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{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}} |
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{{taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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|name = Lopseed family |
|name = Lopseed family |
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|image = Mimulus tilingii 23134.JPG |
|image = Mimulus tilingii 23134.JPG |
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|image_caption = ''[[ |
|image_caption = ''[[Erythranthe tilingii]]'' |
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|taxon = Phrymaceae |
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|regnum = [[Plantae]] |
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|authority = [[Johannes Conrad Schauer|Schauer]] |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |
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|ordo = [[Lamiales]] |
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|familia = '''Phrymaceae''' |
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|familia_authority = [[Johannes Conrad Schauer|Schauer]] |
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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|subdivision = About 11; see text. |
|subdivision = About 11; see text. |
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}} |
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'''Phrymaceae''', also known as the lopseed family, is a small [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lamiales]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: Botanical Databases At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> It has a nearly [[cosmopolitan distribution]], but is concentrated in two [[Center of diversity|centers of diversity]], one in [[Australia]], the other in western [[North America]].<ref name="barker2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Barker| first1 = W. L. (Bill)| last2 = Nesom| first2 = Guy L. | last3 = Beardsley| first3 = Paul M. | last4 = Fraga| first4 = Naomi S.| year= 2012| title =A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for ''Mimulus'', New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations| url = http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf | journal = Phytoneuron | volume =39 | pages = 1–60 | issn=2153-733X}}</ref> Members of this family occur in diverse [[habitat]]s, including [[desert]]s, [[Bank (geography)|river bank]]s and [[mountain]]s. |
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{{Construction}} |
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Phrymaceae is a family of mostly [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] and a few [[subshrub]]s, bearing tubular, [[bilaterally symmetric]] flowers. They can be [[annual plant|annuals]] or [[perennial plant|perennials]].<ref name=barker2012/> Some of the Australian [[genera]] are [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] or semiaquatic. One of these, ''Glossostigma'', is among the smallest of flowering plants, larger than the aquatic ''[[Lemna]]'' but similar in size to the [[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] ''[[Lepuropetalon]]''. The smallest members of Phrymaceae are only a few [[centimeter]]s long, while the largest are [[wood]]y [[shrub]]s to 4 [[Meter|m]] tall. The floral structure of Phrymaceae is variable, to such an extent that a [[Plant morphology|morphological]] assessment is difficult. [[Reproduction]] is also variable, being brought about by different [[mating system]]s which may be [[Sexual reproduction|sexual]] or [[Asexual reproduction|asexual]], and may involve [[outcrossing]], [[Autogamy|self-fertilization]], or [[Mixed mating model|mixed mating]]. Some are [[pollinate]]d by [[insect]]s, others by [[hummingbird]]s. The most common [[fruit]] type in this family is a [[dehiscent]] capsule containing numerous [[seed]]s, but exceptions exist such as an [[achene]], in ''[[Phryma|Phryma leptostachya]]'', or a [[berry (botany)|berry]]-like fruit in ''Leucocarpus''. |
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'''Phrymaceae''', also known as the Lopseed family, is a small [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lamiales]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: Botanical Databases At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> It has a nearly [[cosmopolitan distribution]], but is concentrated in two [[Center of diversity|centers of diversity]], one in [[Australia]], the other in western [[North America]].<ref name=barker2012>W.R. (Bill) Barker, Guy L. Nesom, Paul M. Beardsley, and Naomi S. Fraga. 2012. "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations". ''Phytoneuron'' 2012-39: 1–60. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Members of this family occur in diverse [[habitat]]s, including [[desert]]s, [[river bank]]s and [[mountain]]s. |
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About 16 [[species]] are in [[Gardening|cultivation]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref> They are known [[Horticulture|horticulturally]] as "Mimulus" and were formerly [[Biological classification|placed]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Mimulus]]'' when it was [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|defined]] [[sensu lato|broadly]] to include about 150 species. ''Mimulus'', as a [[botanical name]], rather than a [[common name]] or [[Cultivated plant taxonomy|horticultural name]], now represents a genus of only seven species. Most of its former species have been transferred to ''Diplacus'' or ''Erythranthe''.<ref name=barker2012/> Six of the horticultural species are of special importance. These are ''[[Diplacus aurantiacus]], [[Diplacus puniceus]], [[Erythranthe cardinalis]], [[Erythranthe guttata]], [[Erythranthe lutea]],'' and ''[[Erythranthe cuprea]]''. |
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Phrymaceae is a family of mostly [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] and a few [[subshrub]]s, bearing tubular, [[bilaterally symmetric]] flowers. They can be [[annual plant|annuals]] or [[perennial plant|perennials]].<ref name=barker2012/> Some of the Australian [[genera]] are [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] or semiaquatic. One of these, ''Glossostigma'', is among the smallest of flowering plants, larger than the aquatic ''[[Lemna]]'' but similar in size to the [[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] ''[[Lepuropetalon]]''. The smallest members of Phrymaceae are only a few [[centimeter]]s long, while the largest are [[woody]] [[shrub]]s to 4 [[Meter|m]] tall. The floral structure of Phrymaceae is variable, to such an extent that a [[Plant morphology|morphological]] assessment is difficult. [[Reproduction]] is also variable, being brought about by different [[mating system]]s which may be [[Sexual reproduction|sexual]] or [[Asexual reproduction|asexual]], and may involve [[Outcrossing|outcrossing]], [[Autogamy|self-fertilization]], or [[Mixed mating model|mixed mating]]. Some are [[pollinate]]d by [[insect]]s, others by [[hummingbird]]s. The most common [[fruit]] type in this family is a [[dehiscent]] capsule containing numerous [[seed]]s, but exceptions exist such as an [[achene]], in ''Phryma leptostachya'', or a [[berry]]-like fruit in ''Leucocarpus''. |
