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Sacred tradition, also called holy tradition or apostolic tradition, is a theological term used in Christian theology. According to this theological position, sacred Tradition and Scripture form one deposit, so sacred Tradition is a foundation of the doctrinal and spiritual authority of Christianity and of the Bible. Thus, the Bible must be interpreted within the context of sacred Tradition (and vice versa) and within the community of the denomination. The denominations that ascribe to this position are the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Assyrian churches (the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East).

The Anglican and Methodist churches regard tradition, reason, and experience as sources of authority but as subordinate to scripture – a position known as prima scriptura.^[1]^[2] That is in contrast to the Lutheran and Reformed traditions, which teach that the Bible alone is a sufficient/infallible basis for all Christian teaching – a position known as sola scriptura.^[3]

For many denominations of Christianity, the writings of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, Nicene Fathers and Post-Nicene Fathers are included in sacred Tradition.^[4]

Origin of the term

The word tradition is taken from the Latin trado, tradere, meaning "to hand over".^[5]

It is often treated as a proper noun and so capitalized as "Sacred Tradition"^[6]^[7] or "sacred Tradition".

History

Among the earliest examples of the theological invocation of Tradition is the response of early orthodox Christianity to Gnosticism, a movement that used some Christian scripture as the basis for its teachings.^[8] Irenaeus of Lyons held that 'rule of faith' ('κανών της πίστης') is preserved by a church through its historical continuity (of interpretation and teaching) with the Apostles.^[9] Tertullian argued that although interpretations founded on a reading of all Holy Scripture are not prone to error, Tradition is the proper guide. Athanasius held that Arianism fell into error primarily by not adhering to Tradition.^[10]

In the modern era, scholars such as Craig A. Evans, James A. Sanders,^[11] and Stanley E. Porter^[12] have studied how sacred Tradition in the Hebrew Bible was understood and used by New Testament writers to describe Jesus Christ.

Catholic Church

According to Catholic theology, Paul the Apostle exhorted the faithful to "stand firm and hold fast to the traditions that you were taught by us, either by word of mouth or by our letter" (2 Thessalonians 2:15). The Pauline epistles form part of sacred scripture; what he passed on by "word of mouth" is part of sacred Tradition, handed down from the apostles. Both are the inspired word of God; the latter helps to inform understanding of the former. Sacred Tradition can never be in conflict with sacred scripture.^[13]

Those in the Catholic faith believe that the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles were preserved in the scriptures as well as by word of mouth. This perpetual handing on of the tradition is called the "Living Tradition"; it is believed to be the faithful and constant transmission of the teachings of the Apostles from one generation to the next. That "includes everything which contributes towards the sanctity of life and increase in faith of the People of God; and so the Church, in her teaching, life and worship [the Creeds, the Sacraments, the Magisterium, and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass], perpetuates and hands on to all generations all that she herself is, all that she believes."^[14] The Deposit of Faith (Latin: fidei depositum) refers to the entirety of divine revelation. According to Roman Catholic theology, two sources of revelation constitute a single "Deposit of Faith", meaning that the entirety of divine revelation and the Deposit of Faith is transmitted to successive generations in Scripture and sacred Tradition through the teaching authority and interpretation of the church's Magisterium, which consists of the church's bishops, in union with the Pope, typically proceeding synods and ecumenical councils.

Thus sacred Tradition should be distinguished from general tradition, folklore, traditionalism or conservatism which do not have an apostolic, patristic or universal pedigree.

The Catholic Church views Tradition in much the same terms, as a passing down of that same apostolic faith, but, in a critical difference from the Eastern Orthodox position, Catholicism holds that the faith once delivered, the understanding of it continues to deepen and mature over time through the action of the Holy Spirit in the history of the church and in the understanding of that faith by Christians, all the while staying identical in essence and substance:^[14] the development of doctrine.

