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{{Short description|Headwear}}
{{Short description|Headwear}}
[[File:Napoleon tiara - original.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the original Napoleon Tiara (1805)]]
[[File:Napoleon tiara - original.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the original Napoleon Tiara (1805)]]
The '''Napoleon Tiara''' was a [[papal tiara]] given to [[Pope Pius VII]] in June 1805<ref name=hart/> a few months after he presided at the [[coronation of Napoleon I]] and [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]. While lavishly decorated with jewels, it was deliberately too small and heavy to be worn and meant as an insult to the pope. In the painting of ''[[The Coronation of Napoleon]]'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]], the tiara is held behind the pope by one of his aides.
The '''Napoleon Tiara''' was a [[papal tiara]] given to [[Pope Pius VII]] in June 1805<ref name=hart/> a few months after he presided at the [[Coronation of Napoleon|coronation of Napoleon I]]. While lavishly decorated with jewels, it was deliberately too small and heavy to be worn and meant as an insult to the Pope. In the painting of ''[[The Coronation of Napoleon]]'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]], the tiara is held behind the Pope by one of his aides.


==Design==
==Design==
The tiara, which was of traditional papal tiara design, was designed and manufactured by [[Henri Auguste]] and [[Marie-Étienne Nitot]] of the House of [[Chaumet]] in [[Paris]]. On a central structure of white velvet there are three crowns of gold, each consisting of a large hoop surmounted with flower-work of wrought leaves, enriched with [[ruby|rubies]], [[emerald]]s, and [[sapphire]]s and surrounded with [[Brilliant (diamond cut)|brilliants]] on a setting of matched and chosen pearls.<ref name=cobb/> In total, the tiara included 3,345 precious stones and 2,990 pearls. It cost 179,800 [[French franc|francs]].<ref name=cobb/>
The tiara, which was of traditional papal tiara design, was designed and manufactured by [[Henri Auguste]] and [[Marie-Étienne Nitot]] of the House of [[Chaumet]] in [[Paris]]. On a central structure of white velvet there are three crowns of gold, each consisting of a large hoop surmounted with flower-work of wrought leaves, enriched with [[ruby|rubies]], [[emerald]]s, and [[sapphire]]s and surrounded with [[Brilliant (diamond cut)|brilliants]] on a setting of matched and chosen pearls.<ref name=cobb/> In total, the tiara included 3,345 precious stones and 2,990 pearls. It cost 179,800 [[French franc|francs]].<ref name=cobb/>


The tiara carried in its [[monde (crown)|monde]] the great [[emerald]], which Pope Pius VI had removed from his tiara to pay the war reparations required by the [[Treaty of Tolentino]] in 1797.<ref name=cobb/> The emerald (404.5 carats)<ref name=hart/> was originally part of a tiara worn by Pope Gregory XIII, which was made by [[Cristoforo Foppa]]; it displays Gregory XIII's name and coat of arms.<ref name=thur/> The middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of worship (repeal of the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]]), the [[Concordat of 1801]], and Napoleon's coronation.<ref name=cobb/> Additional plaques bore the names of Napoleon's military victories.
The tiara carried in its [[monde]] the great [[emerald]], which Pope Pius VI had removed from his tiara to pay war reparations required by the [[Treaty of Tolentino]] in 1797.<ref name=cobb/> The emerald (404.5 carats)<ref name=hart/> was originally part of a tiara worn by Pope Gregory XIII, which was made by [[Cristoforo Foppa]]; it displays Gregory XIII's name and coat of arms.<ref name=thur/> The middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of worship (repeal of the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]]), the [[Concordat of 1801]], and Napoleon's coronation.<ref name=cobb/> Additional plaques bore the names of Napoleon's military victories.


== Thinly veiled insult==
==Thinly veiled insult==
At his coronation, Napoleon promised to send the pope an altar, two ornate ceremonial [[Coach (carriage)|coaches]], and a tiara. Only the tiara was delivered.<ref name=vandi/> Tiaras traditionally weighted between {{convert|2|and|5|lb|kg}}. The Napoleon Tiara, however, weighted {{convert|18|lb|kg}}. It was also too small to fit comfortably on a human head. Some of the [[Gemstone|jewels]] and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the [[French Directory]] in [[Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars|1798]], when General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] invaded Rome, established the [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]], abolished the [[Papal States]], and exiled [[Pope Pius VI]]. His successor, Pope Pius VII elected in exile in Venice, had to use an improvised [[papier-mâché tiara]] for his coronation in 1800.
At his coronation, Napoleon promised to send the Pope an altar, two ornate ceremonial [[Coach (carriage)|coaches]], and a tiara. Only the tiara was delivered.<ref name=vandi/> Tiaras traditionally weighed between {{convert|2|and|5|lb|kg}}. The Napoleon Tiara, however, weighed {{convert|18|lb|kg}}. It was also too small to fit comfortably on a human head. Some of the [[Gemstone|jewels]] and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the [[French Directory]] in [[Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars|1798]], when General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] invaded Rome, established the [[Roman Republic (1798–1799)|Roman Republic]], abolished the [[Papal States]], and exiled [[Pope Pius VI]]. His successor, Pope Pius VII, elected in exile in [[Venice]], had to use an improvised [[List of papal tiaras in existence|''papier-mâché'' tiara]] for his coronation in 1800.


