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The right to petition government for redress of grievances is the right to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's government, without fear of punishment or reprisals.

The right can be traced back to the Bill of Rights 1689, the Petition of Right (1628), and Magna Carta (1215).^{[citation needed]}

In Europe, Article 44 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ensures the right to petition to the European Parliament.^[1] Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany guarantees the right of petition to "competent authorities and to the legislature".^[2]^[3] The right to petition in the United States is granted by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (1791).

United States

The prohibition of abridgment of the "right to petition" originally referred only to the Congress and the U.S. federal courts. The incorporation doctrine later expanded the protection of the right to its current scope, over all state and federal courts and legislatures, and the executive branches of the state^[4] and federal governments.

China

Ancient and Imperial Chinese dynasties recognised the right to petition for all subjects. Commoners could petition the Emperor to remove local officials.^[5] The Huabiao, a ceremonial column common in traditional Chinese architecture, is believed to have originated from signboards set up by ancient rulers to offer an avenue for the public to write petitions.^[6]

In modern China the use of local petitioning bureaus remains common, however, those who remain dissatisfied still travel to the capital as a last resort to appeal to the central government.^[7] The National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration (Chinese: 国家信访局) and local bureaus of letters and calls receive suggestions and grievances. The officers then channel the issues to respective departments and monitor the progress of settlement, which they feedback to the filing parties.^[8] If unsatisfied, they can move up the hierarchy to bring complaints to the next higher level.^[9]^[10]

References

^ Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000), Article 44
^ Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Article 17
^ Grundgesetz, Art. 17 (dejure.org)
^ "The Right to Petition". Illinois First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
^ Brook, Timothy (1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3..
^ "Culture of Beijing: Huabiao". Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
^ James Reynolds (9 April 2009). "Petitions in China". BBC. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
^ "Chinese official web site:国家信访局". Retrieved 2009-04-08.
^ "ÎÞ±êÌâÎÄµµ". www.bjreview.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
^ HRW's "Alleyway" citing Jonathan K. Ocko, "I'll take it all the way to Beijing: Capital appeals in the Qing," Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 47.2 (May 1988), p.294

[1] Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000), Article 44

[2] Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Article 17

[3] Grundgesetz, Art. 17 (dejure.org)

[ifac1-4] "The Right to Petition". Illinois First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.

[5] Brook, Timothy (1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3..

[6] "Culture of Beijing: Huabiao". Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2019-04-17.

[7] James Reynolds (9 April 2009). "Petitions in China". BBC. Retrieved 2009-04-08.

[8] "Chinese official web site:国家信访局". Retrieved 2009-04-08.

[9] "ÎÞ±êÌâÎÄµµ". www.bjreview.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2019-12-05.

[10] HRW's "Alleyway" citing Jonathan K. Ocko, "I'll take it all the way to Beijing: Capital appeals in the Qing," Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 47.2 (May 1988), p.294