In the area of moral theology, Mark D. Jordan said that medieval texts appeared to be inconsistent. According to Giovanni Cappelli, prior to the sixth century, the church's teachings on morality were incoherent.^[15] According to John T. Noonan, "history cannot leave a principle or a teaching untouched; every application to a situation affects our understanding of the principle itself".^[15]

Dei Verbum

The Second Vatican Council taught on Tradition, Scripture, and Magisterium in Dei verbum, n. 10:

Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture form one sacred deposit of the word of God, committed to the Church. Holding fast to this deposit the entire holy people united with their shepherds remain always steadfast in the teaching of the Apostles, in the common life, in the breaking of the bread and in prayers (see Acts 2, 42, Greek text), so that holding to, practicing and professing the heritage of the faith, it becomes on the part of the bishops and faithful a single common effort.
But the task of authentically interpreting the word of God, whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church, whose authority is exercised in the name of Jesus. This teaching office is not above the word of God, but serves it, teaching only what has been handed on, listening to it devoutly, guarding it scrupulously and explaining it faithfully in accord with a divine commission and with the help of the Holy Spirit, it draws from this one deposit of faith everything which it presents for belief as divinely revealed.
It is clear, therefore, that sacred tradition, sacred scripture and the teaching authority of the Church, in accord with God's most wise design, are so linked and joined together that one cannot stand without the others, and that all together and each in its own way under the action of the one Holy Spirit contribute effectively to the salvation of souls.

Thus, all of the teachings of the Catholic Church come from either Tradition or Scripture, or from the Magisterium interpreting Tradition and Scripture. These two sources, Tradition and Scripture, are viewed and treated as one source of Divine Revelation, which includes both the deeds of God and the words of God:

This plan of revelation is realized by deeds and words having in inner unity: the deeds wrought by God in the history of salvation manifest and confirm the teaching and realities signified by the words, while the words proclaim the deeds and clarify the mystery contained in them. (Dei verbum, 2)

The Magisterium has a role in deciding authoritatively which truths are a part of sacred Tradition.

Eastern Orthodox Church

For the Eastern Orthodox Christian, there is one Tradition, the tradition of the church, incorporating the scriptures and the teaching of the Church Fathers. As explained by Athanasius of Alexandria (First Letter to Serapion, 28): "Let us look at the very tradition, teaching, and faith of the catholic Church from the very beginning, which the Logos gave (edoken), the Apostles preached (ekeryxan), and the Fathers preserved (ephylaxan). Upon this the Church is founded (tethemeliotai)".^[16]

Sacred Tradition for the Eastern Orthodox is the deposit of faith given by Jesus to the Apostles and passed on in the Church from one generation to the next without addition, alteration, or subtraction. Vladimir Lossky described tradition as "the life of the Holy Spirit in the Church".^[17]

Georges Florovsky wrote:^[16]

Tradition is not a principle striving to restore the past, using the past as a criterion for the present. Such a conception of Tradition is rejected by history itself and by the consciousness of the Orthodox Church. Tradition is the constant abiding of the Spirit and not only the memory of words. Tradition is a charismatic, not a historical event.

Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity

The Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Christianity claim that the Bible alone is the source for Christian doctrine.^[3] This position does not deny that Jesus or the apostles preached in person, that their stories and teachings were transmitted orally during the early Christian era, or that truth exists outside of the Bible. For sola scriptura Christians today, however, these teachings are preserved in the Bible as the only inspired medium. Since in the opinion of sola scriptura Christians, other forms of tradition do not exist in a fixed form that remains constant in its transmission from one generation to the next and cannot be referenced or cited in its pure form, there is no way to verify which parts of the "tradition" are authentic and which are not.^[18]

Anglicanism and Methodism

Prima scriptura is upheld by the Anglican and Methodist traditions of Christianity, which suggest that scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible.^[3]^[19]

The Anglican Church does to some extent accept Apostolic tradition, which can be found in the writings of the early Church Fathers, the decrees of the seven Ecumenical Councils, the Creeds, and the liturgical worship of the church.^[20]

