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The '''Grumman F3F''' is a [[biplane]] [[fighter aircraft]] produced by the [[Grumman]] aircraft for the [[United States Navy]] during the mid-1930s. Designed as an improvement on the [[Grumman F2F|F2F]], it entered service in 1936 as the last biplane to be delivered to any American military air arm. It was retired from front line squadrons at the end of 1941 before it could serve in [[World War II]], and replaced by the [[Brewster F2A Buffalo]]. The F3F, which inherited the [[Leroy Grumman]]-designed retractable main landing gear configuration first used on the [[Grumman FF]], served as the basis for a biplane design ultimately developed into the much more successful [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|F4F Wildcat]] that succeeded the subpar Buffalo.
The '''Grumman F3F''' is a [[biplane]] [[fighter aircraft]] produced by the [[Grumman]] aircraft for the [[United States Navy]] during the mid-1930s. Designed as an improvement on the [[Grumman F2F|F2F]], it entered service in 1936 as the last biplane to be delivered to any American military air arm. It was retired from front line squadrons at the end of 1941 before it could serve in [[World War II]], and replaced by the [[Brewster F2A Buffalo]]. The F3F, which inherited the [[Leroy Grumman]]-designed retractable main landing gear configuration first used on the [[Grumman FF]], served as the basis for a biplane design ultimately developed into the much more successful [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|F4F Wildcat]] that succeeded the subpar Buffalo.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
[[File:F3F NAS Anacostia NAN10-80.jpg|thumb|F3F-3 assigned to [[Naval Air Station Anacostia]]]]
[[File:F3F NAS Anacostia NAN10-80.jpg|thumb|F3F-3 assigned to [[Naval Air Station Anacostia]]]]


The Navy's experience with the F2F revealed issues with stability and unfavorable spin characteristics,<ref name="vf31">[http://www.vf31.com/aircraft/f3f.html "Grumman F3F."] ''Air Group 31'', 27 December 2006. Retrieved: 21 June 2013.</ref> prompting the 15 October 1934 contract for the improved XF3F-1, placed before F2F deliveries began. The contract also required a capability for ground attack, in addition to the design's fighter role.<ref name="greatac">Cacutt 1989, pp. 155–162.</ref> Powered by the same [[Pratt & Whitney R-1535|Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior]] engine as the F2F, the fuselage was lengthened and wing area increased over the earlier design. A reduction in wheel diameter allowed greater fuselage streamlining, eliminating the prominent bulge behind the cowling of the F2F.
The Navy's experience with the F2F revealed issues with stability and unfavorable spin characteristics,<ref name="vf31">{{cite web|url=http://www.vf31.com/aircraft/f3f.html|title=Grumman F3F|website=Air Group 31|date=2006-12-27|access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref> prompting the 15 October 1934 contract for the improved XF3F-1, placed before F2F deliveries began. The contract also required a capability for ground attack, in addition to the design's fighter role.<ref name="greatac">Cacutt 1989, pp. 155–162.</ref> Powered by the same [[Pratt & Whitney R-1535|Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior]] engine as the F2F, the fuselage was lengthened and wing area increased over the earlier design. A reduction in wheel diameter allowed greater fuselage streamlining, eliminating the prominent bulge behind the cowling of the F2F.