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Right to communicate one's needs to government}}
-The '''right to petition government for redress of grievances''' is the [[human rights|right]] to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's [[government]], without fear of punishment or reprisals, ensured by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (1791). Article 44 of the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] ensures the right to petition to the [[European Parliament]].<ref>[[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights  of the European Union (2000)]], Article 44</ref>
+{{Missing information|the historic development and necessity, and the differences between governments where the right is not as strong|date=September 2019}}
-The right can be traced back to the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]],<ref>[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]], Article 17</ref> the [[Bill of Rights 1689]], the [[Petition of Right|Petition of Right  (1628)]], and [[Magna Carta|Magna Carta (1215)]].
+The '''right to petition government for redress of grievances''' is the [[human rights|right]] to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's [[government]], without fear of punishment or reprisals.
+{{cns|date=September 2019|The right can be traced back to the [[Bill of Rights 1689]], the [[Petition of Right|Petition of Right (1628)]], and [[Magna Carta|Magna Carta (1215)]].|reason= Need reliable source that these are the main sources of the right to petition - particularly since China seems to have had [[memorial to the throne]].}}
-==Jurisdictions==
-===United States===
-{{Main|Right to petition in the United States}}
-The prohibition of abridgment of the "right to [[petition]]" originally referred only to the [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the [[US federal courts]]. The [[incorporation doctrine]] later expanded the protection of the right to its current scope, over all state and federal courts and legislatures, and the executive branches of the state<ref name="ifac1">{{cite web|url=http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/petition.php |publisher=Illinois First Amendment Center |title=The Right to Petition |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411172748/http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/petition.php |archivedate=April 11, 2013 }}</ref> and federal governments.
+In Europe, Article 44 of the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] ensures the right to petition to the [[European Parliament]].<ref>[[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000)]], Article 44</ref>  [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]] guarantees the right of petition to "competent authorities and to the legislature".<ref>[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]], Article 17</ref><ref>[https://dejure.org/gesetze/GG/17.html Grundgesetz, Art. 17] (dejure.org)</ref>
-The right to petition includes, under its umbrella, the petition. For example, in January 2006, the US Senate considered S. 2180,<ref name="s.2180">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/s2180|publisher=govtrack.us|title=Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2006}}</ref> an omnibus "ethics reform" bill. This bill contained a provision (Section 204)<ref name="section204">{{cite web|url= https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/s2180/text/is#link=II_204_a_2_~Q1_18_~T1&nearest=idDA833CD0144B4F8A95945AEBE61D69F8:|title=Section 204|publisher=govtrack.us}}{{citation broken|date=August 2012}}</ref> to establish federal regulation, for the first time, of certain efforts to encourage "grassroots [[lobbying]]". The bill said that "'grassroots lobbying' means the voluntary efforts of members of the general public to communicate their own views on an issue to Federal officials or to encourage other members of the general public to do the same".{{citethisquote|reason=where is the actual bill?|date=December 2011}}
+The [[right to petition in the United States]] is granted by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (1791).
+==United States==
-This provision was opposed by a broad array of organizations, including the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], the [[National Right to Life Committee]], and the [[National Rifle Association]].{{Citation needed|reason=source?|date=December 2011}} On January 18, 2007, the [[United States Senate|US Senate]] voted 55-43 to strike Section 221 from the bill. However, other proposed regulations on "grassroots lobbying" remain under consideration in the [[111th Congress]].{{update-small|date=August 2012}}
+{{Main|Right to petition in the United States}}
+The prohibition of abridgment of the "right to [[petition]]" originally referred only to the [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the [[U.S. federal courts]]. The [[incorporation doctrine]] later expanded the protection of the right to its current scope, over all state and federal courts and legislatures, and the executive branches of the state<ref name="ifac1">{{cite web|url=http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/petition.php |publisher=Illinois First Amendment Center |title=The Right to Petition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411172748/http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/petition.php |archive-date=April 11, 2013 }}</ref> and federal governments.
+==China==