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Phrymaceae has recently become a [[Conceptual model|model system]] for [[Introduction to evolution|evolutionary]] [[Research|studies]].<ref name=wu2008>Carrie A. Wu, David B. Lowry, Arielle M. Cooley, Kevin M. Wright, Y.W. Lee, and John H. Willis. 2008. "Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies". ''Heredity'' 100(2):220-230. {{doi|10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> |
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About 16 [[species]] are in [[Gardening|cultivation]].<ref name="rhs">Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).</ref> They are known [[Horticulture|horticulturally]] as "Mimulus" and were formerly [[Biological classification|placed]] in that [[genus]] when it was [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|defined]] [[sensu lato|broadly]] to include about 150 species. ''Mimulus'', as a [[Botanical name]], rather than a [[Common name]] or [[Cultivated plant taxonomy|horticultural name]], represents a genus of only seven species. Most of its former species have been transferred to ''Diplacus'' or ''Erythranthe''.<ref name=barker2012/> Six of the horticultural species are of special importance. These are ''[[Mimulus aurantiacus|Diplacus aurantiacus]], [[Diplacus puniceus]], [[Mimulus cardinalis|Erythranthe cardinalis]], [[Mimulus guttatus|Erythranthe guttata]], [[Erythranthe lutea]],'' and ''[[Erythranthe cuprea]]''. |
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Within the order Lamiales, Phrymaceae is a [[Element (mathematics)|member]] of an [[Undescribed taxon|unnamed]] [[clade]] of five families.<ref name=schaferhoff2010>Bastian Schäferhoff, Andreas Fleischmann, Eberhard Fischer, Dick C. Albach, Thomas Borsch, Günther Heubl, and Kai F. Müller. 2010. "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 10:352. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-10-352}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> This clade has the topology of a [[phylogenetic grade]] and can therefore be represented as {Mazaceae [Phrymaceae (Paulowniaceae <Orobanchaceae + Lamiaceae>)]}.<ref name=refrod2014>Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 101(2):287-299. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1300394}}</ref> Two of these families, [[Mazaceae]] and [[Rehmanniaceae]] are not part of the [[APG III system]].<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |access-date=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> They were not formally [[valid publication|validated]] until 2011.<ref name=reveal2011>James L. Reveal.2011. page 47. In: "Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification". ''Kew Bulletin'' '''66'''(1):5-48.</ref> |
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Phrymaceae has recently become a [[model system]] for [[Introduction to evolution|evolutionary]] [[Research|studies]].<ref name=wu2008>Carrie A. Wu, David B. Lowry, Arielle M. Cooley, Kevin M. Wright, Y.W. Lee, and John H. Willis. 2008. "Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies". ''Heredity'' 100(2):220-230. {{doi|10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> |
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The composition of Phrymaceae and the delimitation of genera changed radically from 2002 to 2012 as a result of [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]].<ref name=beardsley2002>Paul M. Beardsley and Richard G. Olmstead. 2002. "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma''". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''89'''(7):1093-1102. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name=beardsley2004>Paul M. Beardsley, Steve E. Schoenig, Justen B. Whittall, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2004. "Patterns of evolution in western North American ''Mimulus'' (Phrymaceae)". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''91'''(3):474-489. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.91.3.474}}</ref><ref name=beardsley2005>Paul M. Beardsley and William R. Barker. 2005. "Patterns of evolution in Australian ''Mimulus'' and related genera (Phrymaceae ~ Scrophulariaceae): a molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data". ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '''18'''(1):61-73. {{doi|10.1071/SB04034}}</ref> Previously, Phrymaceae had been [[monotypic]] with ''Phryma leptostachya'' as its only [[species]]. It was limited in [[Biogeography|geographic]] [[Range (biology)|range]] to eastern North America and eastern [[China]]. ''Phryma'' had been previously placed by [[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]] in [[Verbenaceae]]. Research on [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] [[Plant taxonomy|relationships]] revealed that several genera, traditionally included in [[Scrophulariaceae]], were actually more [[Affinity (taxonomy)|closely related]] to ''Phryma'' than to ''[[Scrophularia]]''.<ref name=oxelman2005>Bengt Oxelman, Per Kornhall, Richard G. Olmstead & Birgitta Bremer. 2005. "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceaea". ''Taxon'' '''54'''(2): 411-425.</ref> These genera became part of an [[sensu lato|expanded]] Phrymaceae. ''[[Mazus]]'' and ''[[Lancea (plant)|Lancea]]'' were included in Phrymaceae for a short time before further studies indicated that they, along with [[Dodartia]] should be [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregated]] as a new family, Mazaceae. |
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Within the order Lamiales, Phrymaceae is a [[Element (mathematics)|member]] of an [[Undescribed taxon|unnamed]] [[clade]] of five families.<ref name=schaferhoff2010>Bastian Schäferhoff, Andreas Fleischmann, Eberhard Fischer, Dick C. Albach, Thomas Borsch, Günther Heubl, and Kai F. Müller. 2010. "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 10:352. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-10-352}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> This clade has the topology of a [[phylogenetic grade]] and can therefore be represented as {Mazaceae [Phrymaceae (Paulowniaceae <Orobanchaceae + Lamiaceae>)]}.<ref name=refrod2014>Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 101(2):287-299. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1300394}}</ref> Two of these families, [[Mazaceae]] and [[Rehmanniaceae]] are not part of the [[APG III system]].<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> They were not formally [[valid publication|validated]] until 2011.<ref name=reveal2011>James L. Reveal.2011. page 47. In: "Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification". ''Kew Bulletin'' '''66'''(1):5-48.</ref> |
