Polyergus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of ants}} |
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| image = Polyergus breviceps casent0005397 head 1.jpg |
| image = Polyergus breviceps casent0005397 head 1.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Polyergus breviceps]]'' head, displaying the distinctive sickle-like jaws. |
| image_caption = ''[[Polyergus breviceps]]'' head, displaying the distinctive sickle-like jaws. |
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'''''Polyergus''''' is a small [[genus]] of 14 described species. They are also referred to by the names " |
'''''Polyergus''''' is a small [[genus]] of ants with 14 described species. They are also referred to by the names "slave-raiding ants" and "Amazon ants". They are characterized by their habit of raiding nests (of ''[[Formica]]'') for workers. |
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==Reproduction== |
==Reproduction== |
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''Polyergus'' workers are incapable of caring for brood, for the most part due to their dagger-like, piercing [[Mandible (insect mouthpart)|mandible]]s. As such, they have evolved to |
''Polyergus'' workers are incapable of caring for brood, for the most part due to their dagger-like, piercing [[Mandible (insect mouthpart)|mandible]]s. As such, they have evolved to rely on certain species of ants in the genus ''[[Formica]]''. They have lost the instinct for carrying out even rudimentary brood care, and even for feeding themselves (which they are unable to do). ''Polyergus'' 'workers' exist more as a force of improvised soldiers, acting in essence solely to raid the ''Formica'' nests. The captured ants are generally referred to as "slaves" in scientific and popular literature, though recent attempts have been made to apply other human cultural models. Some of these describe the ''Polyergus'' as "raiders", "pirates", or "kidnappers". They also describe the ''Formica'' workers as "helper-ants" or "domesticated animals". |
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''Polyergus'' obtains its ''Formica'' work force by stealing pupae from nearby ''Formica'' colonies and carrying them back to its own nest. Back in the ''Polyergus'' nest, ''Formica'' workers are eventually helped to emerge from the cocoons and pupal exuvia by workers of the same species already living there. The new workers quickly assimilate the characteristic odor of the mixed-species colony — without violence or coercion. The ''Formica'' workers that emerge in the mixed-species colony go on to nurse the brood, forage, maintain the nest, feed their adult captors and the queen, and perform other colony upkeep duties.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} |
''Polyergus'' obtains its ''Formica'' work force by stealing pupae from nearby ''Formica'' colonies and carrying them back to its own nest. Back in the ''Polyergus'' nest, ''Formica'' workers are eventually helped to emerge from the cocoons and pupal exuvia by workers of the same species already living there. The new workers quickly assimilate the characteristic odor of the mixed-species colony — without violence or coercion. The ''Formica'' workers that emerge in the mixed-species colony go on to nurse the brood, forage, maintain the nest, feed their adult captors and the queen, and perform other colony upkeep duties. This may also include defending the Polyergus colony from foreign threats, even fighting against their own birth colony if the situation arises.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} |
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As far as is known, all established ''Polyergus'' colonies have only one queen. However, many contain [[ergatoid]]s, large, worker-like members with large [[Gaster (insect anatomy)|gasters]]. These may be substitute reproductive individuals after the queen's death, but this has not been proven. To found a new colony, a lone ''Polyergus'' queen invades a nest of the host species, or encounters and moves in with a colony-founding queen of the host species and her first few workers. In the latter case, the host queen is allowed to survive until her little colony has reared a sufficient number of host workers to support the parasite queen, something the ''Polyergus'' queen cannot do herself. The young ''Polyergus'' queen then kills the existing ''Formica'' queen (immediately if sufficient workers are present, later if these are not yet reared) and becomes accepted by the ''Formica'' workers. These proceed to rear the first and all subsequent ''Polyergus'' brood. Clearly, this complicated and lengthy process often fails, as ''Polyergus'' colonies are relatively rare, though each mature colony produces dozens or hundreds of new potential queens each year. To counteract the natural mortality of the ''Formica'' worker population, ''Polyergus'' workers must conduct regular raids over a 6-8 week period, every summer over the 10- to 15-year lifespan of their colony.<ref name="Trager_2013">{{cite journal |author=Trager, James C. |year=2013 |title=Global revision of the genus ''Polyergus'' |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3722 |issue=4 |pages=501–548 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5 |pmid=26171540 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03722p548f.pdf}}</ref> |
As far as is known, all established ''Polyergus'' colonies have only one queen. However, many contain [[ergatoid]]s, large, worker-like members with large [[Gaster (insect anatomy)|gasters]]. These may be substitute reproductive individuals after the queen's death, but this has not been proven. To found a new colony, a lone ''Polyergus'' queen invades a nest of the host species, or encounters and moves in with a colony-founding queen of the host species and her first few workers. In the latter case, the host queen is allowed to survive until her little colony has reared a sufficient number of host workers to support the parasite queen, something the ''Polyergus'' queen cannot do herself. The young ''Polyergus'' queen then kills the existing ''Formica'' queen (immediately if sufficient workers are present, later if these are not yet reared) and becomes accepted by the ''Formica'' workers. These proceed to rear the first and all subsequent ''Polyergus'' brood. Clearly, this complicated and lengthy process often fails, as ''Polyergus'' colonies are relatively rare, though each mature colony produces dozens or hundreds of new potential queens each year. To counteract the natural mortality of the ''Formica'' worker population, ''Polyergus'' workers must conduct regular raids over a 6-8 week period, every summer over the 10- to 15-year lifespan of their colony.<ref name="Trager_2013">{{cite journal |author=Trager, James C. |year=2013 |title=Global revision of the genus ''Polyergus'' |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3722 |issue=4 |pages=501–548 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5 |pmid=26171540 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03722p548f.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Species== |
==Species== |
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The genus ''Polyergus'' is split up into three groups, or "complexes". There |
The genus ''Polyergus'' is split up into three groups, or "complexes". There is the ''lucidus'' group, the ''rufescens'' group, and the ''samurai'' group. |
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=== ''lucidus'' group === |
=== ''lucidus'' group === |
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Latest revision as of 03:36, 16 April 2024
| Polyergus | |
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| Polyergus breviceps head, displaying the distinctive sickle-like jaws. | |
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| Polyergus breviceps, lateral view. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Formicinae |
| Tribe: | Formicini |
| Genus: | Polyergus Latreille, 1804 |
| Type species | |
| Formica rufescens[2] Latreille, 1798
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| Species[1] | |
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14 species | |
Polyergus is a small genus of ants with 14 described species. They are also referred to by the names "slave-raiding ants" and "Amazon ants". They are characterized by their habit of raiding nests (of Formica) for workers.
