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Crates of Mallus (Greek: Κράτης ὁ Μαλλώτης, Krátēs ho Mallṓtēs; fl. 2nd century BC) was a Greek grammarian and Stoic philosopher, leader of the literary school and head of the library of Pergamum. He was described as the Crates from Mallus to distinguish him from other philosophers by the same name. His chief work was a critical and exegetical commentary on Homer. He is also famous for constructing the earliest known globe of the Earth.

Life

He was born in Mallus in Cilicia, and was brought up at Tarsus, and then moved to Pergamon, and there lived under the patronage of Eumenes II, and Attalus II. He was the founder of the Pergamon school of grammar, and seems to have been at one time the head of the library of Pergamon. Among his followers were Hermias (Κρατήτειος Ἑρμείας mentioned in sch. Hom. Il. 16.207a), Zenodotus of Mallus and Herodicus of Babylon.

He visited Rome as ambassador of either Eumenes, in 168 BC, or Attalus in 159 BC. Having broken his leg after falling into an open sewer, he was compelled to stay in Rome for some time and delivered lectures which gave the first impulse to the study of grammar and criticism among the Romans.^[1]^[2]

Works

Crates made a strong distinction between criticism and grammar, the latter of which he regarded as subordinate to the former. A critic, according to Crates, should investigate everything which could throw light upon literature; the grammarian was only to apply the rules of language to clear up the meaning of particular passages, and to settle the text, prosody, accentuation, etc. From this part of his system, Crates derived the surname of Kritikos.

Like Aristarchus of Samothrace, Crates gave the greatest attention to the works of Homer, from his labours upon which he was also surnamed Homerikos. He wrote a commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey in nine books. Some fragments of this commentary are preserved by the scholiasts and other ancient writers.^[3] His principles were opposed to those of Aristarchus, who was the leader of the Alexandrian school. Crates was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, and maintained that Homer intended to express scientific or philosophical truths in the form of poetry.^[2]

Besides his work on Homer, Crates wrote commentaries on the Theogony of Hesiod, on Euripides, on Aristophanes, and probably on other ancient authors; a work on the Attic dialect; and works on geography, natural history, and agriculture, of which only a few fragments exist.^[4]

The Globe of Crates

According to Strabo, Crates devised a globe representing the Earth, which is thus the earliest known globe representing the Earth:

We have now traced on a spherical surface the area in which we say the inhabited world is situated; and the man who would most closely approximate the truth by constructed figures must necessarily take for the earth a globe like that of Crates, and lay off on it the quadrilateral, and within the quadrilateral put down the map of the inhabited world. But since the need of a large globe, so that the section in question (being a small fraction of the globe) may be large enough to receive distinctly the appropriate parts of the inhabited world and to present the proper appearance to observers, it is better for him to construct a globe of adequate size, if he can do so; and let it be no less than ten feet in diameter.^[6]

Following the theory of five climatic zones, Crates considered that the torrid zone is occupied by the Ocean and that, by analogy, one can imagine people living beyond the torrid zone:

For Crates, following the mere form of mathematical demonstration, says that the torrid zone is "occupied" by Oceanus and that on both sides of this zone are the temperate zones, the one being on our side, while the other is on the other side of it. Now, just as these Ethiopians on our side of Oceanus, who face the south throughout the whole length of the inhabited land, are called the most remote of the one group of peoples, since they dwell on the shores of Oceanus, so too, Crates thinks, we must conceive that on the other side of Oceanus also there are certain Ethiopians, the most remote of the other group of peoples in the temperate zone, since they dwell on the shores of this same Oceanus; and that they are in two groups and are "sundered in twain" by Oceanus.^[7]

The classic drawing of the sphere displays the known world, or Oecumene (Europe, North Africa, and Asia), with three other continents, labeled the Perioeci, the Antipodes, and the Antioeci. Crates' Perioeci and Antipodes arguably do exist, corresponding roughly to North America and South America respectively, but the continent of the Antioeci, Terra Australis, does not, except in fragments (Australasia and southern Africa). And the earth does in fact have a ring of water around it, but at 60 degrees South latitude, not at the Equator.

Honours

Crates Bay in Antarctica is named after Crates of Mallus.