The prototype, [[Bureau number|BuNo.]] 9727, was delivered and first flown on 20 March 1935 with company test pilot Jimmy Collins making three flights that day. Two days later, six dive-recovery flights took place; on the 10th dive, the aircraft's pullout at 8,000&nbsp;ft (2,438&nbsp;m) registered 14&nbsp;''g'' on the test equipment. The aircraft broke up in midair, crashing in a cemetery and killing Collins.<ref name="greatac"/> A second, strengthened prototype was built, but it crashed on 9 May of the same year following the pilot's bailout during an unsuccessful [[spin (flight)|spin]] recovery.<ref>Dann 1996, p. 4.</ref> The second prototype was rebuilt in three weeks, flying on 20 June 1935. An order for 54 F3F-1fighters was placed on 24 August of that year, following the conclusion of the flight test program.<ref name = Jordan>Jordan, Corey C. [http://www.planesandpilotsofww2.webs.com/Grumman3.html "Grumman's Ascendency: Chapter Three."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054009/http://www.planesandpilotsofww2.webs.com/Grumman3.html |date=2013-09-21 }} ''Planes and Pilots Of World War Two''. Retrieved: 21 June 2013.</ref>
The prototype, [[Bureau number|BuNo.]] 9727, was delivered and first flown on 20 March 1935 with company test pilot Jimmy Collins making three flights that day. Two days later, six dive-recovery flights took place; on the 10th dive, the aircraft's pullout at {{cvt|8000|ft}} registered 14 ''g'' on the test equipment. The aircraft broke up in midair, crashing in a cemetery and killing Collins.<ref name="greatac"/> A second, strengthened prototype was built, but it crashed on 9 May of the same year following the pilot's bailout during an unsuccessful [[spin (flight)|spin]] recovery.<ref>Dann 1996, p. 4.</ref> The second prototype was rebuilt in three weeks, flying on 20 June 1935. An order for 54 F3F-1 fighters was placed on 24 August of that year, following the conclusion of the flight test program.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web|last=Jordan|first=Corey C.|url=http://www.planesandpilotsofww2.webs.com/Grumman3.html|title=Grumman's Ascendency: Chapter Three|website=Planes and Pilots Of World War Two|access-date=2013-06-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054009/http://www.planesandpilotsofww2.webs.com/Grumman3.html|archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref>


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
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The first production F3F-1 (BuNo 0211) was delivered on 29 January 1936 to the test group at [[Naval Air Station Anacostia]], with squadron service beginning in March to [[VF-11|VF-5B]] of {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|2}} and VF-6B of {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}. [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] squadron [[VF-4M]] received the last six in January 1937.<ref>Dann 1996, p. 27.</ref>
The first production F3F-1 (BuNo 0211) was delivered on 29 January 1936 to the test group at [[Naval Air Station Anacostia]], with squadron service beginning in March to [[VF-11|VF-5B]] of {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|2}} and VF-6B of {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}. [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] squadron [[VF-4M]] received the last six in January 1937.<ref>Dann 1996, p. 27.</ref>


Grumman, wanting to take advantage of the powerful new 950&nbsp;hp (708&nbsp;kW) [[Wright R-1820]] [[supercharger|supercharged]] radial engine, began work on the '''F3F-2''' without a contract; the order for 81 aircraft was not placed until 25 July 1936, two days before the type's first flight.<ref name="vf31"/> The engine's larger diameter changed the cowling's appearance, making the aircraft look even more like a barrel, though top speed increased to 255&nbsp;mph (410&nbsp;km/h) at 12,000&nbsp;ft (3,658&nbsp;m).<ref name="greatac"/>
Grumman, wanting to take advantage of the powerful new {{cvt|950|hp|0}} [[Wright R-1820]] [[supercharger|supercharged]] radial engine, began work on the '''F3F-2''' without a contract; the order for 81 aircraft was not placed until 25 July 1936, two days before the type's first flight.<ref name="vf31"/> The engine's larger diameter changed the cowling's appearance, making the aircraft look even more like a barrel, though top speed increased to {{cvt|255|mph}} at {{cvt|12000|ft}}.<ref name="greatac"/>


The entire F3F-2 production series was delivered in between 1937 and 1938; when deliveries ended, all seven Navy and Marine Corps pursuit squadrons were equipped with Grumman single-seat fighters. Further aerodynamic improvements were made to an F3F-2 (BuNo 1031) based on wind tunnel studies in the NACA Langley 30' x 60' full-scale wind tunnel and became the ''XF3F-3''. It featured a larger-diameter propeller, and a complete revision of the fuselage skinning forward of the aft cabane strut in order to improve aerodynamics and reduce carbon monoxide intrusion. On 21 June 1938, the Navy ordered 27 F3F-3s, as new [[monoplane]] fighters like the Brewster F2A and Grumman's own F4F Wildcat were taking longer to develop than had been planned.<ref>Crosby 2002, p. 77.</ref>
The entire F3F-2 production series was delivered in between 1937 and 1938; when deliveries ended, all seven Navy and Marine Corps pursuit squadrons were equipped with Grumman single-seat fighters. Further aerodynamic improvements were made to an F3F-2 (BuNo 1031) based on wind tunnel studies in the NACA Langley 30' x 60' full-scale wind tunnel and became the ''XF3F-3''. It featured a larger-diameter propeller, and a complete revision of the fuselage skinning forward of the aft cabane strut in order to improve aerodynamics and reduce carbon monoxide intrusion. On 21 June 1938, the Navy ordered 27 F3F-3s, as new [[monoplane]] fighters like the Brewster F2A and Grumman's own F4F Wildcat were taking longer to develop than had been planned.<ref>Crosby 2002, p. 77.</ref>


