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{{short description|US federal agency of the 1930s known as DSH}}
{{Infobox government agency
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Subsistence Homesteads Division, Department of the Interior
| agency_name = Subsistence Homesteads Division, Department of the Interior
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The '''Subsistence Homesteads Division''' of the [[United States Department of the Interior|US Department of the Interior]] (DSH or SHD) was a [[Alphabet agencies|New Deal]] agency that was intended to relieve industrial workers and struggling farmers from complete dependence on factory or agricultural work.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1934|title=Recent Developments in Subsistence-Homesteads Movement|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41814203|journal=Monthly Labor Review|volume=38|issue=2|pages=245–253|issn=0098-1818}}</ref> The program was meant to provide relatively low cost homesteads, including a home and [[Smallholding|small plots of land]] that would allow them to sustain themselves; through the program, thirty-four communities were built.<ref>{{Cite web
The '''Subsistence Homesteads Division''' (or '''Division of Subsistence Homesteads''', SHD or DSH) of the [[United States Department of the Interior]] was a [[Alphabet agencies|New Deal]] agency that was intended to relieve industrial workers and struggling farmers from complete dependence on factory or agricultural work.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1934|title=Recent Developments in Subsistence-Homesteads Movement|journal=Monthly Labor Review|volume=38|issue=2|pages=245–253|jstor=41814203|issn=0098-1818}}</ref> The program was created to provide low-rent homesteads, including a home and [[Smallholding|small plots of land]] that would allow people to sustain themselves. Through the program, 34 communities were built.<ref>{{Cite web
|title = RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION
|title = RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION
|accessdate = 2012-03-03
|access-date = 2012-03-03
|url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html
|url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132055/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html#
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132055/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html#
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| title = Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy
| title = Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy
| journal = Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation
| journal = Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| date = January 1934
| date = January 1934
| url = http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm
| url = http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm
}}</ref> However the new residents were not allowed to purchase the new homes.
}}</ref>


==Philosophy==
==Philosophy==
The Subsistence Homesteading Program was based on an [[agrarianism|agrarian]], [[Back-to-the-land movement|"back-to-the-land"]] philosophy which meant a partial return to the simpler, [[Agrarian society|farming life]] of the past. Eleanor and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] both endorsed the idea that for [[Poverty|poor people]], [[Rural area|rural life]] could be healthier than city life. [[Cooperation]], community [[socialization]], and [[community|community work]] were also emphasized.<ref name="straw">{{Cite conference|last=Straw|first=Liz|date=2008-09-30|title=(Cumberland Homesteads, A Resettlement Community Of The Depression)|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sero/appalachian/sec8.htm|accessdate=2012-03-03|booktitle=National Park Service, Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers}}</ref> However, going "back-to-the-land" did not always sit well with people stuck in outlying "stranded communities" without jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Couch|first=Jim F|year=1997|title=The Back-to-the-Land Movement during the Great Depression|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ557622&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ557622|journal=Southern Social Studies Journal|volume=v. 23|issue=n 1|pages=60–67|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref> According to Liz Straw of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the most controversial were those rural communities of long-unemployed miners or timber workers whom opponents of subsistence homesteading thought unlikely to thrive without better job opportunities.<ref name="straw" />
The subsistence homesteading program was based on an [[agrarianism|agrarian]], [[Back-to-the-land movement|"back-to-the-land"]] philosophy which meant a partial return to the simpler, [[Agrarian society|farming life]] of the past. Eleanor and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] both endorsed the idea that for [[Poverty|poor people]], [[Rural area|rural life]] could be healthier than city life. [[Cooperation]], community [[socialization]], and [[community|community work]] were also emphasized.<ref name="straw">{{Cite conference|last=Straw|first=Liz|date=2008-09-30|title=(Cumberland Homesteads, A Resettlement Community Of The Depression)|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sero/appalachian/sec8.htm|access-date=2012-03-03|book-title=National Park Service, Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers}}</ref> However, going "back-to-the-land" did not always sit well with people stuck in outlying "stranded communities" without jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Couch |first=Jim F |year=1997 |title=The Back-to-the-Land Movement during the Great Depression |url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ557622&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ557622 |journal=Southern Social Studies Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=60–67 |access-date=2012-03-03}}</ref> According to Liz Straw of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the most controversial were those rural communities of long-unemployed miners or timber workers whom opponents of subsistence homesteading thought unlikely to thrive without better job opportunities.<ref name="straw" />