Notes

^ Suetonius, De grammaticis, 2
^ ^a ^b Chisholm 1911.
^ Smith 1870.
^ Maria Broggiato (ed.), Cratete di Mallo: I frammenti. Edizione, introduzione e note. La Spezia: Agorà Edizioni, 2001
^ Ravenstein, E.G. (1911), "Map § History of Cartography" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 17 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 635
^ Strabo, Geography, ii.5.10
^ Strabo, Geography, i.2.24

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crates". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 381.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Crates (bio 3)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

[1] Suetonius, De grammaticis, 2

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2] Chisholm 1911.

[FOOTNOTESmith1870-3] Smith 1870.

[4] Maria Broggiato (ed.), Cratete di Mallo: I frammenti. Edizione, introduzione e note. La Spezia: Agorà Edizioni, 2001

[5] Ravenstein, E.G. (1911), "Map § History of Cartography" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 17 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 635

[6] Strabo, Geography, ii.5.10

[7] Strabo, Geography, i.2.24

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Ancient Greek philosopher}}
-'''Crates of Mallus''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Κράτης ὁ Μαλλώτης}}, ''Krátēs o Mallṓtēs''; {{fl.|2nd}} century&nbsp;{{sc|bc}}) was a [[Greek language]] [[grammar]]ian and [[Stoicism|Stoic]] [[philosophy|philosopher]], leader of the literary school and head of the library of [[Pergamum]]. He was described as the Crates from [[Mallus]] to distinguish him from [[Crates|other philosophers by the same name]]. His chief work was a critical and exegetical commentary on [[Homer]]. He is also famous for constructing the earliest known [[globe]] of the [[Earth]].
+[[File:Crates Terrestrial Sphere.png|thumb|The Terrestrial Sphere of Crates of Mallus ({{circa|150}} BCE), showing the region of the antipodes in the southern half of the western hemisphere and the [[torrid zone]].]]
+'''Crates of Mallus''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Κράτης ὁ Μαλλώτης}}, ''Krátēs ho Mallṓtēs''; {{fl.|2nd}} century&nbsp;BC) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Grammarian (Greco-Roman)|grammarian]] and [[Stoicism|Stoic]] [[philosophy|philosopher]], leader of the literary school and head of the library of [[Pergamum]]. He was described as the Crates from [[Mallus (city)|Mallus]] to distinguish him from [[Crates (name)|other philosophers by the same name]]. His chief work was a critical and exegetical commentary on [[Homer]]. He is also famous for constructing the earliest known [[globe]] of the [[Earth]].
 ==Life==
-He was born in [[Mallus]] in [[Cilicia]], and was brought up at [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]], and then moved to [[Pergamon]], and there lived under the patronage of [[Eumenes II]], and [[Attalus II Philadelphus|Attalus II]]. He was the founder of the Pergamon school of [[grammar]], and seems to have been at one time the head of the library of Pergamon. Among his followers were Hermias (Κρατήτειος Ἑρμείας mentioned in sch. Hom. ''Il''. 16.207a), Zenodotus of Mallus and Herodicus of Babylon.
+He was born in [[Mallus (city)|Mallus]] in [[Cilicia]], and was brought up at [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]], and then moved to [[Pergamon]], and there lived under the patronage of [[Eumenes II]], and [[Attalus II Philadelphus|Attalus II]]. He was the founder of the Pergamon school of [[grammar]], and seems to have been at one time the head of the library of Pergamon. Among his followers were Hermias (Κρατήτειος Ἑρμείας mentioned in sch. Hom. ''Il''. 16.207a), Zenodotus of Mallus and Herodicus of Babylon.
-He visited [[Rome]] as ambassador of either Eumenes, in 168 BC, or Attalus in 159 BC.  Having broken his leg after falling into an open sewer, he was compelled to stay in Rome for some time and delivered lectures which gave the first impulse to the study of grammar and criticism among the Romans.<ref>[[Suetonius' minor works|Suetonius]], ''De grammaticis'', 2</ref>
+He visited [[Rome]] as ambassador of either Eumenes, in 168 BC, or Attalus in 159 BC.  Having broken his leg after falling into an open sewer, he was compelled to stay in Rome for some time and delivered lectures which gave the first impulse to the study of grammar and criticism among the Romans.<ref>[[Suetonius' minor works|Suetonius]], ''De grammaticis'', 2</ref>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
 ==Works==