References

^ "Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Tradition". Free Methodist Church of Santa Barbara. Retrieved 30 June 2021. In the Free Methodist Church, we believe all truth is God's truth. If something is true, we embrace it as from the Lord. First and foremost, we hold scripture up to be the primary source of God's inspired revealed truth to us. And, we also embrace truth that is found in three other places: reason, tradition, and experience. Along with scripture, this has come to be called the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and we believe it informs our theology.
^ Winright, Tobias (10 December 2020). T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Ethics. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-67718-1. Both the Anglican and United Methodist Churches affirm tradition as a "source of authority." The Anglican Church incorporates it as part of its "three-legged stool," and Methodists as the Wesleyan Quadrilateral of scripture, reason, tradition and experience.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014. The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.
^ Plekon, Michael (2003). Tradition Alive: On the Church and the Christian Life in Our Time : Readings from the Eastern Church. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7425-3163-5.
^ "Definition of TRADITION". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ University, Calvin. Marketing and Communications: Religious Terms. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
^ Catholic Style Guide (PDF). Perpetual Light Publishing. 2020.
^ McGrath, Alister. 1998. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Chapter 1 'The Patristic Period, c. 100–451.'
^ McGrath, Alister E. (1998). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 29–30.
^ McGrath, Alister E. (1998). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 30.
^ Evans, Craig A.; Sanders, James A. (4 May 2001). Luke and Scripture: The Function of Sacred Tradition in Luke-Acts. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781579106072. Retrieved 5 January 2021 – via Google Books.
^ Porter, Stanley. Sacred Tradition in the New Testament, Baker Publishing Group, ISBN 9780801030772
^ Hardon, John A. (1981). The Question and Answer Catholic Catechism. Doubleday Religious Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385136648. Retrieved 5 January 2021 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Paul VI, Pope of the Catholic Church. "Dei verbum". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ ^a ^b Keenan, James F (17 January 2010). A History of Catholic Moral Theology in the Twentieth Century: From Confessing Sins to Liberating Consciences. p. 45. ISBN 9780826429292.
^ ^a ^b "Tradition in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Tradition and Traditions", in Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, (Olten, Switzerland: Urs Graf-Verlag, 1952), 17, in the revised edition (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982), 15.
^ "White, James. "Does The Bible Teach Sola Scriptura?", Alpha & Omega Ministeries". Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ Humphrey, Edith M. (15 April 2013). Scripture and Tradition. Baker Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4412-4048-4. historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.
^ Novak, Victor E. (5 August 2011). "Scripture, Tradition, and the Deposit of Faith". Virtueonline. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

External links

WELS Topical Q&A: Tradition Apostolic (a Confessional Lutheran perspective)

[FMC-1] "Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Tradition". Free Methodist Church of Santa Barbara. Retrieved 30 June 2021. In the Free Methodist Church, we believe all truth is God's truth. If something is true, we embrace it as from the Lord. First and foremost, we hold scripture up to be the primary source of God's inspired revealed truth to us. And, we also embrace truth that is found in three other places: reason, tradition, and experience. Along with scripture, this has come to be called the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and we believe it informs our theology.

[Winright2020-2] Winright, Tobias (10 December 2020). T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Ethics. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-67718-1. Both the Anglican and United Methodist Churches affirm tradition as a "source of authority." The Anglican Church incorporates it as part of its "three-legged stool," and Methodists as the Wesleyan Quadrilateral of scripture, reason, tradition and experience.

[WELS2014-3] "Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014. The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.

[Plekon2003-4] Plekon, Michael (2003). Tradition Alive: On the Church and the Christian Life in Our Time : Readings from the Eastern Church. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7425-3163-5.

[5] "Definition of TRADITION". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 4 March 2023.

[6] University, Calvin. Marketing and Communications: Religious Terms. Retrieved 27 April 2024.

[7] Catholic Style Guide (PDF). Perpetual Light Publishing. 2020.

[8] McGrath, Alister. 1998. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Chapter 1 'The Patristic Period, c. 100–451.'

[9] McGrath, Alister E. (1998). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 29–30.

[10] McGrath, Alister E. (1998). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 30.

[11] Evans, Craig A.; Sanders, James A. (4 May 2001). Luke and Scripture: The Function of Sacred Tradition in Luke-Acts. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781579106072. Retrieved 5 January 2021 – via Google Books.

[12] Porter, Stanley. Sacred Tradition in the New Testament, Baker Publishing Group, ISBN 9780801030772

[13] Hardon, John A. (1981). The Question and Answer Catholic Catechism. Doubleday Religious Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385136648. Retrieved 5 January 2021 – via Google Books.