The tiara was a thinly veiled insult to the pope.<ref name=horne/> However, the pope thanked the emperor for the tiara by letter on June 23, 1805. He said that he intended to use the tiara for the [[papal mass]] on the [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]].<ref name=hart/>
The tiara was a thinly veiled insult to the Pope.<ref name=horne/> However, the Pope thanked the emperor for the tiara by letter on June 23, 1805. He said that he intended to use the tiara for the [[Papal Mass]] on the [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]].<ref name=hart/>


==Modifications ==
==Modifications ==
Originally, the middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of religious worship in France with the repeal of the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]], the [[Concordat of 1801]], and Napoleon's coronation.<ref name=cobb/> The decorations specific to Napoleon were removed probably by Cardinal [[Ercole Consalvi]], the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]].<ref name=twin/> They were replaced by inscriptions from [[Bible|Scripture]] ([[Acts 20:28]] at the top, [[Revelation 11:4]] in the middle, and [[Psalm 85:10]] at the bottom).
Originally, the middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of religious worship in France with the repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation.<ref name=cobb/> The decorations specific to Napoleon were removed probably by Cardinal [[Ercole Consalvi]], the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]].<ref name=twin/> They were replaced by inscriptions from [[Bible|Scripture]] ([[Acts 20:28]] at the top, [[Revelation 11:4]] in the middle, and [[Psalm 85:10]] at the bottom).


During the [[Italian United Provinces|insurrection of 1831]], the tiara was buried in [[Vatican Gardens]] and suffered great damage as a result.<ref name=hart/> It was restored in 1834–34. The size of the tiara was adjusted so that it could be worn. It was used as the coronation tiara for a number of popes, most notably [[Pope Pius IX]] on 21 June 1846,<ref name=uscmmr/> and last worn during the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870.<ref name=hart/> With the exception of the emerald and eight rubies in the monde,<ref name=twin/> [[Pope Benedict XV]] had the tiara's jewels removed and replaced by replicas made of coloured [[glass]]. The jewels were sold to raise money for the victims of the [[First World War]].<ref name=mjs/>
During the [[Italian United Provinces|insurrection of 1831]], the tiara was buried in the [[Gardens of Vatican City|Vatican Gardens]] and suffered great damage as a result.<ref name=hart/> It was restored in 1834. The size of the tiara was adjusted so that it could be worn. It was used as the coronation tiara for a number of popes, most notably [[Pope Pius IX]] on 21 June 1846,<ref name=uscmmr/> and last worn during the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1870.<ref name=hart/> With the exception of the emerald and eight rubies in the monde,<ref name=twin/> [[Pope Benedict XV]] had the tiara's jewels removed and replaced by replicas made of coloured [[glass]]. The jewels were sold to raise money for the victims of the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref name=mjs/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name=cobb>{{cite book| last=Masson |first=Frédéric |title=Napoleon and His Coronation |url=https://archive.org/stream/napoleonhiscoron00mass/napoleonhiscoron00mass_djvu.txt |location=Philadelphia |publisher=J. B. Lippincott Co. |others=Translated by Frederic Cobb |year=1911 |oclc=1875166 |page=259}}</ref>
<ref name=cobb>{{cite book| last=Masson |first=Frédéric |title=Napoleon and His Coronation |url=https://archive.org/stream/napoleonhiscoron00mass/napoleonhiscoron00mass_djvu.txt |location=Philadelphia |publisher=J. B. Lippincott Co. |others=Translated by Frederic Cobb |year=1911 |oclc=1875166 |page=259}}</ref>



<ref name=hart>{{cite journal |title= Notes and Queries |journal= A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. |series= Eighth Series |volume= 9 |date= January–June 1896 |location= London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAo4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 |pages= 9–10 |first= Hartwell |last= de la Garde Grissell }}</ref>
<ref name=hart>{{cite journal |title= Notes and Queries |journal= A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. |series= Eighth Series |volume= 9 |date= January–June 1896 |location= London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAo4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 |pages= 9–10 |first= Hartwell |last= de la Garde Grissell }}</ref>
Line 36: Line 35:


<ref name=vandi>{{cite book| title=Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon |first=Susan |last=Vandiver Nicassio |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkYs2rCZKuEC&pg=PA30| page=30 |isbn=9780226579740}}</ref>
<ref name=vandi>{{cite book| title=Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon |first=Susan |last=Vandiver Nicassio |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkYs2rCZKuEC&pg=PA30| page=30 |isbn=9780226579740}}</ref>
}}{{Napoleon}}{{Papal tiaras}}{{Crowns}}
}}

{{Papal tiaras}}


⚫
[[Category:1805 works]]
[[Category:Napoleon]]
[[Category:Papal tiaras]]
[[Category:Papal tiaras]]
[[Category:Pope Pius VII]]
[[Category:Pope Pius VII]]
⚫
[[Category:Napoleon]]

Latest revision as of 22:50, 26 April 2024

Drawing of the original Napoleon Tiara (1805)

The Napoleon Tiara was a papal tiara given to Pope Pius VII in June 1805[1] a few months after he presided at the coronation of Napoleon I. While lavishly decorated with jewels, it was deliberately too small and heavy to be worn and meant as an insult to the Pope. In the painting of The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David, the tiara is held behind the Pope by one of his aides.

Design

[edit]

The tiara, which was of traditional papal tiara design, was designed and manufactured by Henri Auguste and Marie-Étienne Nitot of the House of Chaumet in Paris. On a central structure of white velvet there are three crowns of gold, each consisting of a large hoop surmounted with flower-work of wrought leaves, enriched with rubies, emeralds, and sapphires and surrounded with brilliants on a setting of matched and chosen pearls.[2] In total, the tiara included 3,345 precious stones and 2,990 pearls. It cost 179,800 francs.[2]

The tiara carried in its monde the great emerald, which Pope Pius VI had removed from his tiara to pay war reparations required by the Treaty of Tolentino in 1797.[2] The emerald (404.5 carats)[1] was originally part of a tiara worn by Pope Gregory XIII, which was made by Cristoforo Foppa; it displays Gregory XIII's name and coat of arms.[3] The middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of worship (repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy), the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation.[2] Additional plaques bore the names of Napoleon's military victories.

Thinly veiled insult

[edit]

At his coronation, Napoleon promised to send the Pope an altar, two ornate ceremonial coaches, and a tiara. Only the tiara was delivered.[4] Tiaras traditionally weighed between 2 and 5 pounds (0.91 and 2.27 kg). The Napoleon Tiara, however, weighed 18 pounds (8.2 kg). It was also too small to fit comfortably on a human head. Some of the jewels and decoration for this tiara came from earlier tiaras smashed and stolen by the troops of the French Directory in 1798, when General Louis-Alexandre Berthier invaded Rome, established the Roman Republic, abolished the Papal States, and exiled Pope Pius VI. His successor, Pope Pius VII, elected in exile in Venice, had to use an improvised papier-mâché tiara for his coronation in 1800.

The tiara was a thinly veiled insult to the Pope.[5] However, the Pope thanked the emperor for the tiara by letter on June 23, 1805. He said that he intended to use the tiara for the Papal Mass on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul.[1]

Modifications

[edit]

Originally, the middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of religious worship in France with the repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation.[2] The decorations specific to Napoleon were removed probably by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, the Cardinal Secretary of State.[6] They were replaced by inscriptions from Scripture (Acts 20:28 at the top, Revelation 11:4 in the middle, and Psalm 85:10 at the bottom).

During the insurrection of 1831, the tiara was buried in the Vatican Gardens and suffered great damage as a result.[1] It was restored in 1834. The size of the tiara was adjusted so that it could be worn. It was used as the coronation tiara for a number of popes, most notably Pope Pius IX on 21 June 1846,[7] and last worn during the First Vatican Council in 1870.[1] With the exception of the emerald and eight rubies in the monde,[6] Pope Benedict XV had the tiara's jewels removed and replaced by replicas made of coloured glass. The jewels were sold to raise money for the victims of the First World War.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e de la Garde Grissell, Hartwell (January–June 1896). "Notes and Queries". A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. Eighth Series. 9. London: 9–10.
  2. ^ a b c d e Masson, Frédéric (1911). Napoleon and His Coronation. Translated by Frederic Cobb. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. p. 259. OCLC 1875166.
  3. ^ Thurston, Herbert (October 1905 – March 1906). "Two Lost Masterpieces of the Goldsmith's Art". The Burlington Magazine. 8: 43.
  4. ^ Vandiver Nicassio, Susan (2009). Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon. University of Chicago Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780226579740.
  5. ^ Horne, Alistair (2006). The Age of Napoleon. Modern Library. p. 50. ISBN 9780812975550.
  6. ^ a b Twining, Edward Francis (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. B. T. Batsford. p. 380.
  7. ^ "Intelligence". The United States Catholic Magazine and Monthly Review. 5: 454. August 1846. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  8. ^ Loohauis, Jackie (February 3, 2006). "Papal treasures Exhibit's objects revered through time". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
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