 Crates made a strong distinction between [[literary criticism|criticism]] and [[grammar]], the latter of which he regarded as subordinate to the former. A critic, according to Crates, should investigate everything which could throw light upon [[literature]]; the grammarian was only to apply the [[rules of language]] to clear up the meaning of particular passages, and to settle the text, [[prosody (poetry)|prosody]], accentuation, etc. From this part of his system, Crates derived the surname of ''Kritikos''.
-Like [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]], Crates gave the greatest attention to the works of [[Homer]], from his labours upon which he was also surnamed ''Homerikos''. He wrote a commentary on the [[Iliad]] and [[Odyssey]] in nine books. Some fragments of this commentary are preserved by the [[scholiasts]] and other ancient writers. His principles were opposed to those of Aristarchus, who was the leader of the [[Alexandria]]n school. Crates was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, and maintained that [[Homer]] intended to express scientific or philosophical truths in the form of poetry.
+Like [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]], Crates gave the greatest attention to the works of [[Homer]], from his labours upon which he was also surnamed ''Homerikos''. He wrote a commentary on the [[Iliad]] and [[Odyssey]] in nine books. Some fragments of this commentary are preserved by the [[scholiasts]] and other ancient writers.{{sfn|Smith|1870}} His principles were opposed to those of Aristarchus, who was the leader of the [[Alexandria]]n school. Crates was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, and maintained that [[Homer]] intended to express scientific or philosophical truths in the form of poetry.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
-Besides his work on Homer, Crates wrote commentaries on the ''[[Theogony]]'' of [[Hesiod]], on [[Euripides]], on [[Aristophanes]], and probably on other ancient authors; a work on the [[Attic dialect]]; and works on [[geography]], [[natural history]], and [[agriculture]], of all of which only a few fragments exist.<ref>Maria Broggiato (ed.), ''Cratete di Mallo: I frammenti. Edizione, introduzione e note''.   La Spezia:  Agorà Edizioni, 2001</ref>
+Besides his work on Homer, Crates wrote commentaries on the ''[[Theogony]]'' of [[Hesiod]], on [[Euripides]], on [[Aristophanes]], and probably on other ancient authors; a work on the [[Attic dialect]]; and works on [[geography]], [[natural history]], and [[agriculture]], of which only a few fragments exist.<ref>Maria Broggiato (ed.), ''Cratete di Mallo: I frammenti. Edizione, introduzione e note''.   La Spezia:  Agorà Edizioni, 2001</ref>
 ==The Globe of Crates==
-[[File:EB 1911 Map Fig 3.png|thumb|200px|right|The [[Globe]] of Crates of Mallus ({{c.|150}}&nbsp;{{sc|bc}})<ref>{{Citation |last=Ravenstein |first=E.G. |author-link=Ernest George Ravenstein |contribution=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Map|Map]], §&nbsp;[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Map#History|History]] |title=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''11th&nbsp;ed.'']] |volume=Vol.&nbsp;XVII |p=635 |date=1911}}.</ref>]]
+[[File:EB 1911 Map Fig 3.png|thumb|200px|right|The [[Globe]] of Crates of Mallus ({{circa|lk=no|150}}&nbsp;BC) as imagined by a 20th century artist<ref>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |last=Ravenstein |first=E.G. |author-link=Ernest George Ravenstein |wstitle=Map#History |display=Map § History of Cartography |volume=17 |page=635 |ref=none}}</ref>]]
 According to [[Strabo]], Crates devised a [[globe]] representing the [[Earth]], which is thus the earliest known globe representing the Earth:
-<blockquote>We have now traced on a spherical surface the area in which we say the inhabited world is situated; and the man who would most closely approximate the truth by constructed figures must necessarily take for the earth a globe like that of Crates, and lay off on it the quadrilateral, and within the quadrilateral put down the map of the inhabited world. But since the need of a large globe, so that the section in question (being a small fraction of the globe) may be large enough to receive distinctly the appropriate parts of the inhabited world and to present the proper appearance to observers, it is better for him to construct a globe of adequate size, if he can do so; and let it be no less than ten feet in diameter.<ref>[[Strabo]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html#p449 ''Geography'', ii.5.10]</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>We have now traced on a spherical surface the area in which we say the inhabited world is situated; and the man who would most closely approximate the truth by constructed figures must necessarily take for the earth a globe like that of Crates, and lay off on it the quadrilateral, and within the quadrilateral put down the map of the inhabited world. But since the need of a large globe, so that the section in question (being a small fraction of the globe) may be large enough to receive distinctly the appropriate parts of the inhabited world and to present the proper appearance to observers, it is better for him to construct a globe of adequate size, if he can do so; and let it be no less than ten feet in diameter.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html#p449 ''Geography'', ii.5.10]</ref></blockquote>