With the introduction of the Brewster F2A-1, the Navy's biplane fighter days were numbered. All F3Fs were withdrawn from squadron service by the end of 1941, though 117 were assigned to naval bases (Mainly NAS Miami and NAS Corpus Christi) and used for training and utility duties until December 1943.<ref name="vf31"/>
With the introduction of the Brewster F2A-1, the Navy's biplane fighter days were numbered. All F3Fs were withdrawn from squadron service by the end of 1941, though 117 were assigned to naval bases (Mainly NAS Miami and NAS Corpus Christi) and used for training and utility duties until December 1943.<ref name="vf31"/>
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The G-32 and G-32A two-place aircraft were used by the [[U.S. Army Air Force]] as ferry-pilot trainers, under the designation ''UC-103/UC-103A''.
The G-32 and G-32A two-place aircraft were used by the [[U.S. Army Air Force]] as ferry-pilot trainers, under the designation ''UC-103/UC-103A''.


A civilian aerobatic two-seat variant, the ''G-22A'' "Gulfhawk II," was constructed in 1936 and flown by Major [[Al Williams (aviator)|Alfred "Al" Williams]], head of [[Gulf Oil]]'s aviation department.<ref>[http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19490059000 "Grumman G-22."] ''Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum'', 2014. Retrieved: 4 August 2014.</ref>
A civilian aerobatic two-seat variant, the ''G-22A'' "Gulfhawk II," was constructed in 1936 and flown by Major [[Al Williams (aviator)|Alfred "Al" Williams]], head of [[Gulf Oil]]'s aviation department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19490059000|title=Grumman G-22|website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|date=2014|access-date=2014-08-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810230940/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19490059000|archive-date=2014-08-10}}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
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==Surviving aircraft==
==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:Grumman F3F-2 Flying Barrel, Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (2).jpg|thumb|right|Grumman F3F-2 at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (2007)]]
[[File:Grumman F3F-2 Flying Barrel, Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (2).jpg|thumb|right|Grumman F3F-2 at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (2007)]]
Today, there are four flying aircraft, three F3F-2 models and the Grumman demonstrator G-32A, all which were restored by Herb Tischler's Texas Airplane Factory in Fort Worth. The restorations took four years and consisted of rebuilding the G-32A from original blueprints with tooling built at the Texas Airplane Factory. The wreckage of three -2 aircraft which had originally crashed in Hawaii were utilized to complete the other restorations.<ref name="HistoryNet">{{cite web|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Stephan|title=F3F Biplane Barrels Back|url=http://www.historynet.com/f3f-biplane-barrels-back.htm|publisher=HistoryNet|access-date=31 August 2016|date=January 15, 2013}}</ref>
Today, there are four flying aircraft, three F3F-2 models and the Grumman demonstrator G-32A, all which were restored by Herb Tischler's Texas Airplane Factory in Fort Worth. The restorations took four years and consisted of rebuilding the G-32A from original blueprints with tooling built at the Texas Airplane Factory. The wreckage of three -2 aircraft which had originally crashed in Hawaii were utilized to complete the other restorations.<ref name="HistoryNet">{{cite web|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Stephan|title=F3F Biplane Barrels Back|url=http://www.historynet.com/f3f-biplane-barrels-back.htm|publisher=HistoryNet|access-date=2016-08-31|date=2013-01-15}}</ref>