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As currently understood, Phrymaceae consists of about 210 species in 13 genera.<ref name=barker2012/> ''Erythranthe'' (111 species) and ''Diplacus'' (46 species) are much larger than the other genera. Phrymaceae is distributed nearly worldwide but with the majority of species in western [[North America]] (about 130 species) and [[Australia]] (about 30 species). Phrymaceae consists of four [[clade]]s, all of which have strong [[Resampling (statistics)|statistical support]] in [[cladistic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]]s. No relationships among these four clades have been strongly supported by the [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]] or [[posterior probability]] assessments of clade support in any of the [[dataset]]s that have been produced so far. One of the four main clades consists of a single species, ''[[Phryma leptostachya]]''. Another consists of ''Mimulus'' [[sensu stricto]] (seven species) and six genera that have an Australian [[Species distribution|distribution]]. The other two clades have an American-Asian [[disjunct distribution]].<ref name=wen2010>Jun Wen, Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Ze-Long Nie, and Rong Li. 2010. "Timing and modes of evolution of eastern Asian - North American biogeographic disjunctions in seed plants". In: Long, M., Gu, H. and Zhou, Z., Darwin's Heritage Today : Proceedings of the Darwin 2010 Beijing International Conference. Beijing: Higher Education Press, pp.252-269.</ref> One of these includes the large genus ''Diplacus'', while the other of these includes the other large genus, ''Erythranthe''. |
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The composition of Phrymaceae and the delimitation of genera changed radically from 2002 to 2012 as a result of [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]].<ref name=beardsley2002>Paul M. Beardsley and Richard G. Olmstead. 2002. "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma''". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''89'''(7):1093-1102. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name=beardsley2004>Paul M. Beardsley, Steve E. Schoenig, Justen B. Whittall, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2004. "Patterns of evolution in western North American ''Mimulus'' (Phrymaceae)". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''91'''(3):474-489. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.91.3.474}}</ref><ref name=beardsley2005>Paul M. Beardsley and William R. Barker. 2005. "Patterns of evolution in Australian ''Mimulus'' and related genera (Phrymaceae ~ Scrophulariaceae): a molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data". ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '''18'''(1):61-73. {{doi|10.1071/SB04034}}</ref> Previously, Phrymaceae had been [[monospecific]] with ''Phryma leptostachya'' as its only [[species]]. It was limited in [[Biogeography|geographic]] [[Range (biology)|range]] to eastern North America and eastern [[China]]. ''Phryma'' had been previously placed by [[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]] in [[Verbenaceae]]. Research on [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] [[Plant taxonomy|relationships]] revealed that several genera, traditionally included in [[Scrophulariaceae]], were actually more [[Affinity (taxonomy)|closely related]] to ''Phryma'' than to ''[[Scrophularia]]''.<ref name=oxelman2005>Bengt Oxelman, Per Kornhall, Richard G. Olmstead & Birgitta Bremer. 2005. "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceaea". ''Taxon'' '''54'''(2): 411-425.</ref> These genera became part of an [[sensu lato| expanded]] Phrymaceae. ''[[Mazus]]'', ''[[Lancea (plant)|Lancea]]'', and [[Dodartia]] were included in Phrymaceae for a short time before further studies indicated that they should be [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregated]] as a new family, Mazaceae. |
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[[Estimate]]s of the number of species in Phrymaceae have varied widely because of a lack of clear differences between species in certain genera, especially ''Diplacus'' and ''Erythranthe''. When these two genera have been treated as [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregates]] of ''Mimulus'', the number of species assigned to ''Mimulus'' sensu lato has ranged from about 90<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}.</ref> to about 150.<ref name=fischer2004>Eberhard Fischer. 2004. pages 401-405. In: "Scrophulariaceae" pages 333-432. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref> A 2008 [[Scientific paper|paper]] indicates that the actual number of species is well over 150.<ref name=wu2008/> |
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As currently understood, Phrymaceae consists of about 210 species in 13 genera.<ref name=barker2012/> ''Erythranthe'' (111 species) and ''Dipsacus'' (46 species) are much larger than the other genera. Phrymaceae is distributed nearly worldwide but with the majority of species in western [[North America]] (about 130 species) and [[Australia]] (about 30 species). Phrymaceae consists of four [[clade]]s, all of which have strong [[Resampling (statistics)|statistical support]] in [[cladistic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]]s. No relationships among these four clades have been strongly supported by the [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]] or [[posterior probability]] assessments of clade support in any of the [[dataset]]s that have been produced so far. One of the four main clades consists of a single species, ''[[Phryma leptostachya]]''. Another consists of ''Mimulus'' [[sensu stricto]] (seven species) and six genera that have an Australian [[Species distribution|distribution]]. The other two clades have an [[American-Asian]] distribution. One of these includes the large genus ''Diplacus'', while the other of these includes the other large genus, ''Erythranthe''. |
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In 2012, a [[taxonomic revision|revision]] of Phrymaceae recognized 188 species in the family, but noted that 17 species from Australia and five from North America would be [[Neologism|named]] and [[diagnosis (taxonomy)|described]] in future [[Academic publishing|publications]]. Ten of those unnamed species will be in ''[[Peplidium]]'', raising the number of species in that genus from four to 14.<ref name=barker2012/> |
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[[Estimate]]s of the number of species in Phrymaceae have varied widely because of a lack of clear differences between species in certain genera, especially ''Diplacus'' and ''Erythranthe''. When these two genera have been treated as [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregates]] of ''Mimulus'', the number of species assigned to ''Mimulus'' sensu lato has ranged from about 90<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.</ref> to about 150.<ref name=fischer2004>Eberhard Fischer. 2004. pages 401-405. In: "Scrophulariaceae" pages 333-432. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1</ref> A 2008 [[Scientific paper|paper]] indicates that the actual number of species is well over 150.<ref name=wu2008/> |
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In 2012, a [[taxonomic revision|revision]] of Phrymaceae recognized 188 species in the family, but noted that 17 species from Australia and five from North America would be [[Neologism|named]] and [[diagnosis (taxonomy)|described]] in future [[Academic publishing|publications]]. Ten of those unnamed species will be in ''Peplidium'', raising the number of species in that genus from four to 14.<ref name=barker2012/> |
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[[File:Illustration Mimulus guttatus0.jpg|thumb|right|''Mimulus guttatus'' from Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885]] |
[[File:Illustration Mimulus guttatus0.jpg|thumb|right|''Mimulus guttatus'' from Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885]] |
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== Genera == |