==Definition and description==
==Definition and description==
In response to the Great Depression, the Subsistence Homestead Division was created by the federal government in 1933 with the aim to improve the living conditions of individuals moving away from overcrowded urban centers while also giving them the opportunity to experience small-scale farming and home ownership.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Carriker|first=Robert M.|title=Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment on Subsistence Homesteads.|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|year=2010|isbn=|location=Tucson, AZ|pages=5}}</ref> Subsistence Homesteads Division Director, [[M. L. Wilson|Milburn L. Wilson]], defined a "subsistence homestead" as follows:
In response to the Great Depression, the Subsistence Homesteads Division was created by the federal government in 1933 with the aim to improve the living conditions of individuals moving away from overcrowded urban centers while also giving them the opportunity to experience small-scale farming and home ownership.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Carriker|first=Robert M.|title=Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment on Subsistence Homesteads.|url=https://archive.org/details/urbanfarminginwe0000carr|url-access=registration|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|year=2010|location=Tucson, AZ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/urbanfarminginwe0000carr/page/5 5]|isbn=9780816528202 }}</ref> Subsistence Homesteads Division Director, [[M. L. Wilson|Milburn L. Wilson]], defined a "subsistence homestead" as follows:


<blockquote>A subsistence homestead denotes a house and out buildings located upon a plot of land on which can be grown a large portion of foodstuffs required by the homestead family. It signifies production for home consumption and not for commercial sale. In that it provides for subsistence alone, it carries with it the corollary that cash income must be drawn from some outside source. The central motive of the subsistence homestead program, therefore, is to demonstrate the economic value of a livelihood which combines part-time wage work and part-time gardening or farming.<ref name = "carriker">{{Cite news
<blockquote>A subsistence homestead denotes a house and out buildings located upon a plot of land on which can be grown a large portion of foodstuffs required by the homestead family. It signifies production for home consumption and not for commercial sale. In that it provides for subsistence alone, it carries with it the corollary that cash income must be drawn from some outside source. The central motive of the subsistence homestead program, therefore, is to demonstrate the economic value of a livelihood which combines part-time wage work and part-time gardening or farming.<ref name = "carriker">{{Cite news
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| title = The Longview Homesteads
| title = The Longview Homesteads
| work = Columbia Magazine
| work = Columbia Magazine
| accessdate =
⚫
| year =
| url = http://columbia.washingtonhistory.org/magazine/articles/2010/0110/0110-a3.aspx
| url = http://columbia.washingtonhistory.org/magazine/articles/2010/0110/0110-a3.aspx
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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==History==
==History==
The Division of Subsistence Homesteads was created by the Secretary of the Interior as an order to fulfill the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]]. Milburn Lincoln Wilson, then belonging to the USDA's Agricultural Adjustment Administration, was selected by President Frank D. Roosevelt to lead the new Division under Secretary of the Interior, [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/small/homestead-timeline#event-the-first-director|title=Small{{!}}Homestead Project Timeline{{!}}National Agricultural Library{{!}}USDA|website=www.nal.usda.gov|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> Wilson and his advisory committee determined that they wanted the project to prioritize areas hit especially hard by Depression. Initially, the cost of the houses was not to exceed $2,000 and the homesteads would fall under the administration of the Division and local non-profit corporation created specifically for the community.<ref name=":1" /> The same year, Carl Cleveland Taylor, the 36th President of the [[American Sociological Association|American Sociological Society]], was appointed sociologist with the SHD.<ref>{{Cite web
The Division of Subsistence Homesteads was created by the Secretary of the Interior as an order to fulfill the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]]. Milburn Lincoln Wilson, then belonging to the USDA's Agricultural Adjustment Administration, was selected by President Frank D. Roosevelt to lead the new Division under Secretary of the Interior, [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/small/homestead-timeline#event-the-first-director|title=Small{{!}}Homestead Project Timeline{{!}}National Agricultural Library{{!}}USDA|website=www.nal.usda.gov|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> Wilson and his advisory committee determined that they wanted the project to prioritize areas hit especially hard by Depression. Initially, the cost of the houses was not to exceed $2,000 and the homesteads would fall under the administration of the Division and local non-profit corporation created specifically for the community.<ref name=":1" /> The same year, [[Carl Cleveland Taylor]], the 36th President of the [[American Sociological Association|American Sociological Society]], was appointed sociologist with the SHD.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Carl C. Taylor, President 1946
|title=Carl C. Taylor, President 1946
|accessdate=2012-03-03
|access-date=2012-03-03
|url=http://www2.asanet.org/governance/taylor.html
|url=http://www2.asanet.org/governance/taylor.html
|url-status=dead
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710034329/http://www2.asanet.org/governance/taylor.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710034329/http://www2.asanet.org/governance/taylor.html
|archivedate=2010-07-10
|archive-date=2010-07-10
}}</ref> Some of the subsistence homesteading communities included [[African Americans]]; Assistant Supervisor John P. Murchison wrote to [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in April 1934 for advice on racial integration and how to incorporate African Americans into the program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newdeal.feri.org/opp/opp34105.htm|title=What Hope For The Rural Negro?|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
}}</ref> Some of the subsistence homesteading communities included [[African Americans]]; Assistant Supervisor [[John P. Murchison]] wrote to [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in April 1934 for advice on racial integration and how to incorporate African Americans into the program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newdeal.feri.org/opp/opp34105.htm|title=What Hope For The Rural Negro?|access-date=2012-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Linden, Texas :: Gateway to the Lakes & Piney Woods Region
|title=Linden, Texas :: Gateway to the Lakes & Piney Woods Region
|accessdate=2012-02-01
|access-date=2012-02-01
|url=http://lindentexas.org/tourism/?id=47;c=11
|url=http://lindentexas.org/tourism/?id=47;c=11
|url-status=dead
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224421/http://www.lindentexas.org/tourism/?id=47%3Bc%3D11
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224421/http://www.lindentexas.org/tourism/?id=47%3Bc%3D11
|archivedate=2013-12-02
|archive-date=2013-12-02
}}</ref> [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] took personal interest in the project, and became involved in setting up the first community, [[Arthurdale, West Virginia|Arthurdale]], WV after a visit to the stranded miners of [[Scotts Run, West Virginia|Scotts Run]].<ref>{{Cite web
}}</ref> [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] took personal interest in the project, and became involved in setting up the first community, [[Arthurdale, West Virginia|Arthurdale]], WV after a visit to the stranded miners of [[Scotts Run, West Virginia|Scotts Run]].<ref>{{Cite web
| publisher = PBS
| publisher = PBS
| title = Transcript: Eleanor Roosevelt
| title = Transcript: Eleanor Roosevelt
| work = American Experience. WGBH
| work = American Experience. WGBH
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/eleanor-transcript/
| url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/eleanor-transcript/
| archive-date= 2011-12-04
| archive-date= 2011-12-04
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