* 0972 – F3F-2 owned by Hawks Zeroq3 in [[Sonoma, California]]. This airframe was restored by Chris Prevost and has been on the flight line at Vintage Aircraft in Sonoma, California. It has since been sold to Lewis Air Legends in Texas.<ref name="HistoryNet" />{{cn|date=April 2023|reason=removed ref to unreliable (crowdsourced) site}}
* 0972 – F3F-2 owned by Hawks Zeroq3 in [[Sonoma, California]]. This airframe was restored by Chris Prevost and has been on the flight line at Vintage Aircraft in Sonoma, California. It has since been sold to [[Lewis Air Legends]] in Texas.<ref name="HistoryNet" />{{cn|date=April 2023|reason=removed ref to unreliable (crowdsourced) site}}
* 0976 – F3F-2 on static display at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] in [[Pensacola, Florida]]. This aircraft was ditched off the coast of [[San Diego]] by Marine aviator [[Robert E. Galer]] on 29 August 1940 while attempting a landing on ''Saratoga''. The fighter was rediscovered by a U.S. Navy submarine in June 1988, and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the [[San Diego Aerospace Museum]] before going on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum.<ref>{{cite web|title=F3F-2|url=http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/attractions/aircraft-exhibits/item/?item=f3f|website=National Naval Aviation Museum|publisher=Naval Aviation Museum Foundation|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>{{cn|date=April 2023|reason=removed ref to unreliable (crowdsourced) site}}
* 0976 – F3F-2 on static display at the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] in [[Pensacola, Florida]]. This aircraft was ditched off the coast of [[San Diego]] by Marine aviator [[Robert E. Galer]] on 29 August 1940 while attempting a landing on ''Saratoga''. The fighter was rediscovered by a U.S. Navy submarine in June 1988, and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the [[San Diego Aerospace Museum]] before going on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum.<ref>{{cite web|title=F3F-2|url=https://navalaviationmuseum.org/aircraft_exhibits/f3f-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810031448/https://navalaviationmuseum.org/aircraft_exhibits/f3f-2/|archive-date=2023-08-10|access-date=2023-08-10|website=National Naval Aviation Museum|publisher=Naval Aviation Museum Foundation}}</ref>
* 1028 – F3F-2 on display at the [[Fantasy of Flight]] in [[Polk City, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1938 Grumman F3F-2|url=http://www.fantasyofflight.com/collection/aircraft/wwii/1938-grumman-f3f-2|website=Fantasy of Flight|publisher=Fantasy of Flight|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>
* 1028 – F3F-2 on display at the [[Fantasy of Flight]] in [[Polk City, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1938 Grumman F3F-2|url=http://www.fantasyofflight.com/collection/aircraft/wwii/1938-grumman-f3f-2|website=Fantasy of Flight|publisher=Fantasy of Flight|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>
* 1033 – F3F-2 owned by the [[National Museum of World War II Aviation]] in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grumman F3F Flying Barrel|url=https://www.worldwariiaviation.org/aircraft/grumman-f3f-flying-barrel|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
* 1033 – F3F-2 owned by the [[National Museum of World War II Aviation]] in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grumman F3F Flying Barrel|url=https://www.worldwariiaviation.org/aircraft/grumman-f3f-flying-barrel|website=worldwariiaviation.org|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>
* 335 – G-22 on static display at the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]] of the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in [[Chantilly, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grumman G-22 Gulfhawk II|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/grumman-g-22|website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>{{cn|date=April 2023|reason=removed ref to unreliable (crowdsourced) site}}
* 335 – G-22 on static display at the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]] of the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in [[Chantilly, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grumman G-22 Gulfhawk II|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/grumman-g-22|website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>
* Replica – G-32A owned by Comanche Warbirds Inc in [[Houston, Texas]]. This airframe is a replica rebuilt at the Texas Airplane Factory using the identity of G-32A construction number 447, which crashed in 1971.{{cn|date=April 2023|reason=removed ref to unreliable (crowdsourced) site}}
* Replica – G-32A owned by Comanche Warbirds Inc in [[Houston, Texas]]. This airframe is a replica rebuilt at the Texas Airplane Factory using the identity of G-32A construction number 447, which crashed in 1971.{{cn|date=April 2023|reason=removed ref to unreliable (crowdsourced) site}}


