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Coordinates: 13°55′19.5″N 44°08′45.4″E / 13.922083°N 44.145944°E / 13.922083; 44.145944
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{{Short description|Historic mosque in Jiblah, Yemen}}
{{Infobox religious building

|building_name = Queen Arwa Mosque <br /> Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي}})
{{Infobox mosque
|image = File:Queen_Arwa_Mosque_-_Jibla.jpg
| building_name = Queen Arwa Mosque <br> Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi
|image_size =
| native_name =
|caption = View of a [[#Minarets|minaret]], as seen from the courtyard
{{plainlist|
|map_type =
* {{transliteration|ar|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā}} ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى}})
|map_caption =
* {{transliteration|ar|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī}} ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي}})
|location = [[Jibla, Yemen|Jibla]], [[Yemen]], [[South Arabia]]
}}
|geo = {{coord|13|55|25|N|44|8|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| image = Queen_Arwa_Mosque_-_Jibla.jpg
|religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
|region = [[West Asia]]
| image_size =
| alt =
|functional_status = Active
| caption = View of a [[#Minarets|minaret]], as seen from the courtyard
|website =
|architect =
| map_type = Yemen#Middle East#West Asia
| map_size =
|architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| map_caption = Location in Yemen
|architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]
| map_relief = 1
|year_completed = 1111 (532 AH) <br> 1358 (renovation)
| location = [[Jibla, Yemen|Jiblah]]
|construction_cost =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|55|19.5|N|44|08|45.4|E|display=inline,title}}
|capacity =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
|dome_quantity = 2
| rite =
|dome_height_outer =
| region = [[South Arabia]]
|dome_dia_outer =
| country = {{YEM}}
|minaret_quantity = 2
|minaret_height =
| state =
|materials =
| province = [[Ibb Governorate]]
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district = [[Jiblah District|Jiblah]]
| cercle = [[Jiblah (Ibb)|Jiblah]]
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| patron =
| website =
| architecture =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1111 [[Common Era|C.E.]] (532 [[Hijri year|A.H.]]) <br> 1358 C.E. (renovation)
| construction_cost =
| specifications = Yes
| capacity =
| site_area =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = 2
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
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| minaret_quantity = 2
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
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}}
}}


The Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad Al-Sulayhi, simply the '''Queen Arwa Mosque''' ({{lang-ar|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī}}), is a historical [[mosque]] in [[Jibla, Yemen|Jibla]], [[Yemen]]. It was built between 1056 to 1111 [[Common Era|CE]] by Queen [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]] and her tomb had later became the site of pilgrimage.<ref>Muhammad Zakaria (1998) ''مساجد اليمن''</ref><ref name="MernissiLakeland2003">{{citation |last1=Mernissi |first1=Fatima |last2=Lakeland |first2=Mary Jo |year=2003 |title=The forgotten queens of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-579868-5}}</ref> It retains its importance as one of the oldest ancient Yemeni mosques.<ref>[http://www.yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/images/ibb.pdf Yemen - NIC]</ref> It is also known as Hurrat-ul-Malaika Mosque, as the queen was often referred as Al-Malika Al-Hurra, which means "The Noble Queen".
The '''Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad Al-Sulayhi''' ({{lang-ar|{{Script|Arab|مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي}}|Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī}}), or simply the '''Queen Arwa Mosque''', is a historical [[mosque]] in [[Jibla, Yemen|Jibla]], [[Yemen]]. It was built between 1056 and 1111 [[Common Era|C.E.]] by Queen [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]] and her tomb had later become the site of pilgrimage.<ref>Muhammad Zakaria (1998) ''مساجد اليمن''</ref><ref name="MernissiLakeland2003">{{citation |last1=Mernissi |first1=Fatima |last2=Lakeland |first2=Mary Jo |year=2003 |title=The forgotten queens of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-579868-5}}</ref><ref name="Unesco">{{citation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1721/ |title=Jibla and its surroundings |publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre |access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref> It retains its importance as one of the oldest ancient Yemeni mosques.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/images/ibb.pdf |title=Yemen |publisher=NIC |language=ar}}</ref> It is also known as ''Hurrat-ul-Malikah'' Mosque, as the queen was often referred as Al-Malika Al-Hurra, which means "The Noble Queen".