There was strong opposition to the idea of subsistence homesteads, as undercutting agricultural prices, unions, and the labor supply for manufacturing. Nonetheless, as of 2011, some communities, such as [[Arthurdale, West Virginia]], in which Eleanor Roosevelt was personally involved, maintain an active memory of the program.<ref name="amex">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html WGBH/''American Experience''. ''Eleanor'' enhanced transcript], 1999.</ref> By March of 1934, 30 projects had been started. Twenty-one were considered garden-home projects, two were full-time farming projects near urban areas, five were fir unemployed miners and two were combinations of the aforementioned types.<ref name=":1" /> In June of 1935, the powers granted to DSH under the National Industrial Recovery Act expired. On April 30th, Executive Order No. 7027 had created the [[Resettlement Administration]] ; part of their mandate gave them authority "to administer approved projects involving resettlement of destitute or low-income families from rural and urban areas, including the establishment, maintenance and operation, in such connection, of communities in rural and suburban areas."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-7027-establishing-the-resettlement-administration|title=Executive Order 7027 Establishing the Resettlement Administration. {{!}} The American Presidency Project|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> By another Executive Order (No. 7530), the Subsistence Housing Project was transferred from the Department of Interior to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1936. By the next year, the program had been transferred once again, this time to the Federal Public Housing Authority, where it was formally abolished. Various architects including [[Mary Almy]], helped design the buildings and homes built under the project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc9.html|title=Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009|website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>
There was strong opposition to the idea of subsistence homesteads, as undercutting agricultural prices, unions, and the labor supply for manufacturing. Nonetheless, as of 2011, some communities, such as [[Arthurdale, West Virginia]], in which Eleanor Roosevelt was personally involved, maintain an active memory of the program.<ref name="amex">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html WGBH/''American Experience''. ''Eleanor'' enhanced transcript], 1999.</ref> By March 1934, 30 projects had been started. Twenty-one were considered garden-home projects, two were full-time farming projects near urban areas, five were for unemployed miners and two were combinations of the aforementioned types.<ref name=":1" /> In June 1935, the powers granted to DSH under the National Industrial Recovery Act expired. On April 30, Executive Order No. 7027 had created the [[Resettlement Administration]] ; part of their mandate gave them authority "to administer approved projects involving resettlement of destitute or low-income families from rural and urban areas, including the establishment, maintenance and operation, in such connection, of communities in rural and suburban areas."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-7027-establishing-the-resettlement-administration|title=Executive Order 7027 Establishing the Resettlement Administration. {{!}} The American Presidency Project|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> By another Executive Order (No. 7530), the Subsistence Housing Project was transferred from the Department of Interior to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1936. By the next year, the program had been transferred once again, this time to the Federal Public Housing Authority, where it was formally abolished. Various architects including [[Mary Almy]], helped design the buildings and homes built under the project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc9.html|title=Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009|website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>