[ppvi-14] Paul VI, Pope of the Catholic Church. "Dei verbum". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 5 January 2021.

[Keenan-15] Keenan, James F (17 January 2010). A History of Catholic Moral Theology in the Twentieth Century: From Confessing Sins to Liberating Consciences. p. 45. ISBN 9780826429292.

[goarch-16] "Tradition in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 5 January 2021.

[17] "Tradition and Traditions", in Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, (Olten, Switzerland: Urs Graf-Verlag, 1952), 17, in the revised edition (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982), 15.

[18] "White, James. "Does The Bible Teach Sola Scriptura?", Alpha & Omega Ministeries". Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2010.

[Humphrey2013-19] Humphrey, Edith M. (15 April 2013). Scripture and Tradition. Baker Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4412-4048-4. historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.

[Novak-20] Novak, Victor E. (5 August 2011). "Scripture, Tradition, and the Deposit of Faith". Virtueonline. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

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 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
 [[File:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.jpg|thumb|''[[Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers]]'', volume of writings from the Church Fathers]]
-'''Sacred tradition''', also called '''Holy tradition''' or '''Apostolic tradition''', is a theological term used in [[Christian theology]]. According to this theological position, sacred tradition is the foundation of the doctrinal and spiritual authority of [[Christianity]] and of the [[Bible]]. Thus, the Bible must be interpreted within the context of sacred tradition and within the community of the [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. The denominations that ascribe to this position are the [[Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Oriental Orthodox]] churches, and the Assyrian churches (the [[Ancient Church of the East]] and the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]).
+'''Sacred tradition''', also called '''holy tradition''' or '''apostolic tradition''', is a theological term used in [[Christian theology]]. According to this theological position, sacred Tradition and Scripture form one ''deposit'', so sacred Tradition is a foundation of the doctrinal and spiritual authority of [[Christianity]] and of the [[Bible]]. Thus, the Bible must be interpreted within the context of sacred Tradition (and ''vice versa'') and within the community of the [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. The denominations that ascribe to this position are the [[Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Oriental Orthodox]] churches, and the Assyrian churches (the [[Ancient Church of the East]] and the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]).
 The Anglican and Methodist churches regard tradition, reason, and experience as sources of authority but as subordinate to [[religious text|scripture]] – a position known as ''[[prima scriptura]]''.<ref name="FMC">{{cite web |title=Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Tradition |url=http://fmcsb.org/event/2019/10/6/encounter-wesleyan-quadrilateral-tradition |publisher=Free Methodist Church of Santa Barbara |access-date=30 June 2021 |language=English|quote=In the Free Methodist Church, we believe all truth is God's truth. If something is true, we embrace it as from the Lord. First and foremost, we hold scripture up to be the primary source of God's inspired revealed truth to us. And, we also embrace truth that is found in three other places: reason, tradition, and experience. Along with scripture, this has come to be called the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and we believe it informs our theology.}}</ref><ref name="Winright2020">{{cite book|last1=Winright|first1=Tobias|title=T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Ethics|date=10 December 2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-567-67718-1|language=English|quote=Both the Anglican and United Methodist Churches affirm tradition as a "source of authority." The Anglican Church incorporates it as part of its "three-legged stool," and Methodists as the Wesleyan Quadrilateral of scripture, reason, tradition and experience.}}</ref> That is in contrast to the [[Lutheran]] and [[Reformed tradition]]s, which teach that the Bible alone is a sufficient/infallible basis for all Christian teaching – a position known as ''[[sola scriptura]]''.<ref name="WELS2014" />
-For many denominations of Christianity, the writings of the [[Ante-Nicene Fathers]], [[Nicene Fathers]] and [[Christianity in the 5th century#Post-Nicene Fathers|Post-Nicene Fathers]] are included in sacred tradition.<ref name="Plekon2003">{{cite book |last1=Plekon |first1=Michael |title=Tradition Alive: On the Church and the Christian Life in Our Time : Readings from the Eastern Church |date=2003 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3163-5 |page=70 |language=English}}</ref>