-There are ongoing conflicts between organizations that wish to impose greater restrictions on citizen's attempts to influence or "lobby" policymakers.<ref name="facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/petition/topic.aspx?topic=sue |publisher=First Amendment Center |first=Adam |last=Newton |title=Petition - Right to sue |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324191941/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/petition/topic.aspx?topic=sue |archivedate=March 24, 2011 }}</ref> and the right of individuals, groups, and corporations (via [[corporate personhood]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}), to [[lobbying|lobby]]<ref name="ifac1"/> the government.
+{{Main|Memorial to the throne}}
+Ancient and Imperial Chinese dynasties recognised the right to petition for all subjects. Commoners could petition the Emperor to remove local officials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brook|first1=Timothy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuMcHWWbXqMC |title=The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China|publisher=University of California Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-520-22154-3|pages=33–34}}.</ref> The [[Huabiao]], a ceremonial column common in traditional Chinese architecture, is believed to have originated from signboards set up by ancient rulers to offer an avenue for the public to write petitions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiavtour.com/China_Beijing_culture_a147_s5.html |title=Culture of Beijing: Huabiao |access-date=2019-04-17 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202544/http://www.asiavtour.com/China_Beijing_culture_a147_s5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+{{Main|Petitioning (China)}}
-Another controversial bill, the [[Executive Branch Reform Act (2007)|Executive Branch Reform Act]], H.R. 984, would require over 8,000 Executive Branch officials to report into a public database nearly any "significant contact" from any "private party", a term that the bill defines to include almost all persons other than government officials. The bill defines "significant contact" to be any "oral or written communication (including electronic communication) . . . in which the private party seeks to influence official action by any officer or employee of the executive branch of the United States." This covers all forms of [[communication]], one way or two ways, including [[Letter (message)|letters]], [[fax]]es, [[e-mail]]s, phone messages, and petitions. The bill is supported by some organizations as an expansion of "government in the sunshine", but other groups oppose it as an infringing on the right to petition by making it impossible for citizens to communicate their views on controversial issues to government officials without those communications becoming a matter of [[public record]].<ref>[http://www.nrlc.org/FreeSpeech/WaxmanDavisHR984.pdf Memorandum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401080352/http://www.nrlc.org/FreeSpeech/WaxmanDavisHR984.pdf |date=2007-04-01 }}: "Congressman Waxman advances grave new threat to citizens’ ‘right to petition’ government officials," by Douglas Johnson and Susan Muskett, J.D., National Right to Life Committee, February 20, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.nrlc.org/FreeSpeech/DoJletteronHR984.pdf Letter from Richard D. Hertling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614123520/http://www.nrlc.org/FreeSpeech/DoJletteronHR984.pdf |date=2007-06-14 }}, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, to the Honorable Henry Waxman, Chairman, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, March 8, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.nrlc.org/FreeSpeech/OGEcommentsHR984.pdf Letter from Robert I. Cusick] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627173348/http://www.nrlc.org/FreeSpeech/OGEcommentsHR984.pdf |date=2007-06-27 }}, Director, Office of Government Ethics, to the Honorable Henry A. Waxman, Chairman, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, February 14,valentines day, 2007.</ref>
+In modern China the use of local petitioning bureaus remains common, however, those who remain dissatisfied still travel to the capital as a last resort to appeal to the central government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jamesreynolds/2009/04/petitions_in_china.html|title=Petitions in China|last= James Reynolds |date=9 April 2009  |publisher=BBC|access-date=2009-04-08}}</ref> The National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration ({{zh|s=国家信访局}}) and local bureaus of letters and calls receive suggestions and grievances. The officers then channel the issues to respective departments and monitor the progress of settlement, which they feedback to the filing parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gjxfj.gov.cn/|title=Chinese official web site:国家信访局|access-date=2009-04-08}}</ref> If unsatisfied, they can move up the hierarchy to bring complaints to the next higher level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.cn/EN/En-2005/05-45-e/china-1.htm|title=ÎÞ±êÌâÎÄµµ|website=www.bjreview.cn|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2016-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206043246/http://www.bjreview.cn/EN/En-2005/05-45-e/china-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>HRW's "Alleyway" citing Jonathan K. Ocko, "I'll take it all the way to Beijing: Capital appeals in the Qing," Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 47.2 (May 1988), p.294</ref>
 == See also ==
 *[[Strategic lawsuit against public participation]]
 *[[We the People (petitioning system)]]
+*[[Bill of Rights 1689#Modern recognition|Bill of Rights]], the 1689 bill of rights passed by the Parliament of England
+*[[Seven Bishops#Aftermath|Seven Bishops]]
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Right To Petition}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 34: @@
 [[Category:Human rights]]
 [[Category:Human rights by issue]]
-[[fr:Droit de pétition]]
-[[ja:請願権]]
-[[ur:آزادی عرضداشت]]

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