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The following genera are from a [[Plant taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[conspectus]] of Phrymaceae published in 2012.<ref name=barker2012/> In that conspectus, ''Eunanus'', ''Tricholoma'', and ''Berendtiella'' were not accepted as they are in some recent works. ''Eunanus'' is reduced to a [[Section (botany)|section]] in ''Diplacus''. ''Tricholoma'' is subsumed within ''Glossostigma''. |
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<!--''[[genus name]]'' {{Au|author,date}} (synonyms) – common name – number of species, range --> |
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{| |
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* ''[[Diplacus]]'' {{Au|[[Thomas Nuttall|Nuttall]], 1838}} |
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* ''[[Elacholoma]]'' {{Au|[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Mueller]] & [[Ralph Tate|Tate]], 1895}} (the stigma lobes are relatively long and are receptive over most of their length) |
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* ''[[Erythranthe]]'' {{Au|[[Édouard Spach|Spach]], 1840}} |
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* ''[[Glossostigma]]'' {{Au|[[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arnott]], 1836}} (with three or four lobes in the calyx instead five; contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe) |
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* ''[[Hemichaena]]'' {{Au|[[George Bentham|Bentham]], 1841}} |
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* ''[[Leucocarpus]]'' {{Au|[[David Don|D.Don]], 1830}} |
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* ''[[Microcarpaea]]'' {{Au|[[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]], 1810}} |
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* ''[[Mimetanthe]]'' {{Au|[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]], 1885}} |
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* ''[[Mimulus]]'' {{Au|[[Linnaeus|L.]], 1753}} |
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* ''[[Peplidium]]'' {{Au|[[Alire Raffeneau Delile|Delile]], 1813}} (contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe) |
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* ''[[Phryma]]'' {{Au|L., 1753}} |
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* ''[[Thyridia (plant)|Thyridia]]'' {{Au|W.R.Barker & Beardsley, 2012}} |
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* ''[[Uvedalia]]'' {{Au|[[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]], 1810}} |
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|} |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The following description is [[excerpt]]ed from the conspectus published in 2012.<ref name=barker2012/> |
The following description is [[excerpt]]ed from the conspectus published in 2012.<ref name=barker2012/> |
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Mostly [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]], a few [[subshrub]]s. [[Leaf|Leaves]] [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]], sometimes [[Gland (botany)|glandular]]-[[Glossary of botanical terms |
Mostly [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]], a few [[subshrub]]s. [[Leaf|Leaves]] [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]], sometimes [[Gland (botany)|glandular]]-[[Glossary of botanical terms#punctate|punctate]]. [[Flower]]s [[inferior ovary|hypogynous]]; usually in [[raceme]]s, rarely solitary or in [[Glossary of botanical terms#axil|axillary]] clusters of 2 or 3. [[Calyx (botany)|Calyx]] tubular, toothed, usually ribbed below teeth. [[Corolla (flower)|Corolla]] [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]], or rarely, sub-actinomorphic; 5-[[Glossary of botanical terms#lobe|lobed]], or rarely reduced to 3 or 4 lobes. [[Stamen]]s 4, [[Glossary of botanical terms#didynamy|didynamous]], or rarely 2. [[Androecium|Filaments]] [[Glossary of botanical terms#inserted|inserted]] on corolla tube. [[Carpel]]s 2, bearing many [[ovule]]s; or rarely, carpel 1 with a single ovule. [[Stigma (botany)|Stigmas]] 2-lobed, [[Glossary of botanical terms#sensitive|sensitive]] except in ''[[Elacholoma hornii]]'' which has a [[Glossary of botanical terms#linear|linear]] stigma. [[Fruit]] a [[Dehiscence (botany)|loculicidal]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], rarely a [[schizocarp]] or [[berry (botany)|berry]]; borne in a [[Glossary of botanical terms#persistent|persistent]] calyx. [[Seed]]s small; many or only 1 (''Phryma''). |
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The family Phrymaceae is mainly defined by the following three [[Phenotypic trait|characteristics]]: |
The family Phrymaceae is mainly defined by the following three [[Phenotypic trait|characteristics]]: |
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* Tubular, toothed [[sepal|calyces]] (with five [[Glossary of botanical terms |
* Tubular, toothed [[sepal|calyces]] (with five [[Glossary of botanical terms#lobe|lobes]]). |
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* [[Stigma (botany)|Stigmas]] with two [[Glossary of botanical terms |
* [[Stigma (botany)|Stigmas]] with two [[Glossary of botanical terms#lamella|lamellas]] that have [[Glossary of botanical terms#sensitive|sensitive]] inner surfaces, that close together on contact with a [[pollinator]]. |
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* [[Capsule (fruit)|Capsules]] that are [[Locule|loculicidally]] [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]], splitting between the partitions of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. |
* [[Capsule (fruit)|Capsules]] that are [[Locule|loculicidally]] [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]], splitting between the partitions of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. |
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== |
== Taxonomy == |
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The family Phrymaceae was established in 1847 by [[Johannes Conrad Schauer]] as a guest author in the ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis|Prodromus]]'' of [[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle]].<ref name="ipniphrymaceae">''Phrymaceae'' in [[International Plant Names Index]]. (see ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name=schauer1847>Johannes Conrad Schauer. 1847. "Phrymaceae" pages 520-521. In: Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (editor). ''Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis [...]'' volume 11. Sumptibus Victoris Masson. Paris, France. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> The family has often been called "Phrymataceae", even in modern times,<ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). page 557. Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9609-9}} {{doi|10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9}}</ref> but the [[Correct name (botany)|correct name]] for the family is Phrymaceae.<ref name=barker2012/> |
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{{reflist}} |