+For many denominations of Christianity, the writings of the [[Ante-Nicene Fathers]], [[Nicene Fathers]] and [[Christianity in the 5th century#Post-Nicene Fathers|Post-Nicene Fathers]] are included in sacred Tradition.<ref name="Plekon2003">{{cite book |last1=Plekon |first1=Michael |title=Tradition Alive: On the Church and the Christian Life in Our Time : Readings from the Eastern Church |date=2003 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3163-5 |page=70 |language=English}}</ref>
 ==Origin of the term==
 The word ''[[tradition]]'' is taken from the [[Latin]] ''trado, tradere'', meaning "to hand over".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of TRADITION |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tradition |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
+It is often treated as a proper noun and so capitalized as "Sacred Tradition"<ref>{{cite book |last1=University |first1=Calvin |title=Marketing and Communications: Religious Terms |url=https://calvin.edu/offices-services/marketing-communications/tools-resources/editorial-style-guide/religious-terms.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Catholic Style Guide |date=2020 |publisher=Perpetual Light Publishing |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5de07dc004d2c03cb167d830/t/5e2b446185ccd06d044e0702/1579893858234/Catholic+Style+Guide+PLP+2020.pdf}}</ref>  or "sacred Tradition".
 ==History==
-Among the earliest examples of the theological [[appeal to tradition]] is the response of [[Proto-orthodox Christianity|early orthodox]] Christianity to [[Gnosticism]], a movement that used some Christian scripture as the basis for its teachings.<ref>[[Alister McGrath|McGrath, Alister]]. 1998. ''Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought.'' Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Chapter 1 'The Patristic Period, c. 100&ndash;451.'</ref> [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] held that '[[rule of faith]]' ('κανών της πίστης') is preserved by a church through its historical continuity (of interpretation and teaching) with the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |url= |title=Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought |date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Oxford |pages=29–30}}</ref> [[Tertullian]] argued that although interpretations founded on a reading of all Holy Scripture are not prone to error, tradition is the proper guide. [[Athanasius]] held that [[Arianism]] fell into error primarily by not adhering to tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |url= |title=Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought |date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Oxford |pages=30}}</ref>
+Among the earliest examples of the theological invocation of Tradition is the response of [[Proto-orthodox Christianity|early orthodox]] Christianity to [[Gnosticism]], a movement that used some Christian scripture as the basis for its teachings.<ref>[[Alister McGrath|McGrath, Alister]]. 1998. ''Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought.'' Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Chapter 1 'The Patristic Period, c. 100&ndash;451.'</ref> [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] held that '[[rule of faith]]' ('κανών της πίστης') is preserved by a church through its historical continuity (of interpretation and teaching) with the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |url= |title=Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought |date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Oxford |pages=29–30}}</ref> [[Tertullian]] argued that although interpretations founded on a reading of all Holy Scripture are not prone to error, Tradition is the proper guide. [[Athanasius]] held that [[Arianism]] fell into error primarily by not adhering to Tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |url= |title=Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought |date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Oxford |pages=30}}</ref>
-In the modern era, scholars such as [[Craig A. Evans]], [[James A. Sanders]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Craig A.|last2=Sanders|first2=James A.|date=4 May 2001|title=Luke and Scripture: The Function of Sacred Tradition in Luke-Acts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJhKAwAAQBAJ&q=Sacred+tradition|access-date=5 January 2021|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|via=Google Books|isbn=9781579106072}}</ref> and [[Stanley E. Porter]]<ref>[http://www.bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/sacred-tradition-in-the-new-testament/377280 Porter, Stanley. ''Sacred Tradition in the New Testament'', Baker Publishing Group], {{ISBN|9780801030772}}</ref> have studied how sacred tradition in the [[Hebrew Bible]] was understood and used by New Testament writers to describe [[Jesus Christ]].