==History==
==History==
The construction of the mosque is attributed to Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi, who ruled the [[Sulayhid dynasty|Sulayhid]] state of Yemen for the period between 1085 and 1138.<ref name="MernissiLakeland2003"/> When Queen Arwa moved to the city of Jibla in 1087, she ordered the conversion of Dar Al-'Ezz ({{lang-ar|دَار ٱلْعِزّ|Dār Al-ʿIzz}}) Palace into a mosque. The mosque stil retains its architectural and decorative elements of the time which show the extent of the influence of [[Fatimid architecture]].{{cn|date=June 2019}}
The construction of the mosque is attributed to Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi, who ruled the [[Sulayhid dynasty|Sulayhid]] state of Yemen for the period between 1085 and 1138.<ref name="MernissiLakeland2003"/> When Queen Arwa moved to the city of Jibla in 1087, she ordered the conversion of the Palace of {{transliteration|ar|Dār al-ʿIzz}} ({{lang-ar|دَار ٱلْعِزّ|lit=Home of the Pride}}) into a mosque. The mosque still retains its architectural and decorative elements of the time which show the extent of the influence of [[Fatimid architecture]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}


==Architecture==
==Architecture==
The complex is rectangular with an open courtyard ({{cvt|17.80|x|20.00|m2}}) in the middle, surrounded by four corridors. The wall of the ''[[qibla]]h'' is located at the northern hallway. The area of the ''qiblah'' is accessible through five entrances on the southern side. It consists of four rows of high columns, some octagonal and some rectangular shaped. The roof is directly covered by the ceiling and the hall is covered with wooden beams dating back to the 11th-century, some of which were renewed in 1358. The southern hallway consists of southern wall with two entrances. The eastern hallway consists of two pillars with pointed columns. On the south-side of the western hallway there is a hall currently used as a madrasa for the [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorization of the Quran]].{{cn|date=June 2019}}
The complex is rectangular with an open courtyard ({{cvt|17.80|x|20.00|m2}}) in the middle, surrounded by four corridors. The wall of the ''[[qibla]]h'' is located at the northern hallway. The area of the ''qiblah'' is accessible through five entrances on the southern side. It consists of four rows of high columns, some octagonal and some rectangular shaped. The roof is directly covered by the ceiling and the hall is covered with wooden beams dating back to the 11th-century, some of which were renewed in 1358. The southern hallway consists of southern wall with two entrances. The eastern hallway consists of two pillars with pointed columns. On the south-side of the western hallway there is a hall currently used as a madrasa for the [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorization of the Quran]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
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File:Mosque carved historical entrance.JPG|Carved historical entrance
File:Mosque carved historical entrance.JPG|Carved historical entrance
File:Wooden ceiling, Maulatena Hurratul Maleka.jpg|Wooden ceiling
File:Wooden ceiling, Maulatena Hurratul Maleka.jpg|Wooden ceiling
File:Cont.water at Hurrat-ul-Malaika mosque.JPG|Continuous running water at the mosque
File:Mimbar Hurrat-ul-Malaika Mosque, Ji Jibla.jpg|Minbar
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[File:Qibla_Hurrat-ul-Malaika_mosque.JPG|thumb|]]
[[File:Qibla_Hurrat-ul-Malaika_mosque.JPG|thumb|]]


The ''[[mihrab]]'' is located in the middle of the wall of the ''qiblah'' at the northern hallway. It is a simple cavity of about 85cm deep, and topped by a tapered lace on two poles with floral and geometric motifs. The ''mihrab'' is surrounded by [[kufic]] inscriptions, which reads as follows: "In the name of God the Most Gracious the Most Merciful I accept your Lord and be among the worshipers and not of the ignorant and worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death)", and decoration of niche from the inside and variety of plant decorations which includes leaves of grapes. On the side of the ''mihrab'' there is an inscription written in kufic of script from [[Surah]] [[At-Taubah|At-Taubah 18]]. The ''mihrab'' is painted with modern chemical paint.{{cn|date=June 2019}}
The ''[[mihrab]]'' is located in the middle of the wall of the ''[[qibla]]h'' at the northern hallway. It is a simple cavity of about 85&nbsp;cm deep, and topped by a tapered lace on two poles with floral and geometric motifs. The ''mihrab'' is surrounded by [[kufic]] inscriptions, which reads as follows: "In the name of God the Most Gracious the Most Merciful I accept your Lord and be among the worshipers and not of the ignorant and worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death)", and decoration of niche from the inside and variety of plant decorations which includes leaves of grapes. On the side of the ''mihrab'' there is an inscription written in kufic of script from [[Surah]] [[At-Taubah|At-Taubah 18]]. The ''mihrab'' is painted with modern chemical paint.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}