==List of Division of Subsistence Homestead Communities ==
==List of Subsistence Homesteads Division communities ==
[[File:1936 Wichita Gardens, Texas Library of Congress fsa1998019662.png|thumb|[[Arthur Rothstein]] photograph of Wichita Gardens (1936)]]
⚫
Communities planned and built:<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214424/http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html |url=http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |title=Communities planned and initiated by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads |work=Complete List of New Deal Communities |publisher=National New Deal Preservation Association }}</ref>


{{multiple image
<!-- Essential parameters -->
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1 = Woman hanging out clothes. Austin Homesteads, Minnesota LCCN2017764153.tif
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Austin Homesteads, [[Austin, Minnesota|Minnesota]] (1936)
<!-- Image 2 -->

| image2 = Cumberland-homesteads-house-tn3.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Cumberland Homesteads]], Tennessee (2012)
<!-- Image 3 -->
| image3 = House in Phoenix Homestead Historic District.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Phoenix Homesteads Historic District, Arizona (2012)
<!-- Image 4 -->
| image4 = Tupelo Homestead Quarters No 13 NPS.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Tupelo Homesteads Historic District, Mississippi
<!-- Image 5 -->
| image5 = Woman with two children with bicycles, Wichita Gardens, Texas, 8b28166.jpg
| alt5 =
| caption5 = Wichita Gardens, [[Wichita Falls, Texas|Texas]] (1936)
}}
⚫
These communities were planned and built:<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214424/http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html |url=http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |title=Communities planned and initiated by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads |work=Complete List of New Deal Communities |publisher=National New Deal Preservation Association }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Name
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| West Virginia<ref>{{Cite web
| West Virginia<ref>{{Cite web
| title = First Lady Lesson Plan: Arthurdale: Example of a Planned Community
| title = First Lady Lesson Plan: Arthurdale: Example of a Planned Community
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| url = http://www.firstladies.org/curriculum/curriculum.aspx?Curriculum=1609
| url = http://www.firstladies.org/curriculum/curriculum.aspx?Curriculum=1609
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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|-
|-
| Austin Homesteads/Austin Acres
| Austin Homesteads/Austin Acres
| [[Austin, Minnesota|Austin]] <ref>{{Cite news
| [[Austin, Minnesota|Austin]]<ref>{{Cite news
| title = A return to Austin Acres
| title = A return to Austin Acres
| work = The Austin Daily Herald
| work = The Austin Daily Herald
| location = Austin, MN
| location = Austin, MN
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| date = 2011-05-14
| date = 2011-05-14
| url = http://www.austindailyherald.com/2011/05/14/a-return-to-austin-acres/
| url = http://www.austindailyherald.com/2011/05/14/a-return-to-austin-acres/
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| [[Cumberland County, Tennessee|Cumberland County]]<ref>{{Cite web
| [[Cumberland County, Tennessee|Cumberland County]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee's Largest Historic District, the Showplace of the New Deal
| title = Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee's Largest Historic District, the Showplace of the New Deal
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| url = http://cumberlandhomesteads.org/history.html
| url = http://cumberlandhomesteads.org/history.html
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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|title=Subsistence homesteading in Dayton, Ohio, 1933-1945
|title=Subsistence homesteading in Dayton, Ohio, 1933-1945
|journal=Ohio History
|journal=Ohio History
|accessdate=2012-03-03
|access-date=2012-03-03
|url=http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=007875.html&StartPage=75&EndPage=93&volume=78&notes=notes%20146%2D149&newtitle=Volume%2078%20Page%2075