+In the modern era, scholars such as [[Craig A. Evans]], [[James A. Sanders]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Craig A.|last2=Sanders|first2=James A.|date=4 May 2001|title=Luke and Scripture: The Function of Sacred Tradition in Luke-Acts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJhKAwAAQBAJ&q=Sacred+tradition|access-date=5 January 2021|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|via=Google Books|isbn=9781579106072}}</ref> and [[Stanley E. Porter]]<ref>[http://www.bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/sacred-tradition-in-the-new-testament/377280 Porter, Stanley. ''Sacred Tradition in the New Testament'', Baker Publishing Group], {{ISBN|9780801030772}}</ref> have studied how sacred Tradition in the [[Hebrew Bible]] was understood and used by New Testament writers to describe [[Jesus Christ]].
-=={{Anchor|Tradition in the Orthodox Church}}Eastern Orthodox Church==
-For the Eastern Orthodox Christian, there is one tradition, the tradition of the church, incorporating the scriptures and the teaching of the [[Church Fathers]]. As explained by [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] (''First Letter to Serapion'', 28): "Let us look at the very tradition, teaching, and faith of the catholic Church from the very beginning, which the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] gave (edoken), the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] preached (ekeryxan), and the Fathers preserved (ephylaxan). Upon this the Church is founded (tethemeliotai)".<ref name="goarch">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goarch.org/-/tradition-in-the-orthodox-church|title=Tradition in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|website=www.goarch.org|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
-Sacred tradition for the Eastern Orthodox is the deposit of faith given by [[Jesus]] to the Apostles and passed on in the Church from one generation to the next without addition, alteration, or subtraction. [[Vladimir Lossky]] described tradition as "the life of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] in the Church".<ref>"Tradition and Traditions", in Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, ''The Meaning of Icons'', (Olten, Switzerland: Urs Graf-Verlag, 1952), 17, in the revised edition (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982), 15.</ref>
-[[Georges Florovsky]] wrote:<ref name="goarch" />
-{{blockquote|Tradition is not a principle striving to restore the past, using the past as a criterion for the present. Such a conception of tradition is rejected by history itself and by the consciousness of the Orthodox Church. Tradition is the constant abiding of the Spirit and not only the memory of words. Tradition is a charismatic, not a historical event.}}
 =={{Anchor|Sacred tradition in the Catholic Church}}Catholic Church==
-According to [[Catholic theology]], [[Paul the Apostle]] exhorted  the faithful to "stand firm and hold fast to the traditions that you were taught by us, either by word of mouth or by our letter" ([[2 Thessalonians]] 2:15). The [[Pauline epistles]] form part of [[Religious text|sacred scripture]]; what he passed on by "[[word of mouth]]" is part of sacred tradition, handed down from the apostles. Both are the inspired word of [[God in Christianity|God]]; the latter helps to inform understanding of the former. Sacred tradition can never be in conflict with sacred scripture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardon |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_ZvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sacred+tradition&pg=PA41 |title=The Question and Answer Catholic Catechism |date=1981 |publisher=Doubleday Religious Publishing Group |isbn=9780385136648 |author-link=John Hardon |access-date=5 January 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
+According to [[Catholic theology]], [[Paul the Apostle]] exhorted  the faithful to "stand firm and hold fast to the traditions that you were taught by us, either by word of mouth or by our letter" ([[2 Thessalonians]] 2:15). The [[Pauline epistles]] form part of [[Religious text|sacred scripture]]; what he passed on by "[[word of mouth]]" is part of sacred Tradition, handed down from the apostles. Both are the inspired word of [[God in Christianity|God]]; the latter helps to inform understanding of the former. Sacred Tradition can never be in conflict with sacred scripture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardon |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_ZvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sacred+tradition&pg=PA41 |title=The Question and Answer Catholic Catechism |date=1981 |publisher=Doubleday Religious Publishing Group |isbn=9780385136648 |author-link=John Hardon |access-date=5 January 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
-Those in the Catholic faith believe that the teachings of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]] and the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] were preserved in the scriptures as well as by word of mouth. This perpetual handing on of the [[tradition]] is called the "Living Tradition"; it is believed to be the faithful and constant transmission of the teachings of the Apostles from one generation to the next. That "includes everything which contributes towards the sanctity of life and increase in faith of the People of God; and so the Church, in her teaching, life and worship [the Creeds, the Sacraments, the [[Magisterium]], and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass], perpetuates and hands on to all generations all that she herself is, all that she believes."<ref name="ppvi">{{Cite web|last=Paul VI|first=Pope of the Catholic Church|title=Dei verbum|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> The [[Deposit of Faith]] ({{Lang-la|fidei depositum|links=no}}) refers to the entirety of [[revelation|divine revelation]]. According to [[Roman Catholic theology]], two sources of revelation constitute a single "Deposit of Faith", meaning that the entirety of divine revelation and the Deposit of Faith is transmitted to successive generations in scripture and sacred tradition through the teaching authority and interpretation of the church's Magisterium, which consists of the church's bishops, in union with the [[Pope]], typically proceeding synods and [[Catholic ecumenical councils|ecumenical councils]].