===Minarets===
===Minarets===
The mosque has two [[minaret]]s, one located on south-east, and another on south-west. The eastern minaret consists of a high square stone based body with sixteen ribs.{{cn|date=June 2019}}
The mosque has two [[minaret]]s, one located on south-east, and another on south-west. The eastern minaret consists of a high square stone based body with sixteen ribs.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Jibla, Yemen (15452313647).jpg|Both of the mosque's minarets, as seen from below
File:Jibla, Yemen (15452313647).jpg|Both of the mosque's minarets, as seen from below
File:Mosque view from entrance.JPG|View from the entrance, January 1970
File:Mosque view from entrance.JPG|View from the entrance, January 1970
File:Minerat seem from palace of Arwa al-Sulayhi, Jibla, Yemen.jpg|As seen from the palace
File:Minerat seem from palace of Arwa al-Sulayhi, Jibla, Yemen.jpg|As seen from the [[Palace of Queen Arwa]]
File:Queen_Arwa_al-Sulayhi_Masjid.jpg|View of the mosque, nestled in the buildings of Jibla and slopes of the [[Sarawat Mountains|Sarat Mountains]], as seen from the palace
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Mausoleum of the Queen==
==Mausoleum of the Queen==
It was built as ordered by the queen and is located on the north-west corner of the mosque. The site of her tomb was separated from the building of the mosque as she mentioned in her will and told by eyewitnesses and judges. The facade of the mausoleum is adorned with architectural elements, in the form of hollow niches in the eastern wall. Out of four entrances, there are two in the south which have width of {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}, height of {{convert|1.60|m|ft|abbr=off}} and depth of {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The kufic line is engraved with a prominent kufic floral engraving design and [[Biblical]] scripts on the façade.{{cn|date=June 2019}}
It was built as ordered by the queen and is located on the north-west corner of the mosque. The site of her tomb was separated from the building of the mosque as she mentioned in her will and told by eyewitnesses and judges. The facade of the mausoleum is adorned with architectural elements, in the form of hollow niches in the eastern wall. Out of four entrances, there are two in the south which have width of {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}, height of {{convert|1.60|m|ft|abbr=off}} and depth of {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The kufic line is engraved with a prominent kufic floral engraving design and [[Biblical]] scripts on the façade.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}


<gallery>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mousoleum Hurrat-ul-Malaika Arwa.JPG|thumb|Mausoleum of the Queen inside the Mosque
File:Tasbih Hurrat-ul-Malaika .JPG|Wooden ''[[tasbih]]'' of ''Hurrat-ul-Malikah''
File:Mousoleum Hurrat-ul-Malaika Arwa.JPG|Mausoleum of the Queen inside the Mosque
File:Hurratul malika.jpg|The Queen's grave
File:Hurratul malika.jpg|The Queen's grave
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Queen_Arwa_al-Sulayhi_Masjid.jpg|View of the mosque from the [[Palace of Queen Arwa]], nestled in the buildings of Jibla and slopes of the [[Sarawat Mountains|Sarat Mountains]]
File:Cont.water at Hurrat-ul-Malaika mosque.JPG|Continuous running water at the mosque
File:Tasbih Hurrat-ul-Malaika .JPG|Wooden Tasbih of Hurrat-ul-Malaika
File:Qibla_Hurrat-ul-Malaika_mosque.JPG|Qiblah
File:Mimbar Hurrat-ul-Malaika Mosque, Ji Jibla.jpg|Mimbar
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of mosques in Yemen]]
* [[List of mosques in Yemen]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[:ar:مسجد الملكة أروى بنت أحمد الصليحي|In Arabic]]
* [https://www.art.com/products/p37125983680-sa-i9778542/queen-arwa-mosque-11th-century-jibla-ibb-governorate-yemen.htm Queen Arwa Mosque, 11th Century, Jibla, Ibb Governorate, Yemen]


{{Mosques in Yemen}}
{{Mosques in Yemen}}
{{Tourist attractions in Yemen}}
{{Tourist attractions in Yemen}}
{{coord missing|Yemen}}


[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1111]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1111]]

Revision as of 14:00, 1 April 2024

Queen Arwa Mosque
Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi
  • Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā (مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى)
  • Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī (مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي)
View of a minaret, as seen from the courtyard
Religion
AffiliationIslam
DistrictJiblah
ProvinceIbb Governorate
RegionSouth Arabia
StatusActive
Location
LocationJiblah
CercleJiblah
Country Yemen
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque is located in Yemen
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque
Location in Yemen
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque is located in Middle East
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque (Middle East)
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque is located in West and Central Asia
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque
Arwa al-Sulayhi Mosque (West and Central Asia)
Geographic coordinates13°55′19.5″N 44°08′45.4″E / 13.922083°N 44.145944°E / 13.922083; 44.145944
Architecture
TypeMosque
StyleIslamic
Completed1111 C.E. (532 A.H.)
1358 C.E. (renovation)
Specifications
Dome(s)2
Minaret(s)2