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|length ft=23
|length ft=23
|length in=2
|length in=2
|length m=7.06
|length m=
|span ft=32
|span ft=32
|span in=0
|span in=0
|span m=9.75
|span m=
|height ft=9
|height ft=9
|height in=4
|height in=4
|height m=2.84
|height m=
|wing area sqft=260
|wing area sqft=260
|wing area sqm=24.15
|wing area sqm=24.15
|empty weight lb=3,285
|empty weight lb=3285
|empty weight kg=1,490
|empty weight kg=
|max takeoff weight lb=4,795
|max takeoff weight lb=4795
|max takeoff weight kg=2,175
|max takeoff weight kg=
|eng1 name=[[Wright R-1820]]-22 "Cyclone"
|eng1 name=[[Wright R-1820]]-22 "Cyclone"
|eng1 type=9-cylinder [[radial engine]]
|eng1 type=9-cylinder [[radial engine]]
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 hp=950
|eng1 hp=950
|eng1 kw=710
|eng1 kw=
|max speed mph=264
|max speed mph=264
|max speed kts=229
|max speed kts=
|max speed kmh=425
|max speed kmh=
|max speed note=at 15,250 ft (4,658 m)
|max speed note=at {{cvt|15250|ft}}
|cruise speed mph=150
|cruise speed mph=150
|cruise speed kts=130
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed kmh=240
|cruise speed kmh=
|range miles=980
|range miles=980
|range nmi=850
|range nmi=
|range km=1,600
|range km=
|ceiling ft=33,200
|ceiling ft=33200
|ceiling m=10,120
|ceiling m=
|climb rate ftmin=2,800
|climb rate ftmin=2800
|climb rate ms=14
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=at sea level
|climb rate note=at sea level


|guns=<br/>
|guns=<br/>
** 1× 0.30 in (7.62 mm) [[M1919 machine gun]], 500 rounds (left)
** 1 × {{cvt|0.30|in|2}} [[M1919 machine gun]]
** 1× 0.50 in (12.7 mm) [[M2 machine gun]], 200 rounds (right)
** 1 × {{cvt|0.50|in|1}} [[M2 machine gun]]
|bombs=2× 116 lb (52.6 kg) Mk IV bombs, one under each wing
|bombs=2 × {{cvt|116|lb}} bombs, one under each wing
}}
}}


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* [[List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)]]
* [[List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)]]
|see also=
|see also=
* [[Aircraft in fiction#F3F]]
* [[Aircraft in fiction#F3F|F3F in fiction]]
}}
}}


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===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Cacutt, Len. ''Grumman Single-Seat Biplane Fighters''. London: Marshall Cavendish, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85435-250-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Cacutt|first=Len|title=Grumman Single-Seat Biplane Fighters|location=London|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=1989|isbn=1-85435-250-4}}
* Crosby, Francis. ''Fighter Aircraft''. London: Lorenz Books, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7548-0990-0}}.
* {{cite book|last=Crosby|first=Francis|title=Fighter Aircraft|location=London|publisher=Lorenz Books|year=2002|isbn=0-7548-0990-0}}
* Dann, Richard S. (USN, LCDR). ''Grumman Biplane Fighters in action. Aircraft In Action 150''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1996. {{ISBN|0-89747-353-1}}.
* {{cite book|last=Dann|first=Richard S. (USN, LCDR)|title=Grumman Biplane Fighters in action. Aircraft In Action 150|location=Carrollton, Texas|publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications|year=1996|isbn=0-89747-353-1}}
* Orriss, Bruce. ''When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II''. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. {{ISBN|0-9613088-0-X}}.
* {{cite book|last=Orriss|first=Bruce|title=When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II|location=Hawthorne, California|publisher=Aero Associates Inc.|year=1984|isbn=0-9613088-0-X}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Grumman F3F}}
{{Commons category|Grumman F3F}}
* [http://www.mucheswarbirds.com/F3Fart.html The Grumman F3F: The U.S. Navy's Last Biplane Fighter]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mucheswarbirds.com/F3Fart.html|title=The Grumman F3F: The U.S. Navy's Last Biplane Fighter|last=Muches|first=Jim|website=mucheswarbirds.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209214446/http://www.mucheswarbirds.com/F3Fart.html|archive-date=2007-02-09}}
* [http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/f3f.htm Fantasy of Flight's F3F]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/f3f.htm|title=Fantasy of Flight's F3F|website=fantasyofflight.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516210159/http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/f3f.htm|archive-date=2011-05-16}}


{{Grumman aircraft}}
{{Grumman aircraft}}

Revision as of 20:49, 31 March 2024

F3F
An F3F-1 of VF-4 in the late 1930s
Role Fighter aircraft
National origin United States
Manufacturer Grumman
Designer Leroy Grumman
First flight 20 March 1935
Introduction 1936
Retired November 1943
Primary users United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Produced 1936–1939
Number built 147
Developed from Grumman F2F

The Grumman F3F is a biplane fighter aircraft produced by the Grumman aircraft for the United States Navy during the mid-1930s. Designed as an improvement on the F2F, it entered service in 1936 as the last biplane to be delivered to any American military air arm. It was retired from front line squadrons at the end of 1941 before it could serve in World War II, and replaced by the Brewster F2A Buffalo. The F3F, which inherited the Leroy Grumman-designed retractable main landing gear configuration first used on the Grumman FF, served as the basis for a biplane design ultimately developed into the much more successful F4F Wildcat that succeeded the subpar Buffalo.