+Those in the Catholic faith believe that the teachings of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]] and the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] were preserved in the scriptures as well as by word of mouth. This perpetual handing on of the [[tradition]] is called the "Living Tradition"; it is believed to be the faithful and constant transmission of the teachings of the Apostles from one generation to the next. That "includes everything which contributes towards the sanctity of life and increase in faith of the People of God; and so the Church, in her teaching, life and worship [the Creeds, the Sacraments, the [[Magisterium]], and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass], perpetuates and hands on to all generations all that she herself is, all that she believes."<ref name="ppvi">{{Cite web|last=Paul VI|first=Pope of the Catholic Church|title=Dei verbum|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> The [[Deposit of Faith]] ({{Lang-la|fidei depositum|links=no}}) refers to the entirety of [[revelation|divine revelation]]. According to [[Roman Catholic theology]], two sources of revelation constitute a single "Deposit of Faith", meaning that the entirety of divine revelation and the Deposit of Faith is transmitted to successive generations in Scripture and sacred Tradition through the teaching authority and interpretation of the church's Magisterium, which consists of the church's bishops, in union with the [[Pope]], typically proceeding synods and [[Catholic ecumenical councils|ecumenical councils]].
+Thus sacred Tradition should be distinguished from general [[tradition]], folklore, traditionalism or conservatism which do not have an apostolic, patristic or universal pedigree.
-The Catholic Church views tradition in much the same terms, as a passing down of that same apostolic faith, but, in a critical difference from the Eastern Orthodox position, Catholicism holds that the faith once delivered, the understanding of it continues to deepen and mature over time through the action of the [[Holy Spirit]] in the history of the church and in the understanding of that faith by Christians, all the while staying identical in essence and substance.<ref name=ppvi/>
+The Catholic Church views Tradition in much the same terms, as a passing down of that same apostolic faith, but, in a critical difference from the Eastern Orthodox position, Catholicism holds that the faith once delivered, the understanding of it continues to deepen and mature over time through the action of the [[Holy Spirit]] in the history of the church and in the understanding of that faith by Christians, all the while staying identical in essence and substance:<ref name=ppvi/> the [[development of doctrine]].
 In the area of moral theology, [[Mark D. Jordan]] said that medieval texts appeared to be inconsistent. According to [[Giovanni Cappelli]], prior to the sixth century, the church's teachings on morality were incoherent.<ref name="Keenan">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWbtc5XPMw0C&q=Giovanni+Cappelli+catholic&pg=PA45 | title=A History of Catholic Moral Theology in the Twentieth Century: From Confessing Sins to Liberating Consciences| isbn=9780826429292| last1=Keenan| first1=James F|page=45| date=2010-01-17}}</ref> According to John T. Noonan, "history cannot leave a principle or a teaching untouched; every application to a situation affects our understanding of the principle itself".<ref name=Keenan/>
 ===''Dei Verbum''===
-The [[Second Vatican Council]] taught on tradition, scripture, and magisterium in ''[[Dei verbum]]'', n. 10:
+The [[Second Vatican Council]] taught on Tradition, Scripture, and [[Magisterium]] in ''[[Dei verbum]]'', n. 10:
 {{quote|Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture form one [[Deposit of faith|sacred deposit]] of the word of God, committed to the Church. Holding fast to this deposit the entire holy people united with their shepherds remain always steadfast in the teaching of the Apostles, in the common life, in the breaking of the bread and in prayers (see Acts 2, 42, Greek text), so that holding to, practicing and professing the heritage of the faith, it becomes on the part of the bishops and faithful a single common effort.
@@ Line 42: / Line 37: @@