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Until 2002, Phrymaceae was usually defined as consisting of only a single, anomalous species, ''Phryma leptostachya''. Whenever Phrymaceae was not recognized, ''Phryma'' was usually placed in the family [[Verbenaceae]], but sometimes in [[Lamiaceae]].<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> ''Mimulus'' and its relatives were usually placed in some version of [[Scrophulariaceae]] that was much larger than the currently accepted circumscription of that family.<ref name=tank2006>David C. Tank, Paul M. Beardsley, Scot A. Kelchner, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2006. "Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition". ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '''19'''(6):289-307. {{doi|10.1071/SB05009}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> |
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<center> |
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<gallery> |
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In 2002, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study showed that ''Phryma'' formed a strongly supported clade with ''Mimulus'' and its various relatives. [[Chloroplast]] [[DNA]] showed ''Phryma'' to be [[Paraphyly|embedded]] within a broadly defined ''Mimulus'', but this result was not strongly supported, and was contradicted by [[data]] from the [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] and [[External transcribed spacer|ETS]] regions of the [[nuclear genome]].<ref name=beardsley2002/> |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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In 2004, in the most recent comprehensive [[Treatise|treatment]] of families and genera in Lamiales, Phrymaceae consisted of ''Phryma'' only.<ref name=cantino2004>Philip D. Cantino. 2004. "Phrymaceae". pages 323-326. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref> In that treatment, it was suggested that ''Mimulus'' and its relatives (8 genera) might be transferred from Scrophulariaceae to Phrymaceae. It was also suggested that 11 other genera in Scrophulariaceae might be transferred in the same way. The 11 "additional genera" were ''[[Dodartia]], [[Mazus]], [[Lancea (plant)|Lancea]], [[Bythophyton]], [[Encopella]], [[Hemianthus]], [[Micranthemum]], [[Bryodes]], [[Dintera]], [[Psammetes]],'' and ''[[Mimulicalyx]]''.<ref name=fischer2004/> |
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{{commons category|Phrymaceae}} |
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''Dodartia'', ''Mazus'', and ''Lancea'' make Phrymaceae paraphyletic if they are included within it.<ref name=refrod2014/><ref name=albach2009>Dirk C. Albach, Kun Yan, Søren R. Jensen, and Hong-Qing Li. 2009. "Phylogenetic placement of ''Triaenophora'' (formerly Scrophulariaceae) with some implications for the phylogeny of Lamiales". ''Taxon'' '''58'''(3):749-756.</ref> They now constitute the related family Mazaceae.<ref name=reveal2011/> |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/phrymaceae.gif Distribution map] {{Color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/phrymaceaegen.html Genus list] {{Color|green|At}} [[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Phrymaceae Phrymaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales Lamiales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science & Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden] |
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* [http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.phytoneuron.net/phytoneuron2012PUBS.htm 2012] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.phytoneuron.net/ ''Phytoneuron''] |
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* [http://biology.duke.edu/willislab/pub_pdfs/Wuetal07Heredity.pdf ''Mimulus'' as a model system] |
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* [http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v100/n2/pdf/6801018a.pdf ''Mimulus'' as a model system] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v100/n2/index.html volume 100, issue 2] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.nature.com/hdy/archive/index.html?showyears=2014-2008-#y2008 Show 2008] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.nature.com/hdy/archive/index.html Archive] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.nature.com/hdy/index.html ''Heredity''] |
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/MagnoliidaeOnLine.html classification scheme for extant flowering plants] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome] |
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* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-10-352.pdf Lamiales relationships (pdf)] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcevolbiol/content/10/November/2010 Volume 10 (2010) - November 2010] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcevolbiol/archive Archive]] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcevolbiol/content Articles] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcevolbiol BMC Evol. Biol.] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/journals/bysubject Journals] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/ BioMed Central] |
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* [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/7/1093 Beardsley et alii.2002. AJB] |
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* [http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/3/474.full Beardsley et alii.2004. AJB] |
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The [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genera ''[[Bythophyton]]'' and ''[[Encopella]]'' might properly belong to [[Plantaginaceae]] [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Gratioliae]].<ref name=albach2005>Dirk C. Albach, Heidi M. Meudt, and Bengt Oxelman. 2005. "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 92(2):297-315. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.92.2.297}}</ref> This [[hypothesis]] has never been [[Hypothesis testing|tested]] by molecular phylogenetics. |
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''Hemianthus'' is so similar to ''Micranthemum'' that its recognition as a separate genus is doubtful.<ref name="mabberley2008"/> ''Micranthemum'' and ''Bryodes'' have been shown to be members of [[Linderniaceae]].<ref name=schaferhoff2010/> |
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* [http://www.tolweb.org/Lamiales/20726 Lamiales] {{Color|violet|··· In ···}} [http://www.tolweb.org/Green_plants/2382 Green Plants] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 Eukaryotes] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1 Root of the tree] {{Color|green|At}} [http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ tolweb] |
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The [[Africa]]n [[monotypic]] genera ''Dintera'' and ''Psammetes'' are little known and their [[Affinity (taxonomy)|affinities]] remain obscure. ''Mimulicalyx'' has 2 species, both [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[China]]. Their familial placement remains uncertain. |
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Thus ''Bythophyton, Encopella, Dintera, Psammetes,'' and ''Mimulicalyx'' might be considered as possible members of Phrymaceae since they have not been unequivocally placed elsewhere. Instead of recognizing Phrymaceae and several of the other Lamiales families of [[APG III]], some authors have chosen to maintain a large [[polyphyletic]] Scrophulariaceae until there is a clear understanding of how it should be "disintegrated".<ref name="heywood2007"/> |