The Mosque of Queen Arwa bint Ahmad Al-Sulayhi (Arabic: مَسْجِد ٱلْمَلِكَة أَرْوَى بِنْت أَحْمَد ٱلصُّلَيْحِي‎, romanized: Masjid Al-Malikah Arwā bint Aḥmad Aṣ-Ṣulayḥī), or simply the Queen Arwa Mosque, is a historical mosque in Jibla, Yemen. It was built between 1056 and 1111 C.E. by Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi and her tomb had later become the site of pilgrimage.[1][2][3] It retains its importance as one of the oldest ancient Yemeni mosques.[4] It is also known as Hurrat-ul-Malikah Mosque, as the queen was often referred as Al-Malika Al-Hurra, which means "The Noble Queen".

History

The construction of the mosque is attributed to Queen Arwa bint Ahmad al-Sulayhi, who ruled the Sulayhid state of Yemen for the period between 1085 and 1138.[2] When Queen Arwa moved to the city of Jibla in 1087, she ordered the conversion of the Palace of Dār al-ʿIzz (Arabic: دَار ٱلْعِزّ, lit. 'Home of the Pride') into a mosque. The mosque still retains its architectural and decorative elements of the time which show the extent of the influence of Fatimid architecture.[citation needed]

Architecture

The complex is rectangular with an open courtyard (17.80 m2 × 20.00 m2 (191.6 sq ft × 215.3 sq ft)) in the middle, surrounded by four corridors. The wall of the qiblah is located at the northern hallway. The area of the qiblah is accessible through five entrances on the southern side. It consists of four rows of high columns, some octagonal and some rectangular shaped. The roof is directly covered by the ceiling and the hall is covered with wooden beams dating back to the 11th-century, some of which were renewed in 1358. The southern hallway consists of southern wall with two entrances. The eastern hallway consists of two pillars with pointed columns. On the south-side of the western hallway there is a hall currently used as a madrasa for the memorization of the Quran.[citation needed]

  • Courtyard
    Courtyard
  • Carved historical entrance
    Carved historical entrance
  • Wooden ceiling
    Wooden ceiling
  • Continuous running water at the mosque
    Continuous running water at the mosque
  • Minbar
    Minbar

Mihrab

The mihrab is located in the middle of the wall of the qiblah at the northern hallway. It is a simple cavity of about 85 cm deep, and topped by a tapered lace on two poles with floral and geometric motifs. The mihrab is surrounded by kufic inscriptions, which reads as follows: "In the name of God the Most Gracious the Most Merciful I accept your Lord and be among the worshipers and not of the ignorant and worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death)", and decoration of niche from the inside and variety of plant decorations which includes leaves of grapes. On the side of the mihrab there is an inscription written in kufic of script from Surah At-Taubah 18. The mihrab is painted with modern chemical paint.[citation needed]

Minarets

The mosque has two minarets, one located on south-east, and another on south-west. The eastern minaret consists of a high square stone based body with sixteen ribs.[citation needed]

  • Both of the mosque's minarets, as seen from below
    Both of the mosque's minarets, as seen from below
  • View from the entrance, January 1970
    View from the entrance, January 1970
  • As seen from the Palace of Queen Arwa
    As seen from the Palace of Queen Arwa
  • View of the mosque, nestled in the buildings of Jibla and slopes of the Sarat Mountains, as seen from the palace
    View of the mosque, nestled in the buildings of Jibla and slopes of the Sarat Mountains, as seen from the palace

Mausoleum of the Queen

It was built as ordered by the queen and is located on the north-west corner of the mosque. The site of her tomb was separated from the building of the mosque as she mentioned in her will and told by eyewitnesses and judges. The facade of the mausoleum is adorned with architectural elements, in the form of hollow niches in the eastern wall. Out of four entrances, there are two in the south which have width of 60 cm (24 in), height of 1.60 metres (5.2 feet) and depth of 10 cm (3.9 in). The kufic line is engraved with a prominent kufic floral engraving design and Biblical scripts on the façade.[citation needed]

  • Wooden tasbih of Hurrat-ul-Malikah
    Wooden tasbih of Hurrat-ul-Malikah
  • Mausoleum of the Queen inside the Mosque
    Mausoleum of the Queen inside the Mosque
  • The Queen's grave
    The Queen's grave

See also

References

  1. ^ Muhammad Zakaria (1998) مساجد اليمن
  2. ^ a b Mernissi, Fatima; Lakeland, Mary Jo (2003), The forgotten queens of Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5
  3. ^ Jibla and its surroundings, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, retrieved 2009-04-20
  4. ^ "Yemen" (PDF) (in Arabic). NIC.
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