 It is clear, therefore, that sacred tradition, sacred scripture and the teaching authority of the Church, in accord with God's most wise design, are so linked and joined together that one cannot stand without the others, and that all together and each in its own way under the action of the one Holy Spirit contribute effectively to the salvation of souls.}}
-Thus, all of the teachings of the Catholic Church come from either tradition or scripture, or from the magisterium interpreting tradition and scripture. These two sources, tradition and scripture, are viewed and treated as one source of Divine Revelation, which includes both the deeds of God and the words of God:
+Thus, all of the teachings of the Catholic Church come from either Tradition or Scripture, or from the Magisterium interpreting Tradition and Scripture. These two sources, Tradition and Scripture, are viewed and treated as one source of Divine Revelation, which includes both the deeds of God and the words of God:
 {{quote|This plan of revelation is realized by deeds and words having in inner unity: the deeds wrought by God in the history of salvation manifest and confirm the teaching and realities signified by the words, while the words proclaim the deeds and clarify the mystery contained in them. (''[[Dei verbum]]'', 2)}}
-The magisterium has a role in deciding authoritatively which truths are a part of sacred tradition.
+The Magisterium has a role in deciding authoritatively which truths are a part of sacred Tradition.
+=={{Anchor|Tradition in the Orthodox Church}}Eastern Orthodox Church==
+For the Eastern Orthodox Christian, there is one Tradition, the tradition of the church, incorporating the scriptures and the teaching of the [[Church Fathers]]. As explained by [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] (''First Letter to Serapion'', 28): "Let us look at the very tradition, teaching, and faith of the catholic Church from the very beginning, which the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] gave (edoken), the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] preached (ekeryxan), and the Fathers preserved (ephylaxan). Upon this the Church is founded (tethemeliotai)".<ref name="goarch">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goarch.org/-/tradition-in-the-orthodox-church|title=Tradition in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|website=www.goarch.org|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
+Sacred Tradition for the Eastern Orthodox is the deposit of faith given by [[Jesus]] to the Apostles and passed on in the Church from one generation to the next without addition, alteration, or subtraction. [[Vladimir Lossky]] described tradition as "the life of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] in the Church".<ref>"Tradition and Traditions", in Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, ''The Meaning of Icons'', (Olten, Switzerland: Urs Graf-Verlag, 1952), 17, in the revised edition (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982), 15.</ref>
+[[Georges Florovsky]] wrote:<ref name="goarch" />
+{{blockquote|Tradition is not a principle striving to restore the past, using the past as a criterion for the present. Such a conception of Tradition is rejected by history itself and by the consciousness of the Orthodox Church. Tradition is the constant abiding of the Spirit and not only the memory of words. Tradition is a charismatic, not a historical event.}}
 == Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity ==
@@ Line 53: / Line 57: @@
 ''[[Prima scriptura]]'' is upheld by the [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] traditions of [[Christianity]], which suggest that scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the [[Bible]].<ref name="WELS2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs|title=Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?|year=2014|publisher=Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod|language=en|access-date=22 May 2014|quote=The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105449/http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Humphrey2013">{{cite book|last=Humphrey|first=Edith M.|title=Scripture and Tradition |date=15 April 2013|publisher=Baker Books|language=en |isbn=978-1-4412-4048-4|page=16|quote=historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.}}</ref>
-The Anglican Church does accept [[Apostolic tradition]], which can be found in the writings of the early Church Fathers, the decrees of the seven Ecumenical Councils, the Creeds, and the liturgical worship of the church.<ref name="Novak">{{cite web | url=https://virtueonline.org/scripture-tradition-and-deposit-faith-victor-e-novak | last=Novak | first=Victor E. | title=Scripture, Tradition, and the Deposit of Faith | publisher=Virtueonline | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=14 August 2019 }}</ref>
+The Anglican Church does to some extent accept Apostolic tradition, which can be found in the writings of the early Church Fathers, the decrees of the seven Ecumenical Councils, the Creeds, and the liturgical worship of the church.<ref name="Novak">{{cite web | url=https://virtueonline.org/scripture-tradition-and-deposit-faith-victor-e-novak | last=Novak | first=Victor E. | title=Scripture, Tradition, and the Deposit of Faith | publisher=Virtueonline | date=5 August 2011 | access-date=14 August 2019 }}</ref>
 ==See also==