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=== Genera === |
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A [[Plant taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[conspectus]] of Phrymaceae published in 2012 included 13 genera. In that conspectus, ''Eunanus'', ''Tricholoma'', and ''Berendtiella'' were not accepted as they are in some recent works. ''Eunanus'' is reduced to a [[Section (botany)|section]] in ''Diplacus''. ''Tricholoma'' is subsumed within ''Glossostigma''.<ref name=barker2012/> Subsequent [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic studies]] showed that ''Cyrtandromoea'' also belonged in the family,<ref name=LiuTanLiuOlms19>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Bing |last2=Tan |first2=Yun‐Hong |last3=Liu |first3=Su |last4=Olmstead |first4=Richard G. |last5=Min |first5=Dao‐Zhang |last6=Chen |first6=Zhi‐Duan |last7=Joshee |first7=Nirmal |last8=Vaidya |first8=Brajesh N. |last9=Chung |first9=Richard C. K. |last10=Li |first10=Bo |date=2019 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships of ''Cyrtandromoea'' and ''Wightia'' Revisited: a New Tribe in Phrymaceae and a New Family in Lamiales |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1111/JSE.12513 |s2cid=182811049 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> a placement accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]], which also accepts the monospecific genus ''Mimulicalyx'', producing a total of 15 genera.<ref name="POWO_77126682-1">{{cite web |title=''Phrymaceae'' Schauer |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126682-1 |access-date=2022-04-18 }}</ref> |
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* ''[[Cyrtandromoea]]'' {{Au|Zoll.}} |
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* ''[[Diplacus]]'' {{Au|[[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]}} |
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* ''[[Elacholoma]]'' {{Au|[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] & [[Ralph Tate|Tate]], |
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}} (the stigma lobes are relatively long and are receptive over most of their length) |
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* ''[[Erythranthe]]'' {{Au|[[Édouard Spach|Spach]]}} |
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* ''[[Glossostigma]]'' {{Au|[[Robert Wight|Wight]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]}} (with three or four lobes in the calyx instead five; contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe) |
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* ''[[Hemichaena]]'' {{Au|[[George Bentham|Benth.]]}} |
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* ''[[Leucocarpus]]'' {{Au|[[David Don|D.Don]]}} |
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* ''[[Microcarpaea]]'' {{Au|[[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]}} |
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* ''[[Mimetanthe]]'' {{Au|[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]}} |
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* ''[[Mimulicalyx]]'' {{Au|P.C.Tsoong}} |
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* ''[[Mimulus]]'' {{Au|[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}} |
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* ''[[Peplidium]]'' {{Au|[[Alire Raffeneau Delile|Delile]]}} (contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe) |
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* ''[[Phryma]]'' {{Au|L.}} |
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* ''[[Thyridia (plant)|Thyridia]]'' {{Au|W.R.Barker & Beardsley}} |
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* ''[[Uvedalia]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Phrymaceae}} |
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/phrymaceae.gif Distribution map] |
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* [http://biology.duke.edu/willislab/pub_pdfs/Wuetal07Heredity.pdf ''Mimulus'' as a model system] |
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* [http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v100/n2/pdf/6801018a.pdf ''Mimulus'' as a model system] |
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* [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/MagnoliidaeOnLine.html classification scheme for extant flowering plants] |
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* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-10-352.pdf Lamiales relationships (pdf)] |
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* [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/7/1093 Beardsley et alii.2002. AJB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626064840/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/7/1093 |date=2010-06-26 }} |
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* [https://archive.today/20120720222902/http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/3/474.full Beardsley et alii.2004. AJB] |
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* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=Phrymaceae+&find_genus=&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Phrymaceae] |
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* [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=6163 Phrymaceae (page 520)] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916063145/http://phylodiversity.net/dtank/Tank_Lab/Publications_files/Aust.%20Syst.%20Bot.%202006%20Tank.pdf Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l.] |
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* [http://www.tolweb.org/Lamiales/20726 Lamiales] |
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{{Angiosperm families}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1061384}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Phrymaceae| |
[[Category:Phrymaceae| ]] |
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[[Category:Lamiales families]] |
[[Category:Lamiales families]] |
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Revision as of 04:09, 8 April 2024
| Lopseed family | |
|---|---|
| |
| Erythranthe tilingii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Phrymaceae Schauer |
| Genera | |
|
About 11; see text. | |
Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.[1] It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America.[2] Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains.
Phrymaceae is a family of mostly herbs and a few subshrubs, bearing tubular, bilaterally symmetric flowers. They can be annuals or perennials.[2] Some of the Australian genera are aquatic or semiaquatic. One of these, Glossostigma, is among the smallest of flowering plants, larger than the aquatic Lemna but similar in size to the terrestrial Lepuropetalon. The smallest members of Phrymaceae are only a few centimeters long, while the largest are woody shrubs to 4 m tall. The floral structure of Phrymaceae is variable, to such an extent that a morphological assessment is difficult. Reproduction is also variable, being brought about by different mating systems which may be sexual or asexual, and may involve outcrossing, self-fertilization, or mixed mating. Some are pollinated by insects, others by hummingbirds. The most common fruit type in this family is a dehiscent capsule containing numerous seeds, but exceptions exist such as an achene, in Phryma leptostachya, or a berry-like fruit in Leucocarpus.