Reproduction
[edit]Polyergus workers are incapable of caring for brood, for the most part due to their dagger-like, piercing mandibles. As such, they have evolved to rely on certain species of ants in the genus Formica. They have lost the instinct for carrying out even rudimentary brood care, and even for feeding themselves (which they are unable to do). Polyergus 'workers' exist more as a force of improvised soldiers, acting in essence solely to raid the Formica nests. The captured ants are generally referred to as "slaves" in scientific and popular literature, though recent attempts have been made to apply other human cultural models. Some of these describe the Polyergus as "raiders", "pirates", or "kidnappers". They also describe the Formica workers as "helper-ants" or "domesticated animals".
Polyergus obtains its Formica work force by stealing pupae from nearby Formica colonies and carrying them back to its own nest. Back in the Polyergus nest, Formica workers are eventually helped to emerge from the cocoons and pupal exuvia by workers of the same species already living there. The new workers quickly assimilate the characteristic odor of the mixed-species colony — without violence or coercion. The Formica workers that emerge in the mixed-species colony go on to nurse the brood, forage, maintain the nest, feed their adult captors and the queen, and perform other colony upkeep duties. This may also include defending the Polyergus colony from foreign threats, even fighting against their own birth colony if the situation arises.[citation needed]
As far as is known, all established Polyergus colonies have only one queen. However, many contain ergatoids, large, worker-like members with large gasters. These may be substitute reproductive individuals after the queen's death, but this has not been proven. To found a new colony, a lone Polyergus queen invades a nest of the host species, or encounters and moves in with a colony-founding queen of the host species and her first few workers. In the latter case, the host queen is allowed to survive until her little colony has reared a sufficient number of host workers to support the parasite queen, something the Polyergus queen cannot do herself. The young Polyergus queen then kills the existing Formica queen (immediately if sufficient workers are present, later if these are not yet reared) and becomes accepted by the Formica workers. These proceed to rear the first and all subsequent Polyergus brood. Clearly, this complicated and lengthy process often fails, as Polyergus colonies are relatively rare, though each mature colony produces dozens or hundreds of new potential queens each year. To counteract the natural mortality of the Formica worker population, Polyergus workers must conduct regular raids over a 6-8 week period, every summer over the 10- to 15-year lifespan of their colony.[3]
Species
[edit]The genus Polyergus is split up into three groups, or "complexes". There is the lucidus group, the rufescens group, and the samurai group.
lucidus group
[edit]- Polyergus lucidus Mayr, 1870 – eastern United States, southern Ontario
- Polyergus longicornis Smith, 1947 – southeastern United States
- Polyergus montivagus Wheeler, 1915 – New England states to northern Florida in eastern United States, southern Ontario, Canada and west to Wisconsin and northern New Mexico, United States
- Polyergus oligergus Trager, 2013 – Florida, United States
- Polyergus ruber Trager, 2013 – southeastern United States
- Polyergus sanwaldi Trager, 2013 – United States, New England west to North Dakota
rufescens group
[edit]- Polyergus rufescens (Latreille, 1798) – all of Europe, to western China and Kazakhstan
- Polyergus breviceps Emery, 1893 – north-central United States, west to Colorado, northern Arizona
- Polyergus bicolor Wasmann, 1901 – Wisconsin and Michigan, United States, west to North Dakota and south-central Canada
- Polyergus mexicanus Forel, 1899 – Dakotas and Arkansas, to western United States and Canada, and south at high altitude in mountains of Durango, Mexico.
- Polyergus topoffi Trager, 2013 – high desert to mid-elevation mountains from Hidalgo, Mexico to southern Arizona, United States
- Polyergus vinosus Trager, 2013 – southern California to northern Baja California, Mexico
samurai group
[edit]- Polyergus nigerrimus Marikovsky, 1963 – Mongolia, Tuvan Republic, southern Russia
- Polyergus samurai Yano, 1911 – Japan, Korea, eastern China, southeastern Russia
- Polyergus texanus – excluded from Polyergus by Trager (2013)
References
[edit]- ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Polyergus". AntCat. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Genus: Polyergus". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
- ^ Trager, James C. (2013). "Global revision of the genus Polyergus" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3722 (4): 501–548. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5. PMID 26171540.
- Dale Ward (2005). "Ants of Arizona: Polyergus breviceps (Slave Raiding Ant)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2005-10-02.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Polyergus at Wikimedia Commons- antweb.org - from which the text of this article is derived.
- myrmecofourmis.fr; Video of Polyergus rufescens stealing Serviformica pupae
