842, providing the city for the first time with a dependable supply of pure water: thus the angel carries a [[lily]] in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below.<ref name=ginko />
+North of the street, a pair of stairs descends two flights to the lower plaza. The stairs contain stone balustrades with carvings of birds and plants.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=37}} [[Jacob Wrey Mould]] designed the balustrades' sculptural details.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=323}}{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=52}} The decorations largely contain motifs representing the seasons, similar to illustrations in classical [[illuminated manuscript]]s. These include lambs' heads representing spring; butterflies and berries for summer; holly leaves, pine boughs, pine cones, and birds for fall; and firewood for winter.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}} Other motifs were also used in the balustrades, including ice skates, signifying winter; a rooster, signifying longer days in the spring and summer; and a witch on a broomstick, signifying Halloween. At the tops of the stairs, the balustrade on 72nd Street contains a scroll motif with birds and flowering plants.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=324}}
-The base of the fountain was designed by the architect of all the original features of Central Park,  [[Calvert Vaux]], with sculptural details, as usual,  by [[Jacob Wrey Mould]]. In Calvert Vaux and [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]'s 1858 [[Central Park#Greensward Plan|Greensward Plan]], the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called ''The Water Terrace'', but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to ''Bethesda Terrace''.
+==<span class="anchor" id="The fountain"></span>Bethesda Fountain==
-The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by [[Owen Jones (architect)|Owen Jones]], a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould{{sfn|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=26}} are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.<ref>''Commissioners of the<!--the in original--> Central Park Reports'' ([[New-York Historical Society]]), noted in {{harvnb|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=26}}.</ref> Considerable latitude was offered the carvers executing the work, following [[John Ruskin|Ruskinian]] principles.
+[[File:Bethesda Fountain in 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Bethesda Fountain with restored plants]]
+Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace. The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by [[Emma Stebbins]] in 1868 and unveiled in 1873.<ref name="ginko">{{Cite news |title=Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=15031 |date=September 10, 2002 |volume=XVII |issue=3695 |work=The Daily Plant |access-date=January 3, 2015 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] }}</ref> Also called the ''Angel of the Waters'', the statue refers to the [[Healing the paralytic at Bethesda|biblical healing of a disabled man at Bethesda]], a story from the [[Gospel of John]] about an angel blessing the [[Pool of Bethesda]], giving it healing powers.{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=37}}<ref name=ginko /> It was the only statue funded by the city in the original design for the park.{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=89}}<ref name=ginko /> Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.<ref name=ginko />
+The {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}} bronze statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool. Beneath her are four four-foot [[cherub]]s representing [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]], [[Virtue|purity]], [[health]], and [[peace]].{{sfn|Kinkead|1990|p=37}}{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=322}}<ref name=ginko /> The statue alludes to the [[Croton Aqueduct]], the first pure-water aqueduct in New York City, which opened in 1842 on the site of Central Park. The angel carries a [[lily]] in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below.<ref name=ginko /> The lower basin has [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]], [[Lotus (plant)|lotus]], and [[Cyperus_papyrus|papyrus]], inspired by an illustration in an 1891 book by Vaux's assistant and partner [[Samuel Parsons]], the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park,<ref>Parsons, ''Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...''(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253</ref>
+The base of the fountain was designed by Calvert Vaux, with sculptural details by Mould. The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by [[Owen Jones (architect)|Owen Jones]], a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould{{sfn|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=26}} are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.<ref>''Commissioners of the<!--the in original--> Central Park Reports'' ([[New-York Historical Society]]), noted in {{harvnb|Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=26}}.</ref>
-By the 1970s, Bethesda Fountain was completely dry. However, the fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the [[Central Park Conservancy]] as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino" />
 {{clear left}}
 ==Gallery==
-<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
+<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
-File:Early morning view under Bethesda Terrace, Central Park, NYC.jpg|Lower passage
+File:Bethesda Terrace at Sunset (21574066483).jpg|Lower Passage
 File:Annual report of the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park (1858) (18407508186).jpg|1858 rendering
 File:Bethesda Fountain - Central Park - NY - USA - agosto 2011.jpg|View of the fountain from the terrace
@@ Line 60: / Line 66: @@
 ==See also==
+{{Portal|Visual arts}}
-{{Commons category|Bethesda Terrace and Fountain}}
 * [[History of fountains in the United States]]
 ==References==
-===Notes===
 {{notelist}}
 ===Citations===
-<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
 {{Reflist}}
 ===Sources===
+* {{cite book |last=Kinkead |first=Eugene |url=https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink |title=Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure |publisher=Norton |year=1990 |isbn=0-393-02531-4 |url-access=registration}}
-* {{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Jean Parker |last2=Ottavino |first2=Kate Burns |date=1986 |title=The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York |journal=[[Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=24–38 |doi=10.2307/1494116 |jstor=1494116}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Jean Parker |last2=Ottavino |first2=Kate Burns |date=1986 |title=The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York |journal=[[Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=24–38 |doi=10.2307/1494116 |jstor=1494116}}
+* {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Donald |title=The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols |publisher=J. Wiley|year=1994 |isbn=978-0-471-01439-3 |oclc=45730295}}
+* {{cite Central Park history|ref=none}}
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category|Bethesda Terrace and Fountain}}
-* [https://www.centralparknyc.org/attractions/bethesda-fountain''Angel of the Waters'' Fountain] at [http://www.centralparknyc.org/ Central Park's Official Website]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080318014704/http://www.centralpark.com/pages/attractions/bethesda-terrace.html The Bethesda Terrace and Fountain] at [http://www.centralpark.com/ CentralPark.com] the Complete Guide to Central Park
+* [https://www.centralparknyc.org/attractions/bethesda-fountain''Angel of the Waters'' Fountain] at Central Park's official website
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070812163347/http://ontheinside.info/jill-kargman/central-park-mall/ Bethesda Fountain] at On The Inside
 {{Central Park}}
 {{Public art in Manhattan}}
-[[Category:Bronze sculptures in New York City]]
+[[Category:Allegorical sculptures in New York City]]
+[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Manhattan]]
 [[Category:Central Park]]
 [[Category:Fountains in New York City]]
+[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan]]
+[[Category:Plants in art]]
 [[Category:Sculptures of angels]]
+[[Category:Sculptures of women in New York City]]
 [[Category:Statues in New York City]]