About 16 species are in cultivation.[3] They are known horticulturally as "Mimulus" and were formerly placed in the genus Mimulus when it was defined broadly to include about 150 species. Mimulus, as a botanical name, rather than a common name or horticultural name, now represents a genus of only seven species. Most of its former species have been transferred to Diplacus or Erythranthe.[2] Six of the horticultural species are of special importance. These are Diplacus aurantiacus, Diplacus puniceus, Erythranthe cardinalis, Erythranthe guttata, Erythranthe lutea, and Erythranthe cuprea.
Phrymaceae has recently become a model system for evolutionary studies.[4]
Within the order Lamiales, Phrymaceae is a member of an unnamed clade of five families.[5] This clade has the topology of a phylogenetic grade and can therefore be represented as {Mazaceae [Phrymaceae (Paulowniaceae <Orobanchaceae + Lamiaceae>)]}.[6] Two of these families, Mazaceae and Rehmanniaceae are not part of the APG III system.[7] They were not formally validated until 2011.[8]
The composition of Phrymaceae and the delimitation of genera changed radically from 2002 to 2012 as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies.[9][10][11] Previously, Phrymaceae had been monotypic with Phryma leptostachya as its only species. It was limited in geographic range to eastern North America and eastern China. Phryma had been previously placed by Cronquist in Verbenaceae. Research on phylogenetic relationships revealed that several genera, traditionally included in Scrophulariaceae, were actually more closely related to Phryma than to Scrophularia.[12] These genera became part of an expanded Phrymaceae. Mazus and Lancea were included in Phrymaceae for a short time before further studies indicated that they, along with Dodartia should be segregated as a new family, Mazaceae.
As currently understood, Phrymaceae consists of about 210 species in 13 genera.[2] Erythranthe (111 species) and Diplacus (46 species) are much larger than the other genera. Phrymaceae is distributed nearly worldwide but with the majority of species in western North America (about 130 species) and Australia (about 30 species). Phrymaceae consists of four clades, all of which have strong statistical support in cladistic analyses of DNA sequences. No relationships among these four clades have been strongly supported by the bootstrap or posterior probability assessments of clade support in any of the datasets that have been produced so far. One of the four main clades consists of a single species, Phryma leptostachya. Another consists of Mimulus sensu stricto (seven species) and six genera that have an Australian distribution. The other two clades have an American-Asian disjunct distribution.[13] One of these includes the large genus Diplacus, while the other of these includes the other large genus, Erythranthe.
Estimates of the number of species in Phrymaceae have varied widely because of a lack of clear differences between species in certain genera, especially Diplacus and Erythranthe. When these two genera have been treated as segregates of Mimulus, the number of species assigned to Mimulus sensu lato has ranged from about 90[14] to about 150.[15] A 2008 paper indicates that the actual number of species is well over 150.[4]
In 2012, a revision of Phrymaceae recognized 188 species in the family, but noted that 17 species from Australia and five from North America would be named and described in future publications. Ten of those unnamed species will be in Peplidium, raising the number of species in that genus from four to 14.[2]
Description
The following description is excerpted from the conspectus published in 2012.[2]
Mostly annual or perennial herbs, a few subshrubs. Leaves opposite, sometimes glandular-punctate. Flowers hypogynous; usually in racemes, rarely solitary or in axillary clusters of 2 or 3. Calyx tubular, toothed, usually ribbed below teeth. Corolla zygomorphic, or rarely, sub-actinomorphic; 5-lobed, or rarely reduced to 3 or 4 lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, or rarely 2. Filaments inserted on corolla tube. Carpels 2, bearing many ovules; or rarely, carpel 1 with a single ovule. Stigmas 2-lobed, sensitive except in Elacholoma hornii which has a linear stigma. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, rarely a schizocarp or berry; borne in a persistent calyx. Seeds small; many or only 1 (Phryma).
The family Phrymaceae is mainly defined by the following three characteristics:
- Tubular, toothed calyces (with five lobes).
- Stigmas with two lamellas that have sensitive inner surfaces, that close together on contact with a pollinator.
- Capsules that are loculicidally dehiscent, splitting between the partitions of the ovary.
Taxonomy
The family Phrymaceae was established in 1847 by Johannes Conrad Schauer as a guest author in the Prodromus of Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle.[16][17] The family has often been called "Phrymataceae", even in modern times,[18] but the correct name for the family is Phrymaceae.[2]
Until 2002, Phrymaceae was usually defined as consisting of only a single, anomalous species, Phryma leptostachya. Whenever Phrymaceae was not recognized, Phryma was usually placed in the family Verbenaceae, but sometimes in Lamiaceae.[19] Mimulus and its relatives were usually placed in some version of Scrophulariaceae that was much larger than the currently accepted circumscription of that family.[20]
In 2002, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Phryma formed a strongly supported clade with Mimulus and its various relatives. Chloroplast DNA showed Phryma to be embedded within a broadly defined Mimulus, but this result was not strongly supported, and was contradicted by data from the ITS and ETS regions of the nuclear genome.[9]
In 2004, in the most recent comprehensive treatment of families and genera in Lamiales, Phrymaceae consisted of Phryma only.[21] In that treatment, it was suggested that Mimulus and its relatives (8 genera) might be transferred from Scrophulariaceae to Phrymaceae. It was also suggested that 11 other genera in Scrophulariaceae might be transferred in the same way. The 11 "additional genera" were Dodartia, Mazus, Lancea, Bythophyton, Encopella, Hemianthus, Micranthemum, Bryodes, Dintera, Psammetes, and Mimulicalyx.[15]
Dodartia, Mazus, and Lancea make Phrymaceae paraphyletic if they are included within it.[6][22] They now constitute the related family Mazaceae.[8]
The monotypic genera Bythophyton and Encopella might properly belong to Plantaginaceae tribe Gratioliae.[23] This hypothesis has never been tested by molecular phylogenetics.