 Following the theory of [[Geographical zone|five climatic zones]], Crates considered that the [[Tropics|torrid zone]] is occupied by the [[Oceanus|Ocean]] and that, by analogy, one can imagine people living beyond the torrid zone:
-<blockquote>For Crates, following the mere form of mathematical demonstration, says that the torrid zone is "occupied" by [[Oceanus]] and that on both sides of this zone are the temperate zones, the one being on our side, while the other is on the other side of it. Now, just as these [[Aethiopia (Classical Greek term)|Ethiopians]] on our side of Oceanus, who face the south throughout the whole length of the inhabited land, are called the most remote of the one group of peoples, since they dwell on the shores of Oceanus, so too, Crates thinks, we must conceive that on the other side of Oceanus also there are certain Ethiopians, the most remote of the other group of peoples in the temperate zone, since they dwell on the shores of this same Oceanus; and that they are in two groups and are "sundered in twain" by Oceanus.<ref>Strabo, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/1B2*.html ''Geography'', i.2.24]</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>For Crates, following the mere form of mathematical demonstration, says that the torrid zone is "occupied" by [[Oceanus]] and that on both sides of this zone are the temperate zones, the one being on our side, while the other is on the other side of it. Now, just as these [[Aethiopia (Classical Greek term)|Ethiopians]] on our side of Oceanus, who face the south throughout the whole length of the inhabited land, are called the most remote of the one group of peoples, since they dwell on the shores of Oceanus, so too, Crates thinks, we must conceive that on the other side of Oceanus also there are certain Ethiopians, the most remote of the other group of peoples in the temperate zone, since they dwell on the shores of this same Oceanus; and that they are in two groups and are "sundered in twain" by Oceanus.<ref>Strabo, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/1B2*.html ''Geography'', i.2.24]</ref></blockquote>
-The classic drawing of the sphere displays the known world, or Oecumene (Europe, North Africa, and Asia), with three other continents, labeled the Perioeci, the Antipodes, and the Antioeci. Crates' Perioeci and Antipodes arguably do exist, corresponding roughly to [[North America]] and [[South America]] respectively, but the continent of the Antioeci, [[Terra Australis]], does not, except in fragments ([[Australasia]], southern Africa). And Oceanus does in fact girdle the globe, but at [[60th parallel south|60 degrees South latitude]], not at the Equator.
+The classic drawing of the sphere displays the known world, or Oecumene (Europe, North Africa, and Asia), with three other continents, labeled the Perioeci, the Antipodes, and the Antioeci. Crates' Perioeci and Antipodes arguably do exist, corresponding roughly to [[North America]] and [[South America]] respectively, but the continent of the Antioeci, [[Terra Australis]], does not, except in fragments ([[Australasia]] and southern Africa). And the earth does in fact have a ring of water around it, but at [[60th parallel south|60 degrees South latitude]], not at the Equator.
 ==Honours==
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 ==References==
+*{{EB1911|wstitle=Crates (grammarian)|display=Crates|volume=7 |page=381}}
-*{{1911}}
+*{{DGRBM |title=Crates (bio 3)|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=crates-bio-3}}
-*{{SmithDGRBM}}<!--can't find him there...-->
 {{Stoicism}}
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Crates Of Mallus}}
 [[Category:Librarians of Pergamon]]
@@ Line 42: / Line 45: @@
 [[Category:Hellenistic-era philosophers from Anatolia]]
 [[Category:Stoic philosophers]]
-[[Category:2nd-century BC Greek people]]
+[[Category:2nd-century BC Greek philosophers]]
 [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
 [[Category:Year of death unknown]]
+[[Category:People from Tarsus, Mersin]]
+[[Category:Globe makers]]

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