Design and development

F3F-3 assigned to Naval Air Station Anacostia

The Navy's experience with the F2F revealed issues with stability and unfavorable spin characteristics,[1] prompting the 15 October 1934 contract for the improved XF3F-1, placed before F2F deliveries began. The contract also required a capability for ground attack, in addition to the design's fighter role.[2] Powered by the same Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior engine as the F2F, the fuselage was lengthened and wing area increased over the earlier design. A reduction in wheel diameter allowed greater fuselage streamlining, eliminating the prominent bulge behind the cowling of the F2F.

The prototype, BuNo. 9727, was delivered and first flown on 20 March 1935 with company test pilot Jimmy Collins making three flights that day. Two days later, six dive-recovery flights took place; on the 10th dive, the aircraft's pullout at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) registered 14 g on the test equipment. The aircraft broke up in midair, crashing in a cemetery and killing Collins.[2] A second, strengthened prototype was built, but it crashed on 9 May of the same year following the pilot's bailout during an unsuccessful spin recovery.[3] The second prototype was rebuilt in three weeks, flying on 20 June 1935. An order for 54 F3F-1 fighters was placed on 24 August of that year, following the conclusion of the flight test program.[4]

Operational history

The better known F4F Wildcat of World War II was a monoplane development of an improved F3F biplane design. This XF4F-3 prototype clearly shows the family lines.

The first production F3F-1 (BuNo 0211) was delivered on 29 January 1936 to the test group at Naval Air Station Anacostia, with squadron service beginning in March to VF-5B of Ranger and VF-6B of Saratoga. Marine squadron VF-4M received the last six in January 1937.[5]

Grumman, wanting to take advantage of the powerful new 950 hp (708 kW) Wright R-1820 supercharged radial engine, began work on the F3F-2 without a contract; the order for 81 aircraft was not placed until 25 July 1936, two days before the type's first flight.[1] The engine's larger diameter changed the cowling's appearance, making the aircraft look even more like a barrel, though top speed increased to 255 mph (410 km/h) at 12,000 ft (3,700 m).[2]

The entire F3F-2 production series was delivered in between 1937 and 1938; when deliveries ended, all seven Navy and Marine Corps pursuit squadrons were equipped with Grumman single-seat fighters. Further aerodynamic improvements were made to an F3F-2 (BuNo 1031) based on wind tunnel studies in the NACA Langley 30' x 60' full-scale wind tunnel and became the XF3F-3. It featured a larger-diameter propeller, and a complete revision of the fuselage skinning forward of the aft cabane strut in order to improve aerodynamics and reduce carbon monoxide intrusion. On 21 June 1938, the Navy ordered 27 F3F-3s, as new monoplane fighters like the Brewster F2A and Grumman's own F4F Wildcat were taking longer to develop than had been planned.[6]

With the introduction of the Brewster F2A-1, the Navy's biplane fighter days were numbered. All F3Fs were withdrawn from squadron service by the end of 1941, though 117 were assigned to naval bases (Mainly NAS Miami and NAS Corpus Christi) and used for training and utility duties until December 1943.[1]

The G-32 and G-32A two-place aircraft were used by the U.S. Army Air Force as ferry-pilot trainers, under the designation UC-103/UC-103A.

A civilian aerobatic two-seat variant, the G-22A "Gulfhawk II," was constructed in 1936 and flown by Major Alfred "Al" Williams, head of Gulf Oil's aviation department.[7]

Variants

Data from: Aerofiles - Grumman[8]