Hemianthus is so similar to Micranthemum that its recognition as a separate genus is doubtful.[14] Micranthemum and Bryodes have been shown to be members of Linderniaceae.[5]
The African monotypic genera Dintera and Psammetes are little known and their affinities remain obscure. Mimulicalyx has 2 species, both endemic to China. Their familial placement remains uncertain.
Thus Bythophyton, Encopella, Dintera, Psammetes, and Mimulicalyx might be considered as possible members of Phrymaceae since they have not been unequivocally placed elsewhere. Instead of recognizing Phrymaceae and several of the other Lamiales families of APG III, some authors have chosen to maintain a large polyphyletic Scrophulariaceae until there is a clear understanding of how it should be "disintegrated".[19]
Genera
A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae published in 2012 included 13 genera. In that conspectus, Eunanus, Tricholoma, and Berendtiella were not accepted as they are in some recent works. Eunanus is reduced to a section in Diplacus. Tricholoma is subsumed within Glossostigma.[2] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Cyrtandromoea also belonged in the family,[24] a placement accepted by Plants of the World Online, which also accepts the monospecific genus Mimulicalyx, producing a total of 15 genera.[25]
- Cyrtandromoea Zoll.
- Diplacus Nutt.
- Elacholoma F.Muell. & Tate, (the stigma lobes are relatively long and are receptive over most of their length)
- Erythranthe Spach
- Glossostigma Wight & Arn. (with three or four lobes in the calyx instead five; contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe)
- Hemichaena Benth.
- Leucocarpus D.Don
- Microcarpaea R.Br.
- Mimetanthe Greene
- Mimulicalyx P.C.Tsoong
- Mimulus L.
- Peplidium Delile (contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe)
- Phryma L.
- Thyridia W.R.Barker & Beardsley
- Uvedalia R.Br.
References
- ^ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barker, W. L. (Bill); Nesom, Guy L.; Beardsley, Paul M.; Fraga, Naomi S. (2012). "A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for Mimulus, New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 39: 1–60. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
- ^ a b Carrie A. Wu, David B. Lowry, Arielle M. Cooley, Kevin M. Wright, Y.W. Lee, and John H. Willis. 2008. "Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies". Heredity 100(2):220-230. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018. (See External links below).
- ^ a b Bastian Schäferhoff, Andreas Fleischmann, Eberhard Fischer, Dick C. Albach, Thomas Borsch, Günther Heubl, and Kai F. Müller. 2010. "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 10:352. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 (See External links below).
- ^ a b Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". American Journal of Botany 101(2):287-299. doi:10.3732/ajb.1300394
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- ^ a b James L. Reveal.2011. page 47. In: "Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification". Kew Bulletin 66(1):5-48.
- ^ a b Paul M. Beardsley and Richard G. Olmstead. 2002. "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany 89(7):1093-1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. (See External links below).
- ^ Paul M. Beardsley, Steve E. Schoenig, Justen B. Whittall, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2004. "Patterns of evolution in western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany 91(3):474-489. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474
- ^ Paul M. Beardsley and William R. Barker. 2005. "Patterns of evolution in Australian Mimulus and related genera (Phrymaceae ~ Scrophulariaceae): a molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data". Australian Systematic Botany 18(1):61-73. doi:10.1071/SB04034
- ^ Bengt Oxelman, Per Kornhall, Richard G. Olmstead & Birgitta Bremer. 2005. "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceaea". Taxon 54(2): 411-425.
- ^ Jun Wen, Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Ze-Long Nie, and Rong Li. 2010. "Timing and modes of evolution of eastern Asian - North American biogeographic disjunctions in seed plants". In: Long, M., Gu, H. and Zhou, Z., Darwin's Heritage Today : Proceedings of the Darwin 2010 Beijing International Conference. Beijing: Higher Education Press, pp.252-269.
- ^ a b David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.
- ^ a b Eberhard Fischer. 2004. pages 401-405. In: "Scrophulariaceae" pages 333-432. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
- ^ Phrymaceae in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
- ^ Johannes Conrad Schauer. 1847. "Phrymaceae" pages 520-521. In: Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (editor). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis [...] volume 11. Sumptibus Victoris Masson. Paris, France. (See External links below).
- ^ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). page 557. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9609-9 doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9
- ^ a b Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
- ^ David C. Tank, Paul M. Beardsley, Scot A. Kelchner, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2006. "Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition". Australian Systematic Botany 19(6):289-307. doi:10.1071/SB05009 (See External links below).
- ^ Philip D. Cantino. 2004. "Phrymaceae". pages 323-326. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
- ^ Dirk C. Albach, Kun Yan, Søren R. Jensen, and Hong-Qing Li. 2009. "Phylogenetic placement of Triaenophora (formerly Scrophulariaceae) with some implications for the phylogeny of Lamiales". Taxon 58(3):749-756.
- ^ Dirk C. Albach, Heidi M. Meudt, and Bengt Oxelman. 2005. "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92(2):297-315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297
- ^ Liu, Bing; Tan, Yun‐Hong; Liu, Su; Olmstead, Richard G.; Min, Dao‐Zhang; Chen, Zhi‐Duan; Joshee, Nirmal; Vaidya, Brajesh N.; Chung, Richard C. K. & Li, Bo (2019), "Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyrtandromoea and Wightia Revisited: a New Tribe in Phrymaceae and a New Family in Lamiales", Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 58 (1): 1–17, doi:10.1111/JSE.12513, S2CID 182811049
- ^ "Phrymaceae Schauer". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phrymaceae.
- Distribution map
- Mimulus as a model system
- Mimulus as a model system
- classification scheme for extant flowering plants
- Lamiales relationships (pdf)
- Beardsley et alii.2002. AJB Archived 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
- Beardsley et alii.2004. AJB
- Phrymaceae
- Phrymaceae (page 520)
- Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l.
- Lamiales