G-11
Company designation for F3F-1 carrier-borne fighters
XF3F-1
Three prototypes of the F3F (all with the same Bureau Number, 9727), powered by single 700 hp (520 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1535-84 Twin Wasp Juniors
F3F-1
Initial production version for the US Navy, 54 built. BuNos 0211 through 0264.
G-19
Company designation for the F3F-2 and F3F-3
XF3F-2
A single prototype (BuNo 0452), powered by a single 850 hp (630 kW) Wright XR-1820-22 Cyclone G
F3F-2
Second production model for the US Navy, powered by a single 950 hp (710 kW) Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone, 81 built. BuNos 0967 through 1047.
XF3F-3
A single prototype (BuNo 1031) of the F3F-3 with curved windshield, a modified forward fuselage with a widened diameter and cowling with a single cowl flap on either side
F3F-3
Final production variant for the US Navy, 27 built. Featured a redesigned forward fuselage forward of the aft cabane struts. BuNos 1444 through 1470.
G-22 Gulfhawk II
G-22 Gulfhawk II at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum
A single hybrid F2F/F3F, powered by a 1,000 hp (750 kW) Wright R-1820 Cyclone, for display pilot Al Williams, sponsored by the Gulf Oil Company for demonstration flights and aerobatic displays. The G-22 Gulfhawk II was retired to the National Air Museum in October 1948.
G-32 Gulfhawk III / G-32A
A two-seat civilian variant of the F3F series, powered by a 1,000 hp (750 kW) Wright R-1820 Cyclone. Two aircraft were built, one (G-32, NC1051) for noted Gulf Oil pilot Alford Williams as the "Gulfhawk III", and the second (G-32A, NC1326) retained by Grumman as a fast executive transport-chase aircraft. Both of these aircraft incorporated landing flaps into the lower surface of the upper wing, the only variant of the series to be so fitted.
UC-103
Both G-32 aircraft were impressed into the USAAF in 1942; Williams's G-32 Gulfhawk III was destroyed in a crash in Florida and the G-32A survived until 1971 when it crashed after being abandoned due to an inflight fire

Operators

 United States

Surviving aircraft

Grumman F3F-2 at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola, Florida (2007)

Today, there are four flying aircraft, three F3F-2 models and the Grumman demonstrator G-32A, all which were restored by Herb Tischler's Texas Airplane Factory in Fort Worth. The restorations took four years and consisted of rebuilding the G-32A from original blueprints with tooling built at the Texas Airplane Factory. The wreckage of three -2 aircraft which had originally crashed in Hawaii were utilized to complete the other restorations.[9]

Specifications (F3F-2)

Three-side drawing of an F3F-1

Data from Great Aircraft of the World[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: one pilot
  • Length: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m)
  • Wingspan: 32 ft 0 in (9.75 m)
  • Height: 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m)
  • Wing area: 260 sq ft (24.15 m2)
  • Empty weight: 3,285 lb (1,490 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 4,795 lb (2,175 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-22 "Cyclone" 9-cylinder radial engine, 950 hp (710 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 264 mph (425 km/h, 229 kn) at 15,250 ft (4,650 m)
  • Cruise speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn)
  • Range: 980 mi (1,580 km, 850 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 33,200 ft (10,100 m)
  • Rate of climb: 2,800 ft/min (14 m/s) at sea level

Armament

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Grumman F3F". Air Group 31. 2006-12-27. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  2. ^ a b c d Cacutt 1989, pp. 155–162.
  3. ^ Dann 1996, p. 4.
  4. ^ Jordan, Corey C. "Grumman's Ascendency: Chapter Three". Planes and Pilots Of World War Two. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  5. ^ Dann 1996, p. 27.
  6. ^ Crosby 2002, p. 77.
  7. ^ "Grumman G-22". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
  8. ^ Eckland, K.O. "Grumman, Grumman-American." aerofiles.com, 11 September 2008. Retrieved: 21 June 2013.
  9. ^ a b Wilkinson, Stephan (2013-01-15). "F3F Biplane Barrels Back". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  10. ^ "F3F-2". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  11. ^ "1938 Grumman F3F-2". Fantasy of Flight. Fantasy of Flight. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  12. ^ "Grumman F3F Flying Barrel". worldwariiaviation.org. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  13. ^ "Grumman G-22 Gulfhawk II". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 2016-08-31.

Bibliography

  • Cacutt, Len (1989). Grumman Single-Seat Biplane Fighters. London: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 1-85435-250-4.
  • Crosby, Francis (2002). Fighter Aircraft. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0-7548-0990-0.
  • Dann, Richard S. (USN, LCDR) (1996). Grumman Biplane Fighters in action. Aircraft In Action 150. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN 0-89747-353-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Orriss, Bruce (1984). When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc. ISBN 0-9613088-0-X.
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