|url=http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=007875.html&StartPage=75&EndPage=93&volume=78&notes=notes%20146%2D149&newtitle=Volume%2078%20Page%2075
}}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
}}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
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| title = Dayton Subsistence Homesteads: A Suburban Experiment from the New Deal Era.
| title = Dayton Subsistence Homesteads: A Suburban Experiment from the New Deal Era.
| work = Urban Ohio
| work = Urban Ohio
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| date = 2009-09-14
| date = 2009-09-14
| url = http://www.urbanohio.com/forum2/index.php/topic,19964.0.html
| url = http://www.urbanohio.com/forum2/index.php/topic,19964.0.html
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| [[El Monte, California|El Monte]]
| [[El Monte, California|El Monte]]
| California
| California
| <!--NOTES-->
|-
| Eleanor
| [[Eleanor, West Virginia|Eleanor]]
| West Virginia
| <!--NOTES-->
| <!--NOTES-->
|-
|-
| Granger Homesteads
| Granger Homesteads
| [[Granger, Iowa|Granger]]
| [[Granger, Iowa|Granger]]
| Iowa
|| Iowa
| <!--NOTES-->
| <!--NOTES-->
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| [[Penderlea Homesteads Historic District|Penderlea]]
| [[Penderlea Homesteads Historic District|Penderlea]]
| [[Pender County, North Carolina|Pender County]] <ref>{{Cite web
| [[Pender County, North Carolina|Pender County]]<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Gannon
| last = Gannon
| first = Renee
| first = Renee
| title = Growing Up On Penderlea
| title = Growing Up On Penderlea
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| date = February 2007
| date = February 2007
| url = http://www.carolinacountry.com/StoryPages/ourstories/penderlea/penderlea.html
| url = http://www.carolinacountry.com/StoryPages/ourstories/penderlea/penderlea.html
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| <!--NOTES-->
| <!--NOTES-->
|-
|-
| Trussville Homesteads/Cahaba Homesteads
| Cahaba Homesteads/"Slagheap Village"
| Birmingham
| Birmingham
| Alabama
| Alabama
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|}
|}


==Current Status==
==Current status==
Of the communities listed, five are considered national or local historic districts, including oenix Homesteads (AZ)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/08/13/phoenixs-homesteads-neighborhood-visually-iconic-cbt/31431797/|title=You know that Phoenix street with the tall trees? A history of the Homesteads neighborhood|website=azcentral|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>, Aberdeen Gardens (VA), Arthurdale (WV), oenix Homesteads (AZ)<ref name=":2" />, Homesteads (MS), Cahaba Homesteads (AL), and Tygart Valley Homesteads (WV). <br />
Of the communities listed, five are considered national or local historic districts, including [[Aberdeen Gardens (Hampton, Virginia)|Aberdeen Gardens (VA)]], [[Arthurdale, West Virginia|Arthurdale (WV)]], [[Phoenix Homesteads]] (AZ),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/08/13/phoenixs-homesteads-neighborhood-visually-iconic-cbt/31431797/|title=You know that Phoenix street with the tall trees? A history of the Homesteads neighborhood|website=azcentral|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> [[Tupelo Homesteads]] (MS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://misspreservation.com/2015/08/18/new-deal-in-mississippi-tupelo-homesteads/|title=New Deal in Mississippi: Tupelo Homesteads|last=Suzassippi|date=2015-08-18|website=Preservation in Mississippi|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref> [[Cahaba Homesteads]]/ [[Slagheap Village]] (AL),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trussville.org/about/history/|title=History|website=City of Trussville|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref> and [[Tygart Valley Homesteads Historic District|Tygart Valley Homesteads (WV)]].

==See also==
==See also==
*''[[c:File:A_Homestead_and_Hope_-_first_bulletin_for_the_Division_of_Subsistence_Homesteads.djvu|A Homestead and Hope]]'' - the first bulletin for the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of Interior]]<ref name=":1" />
*''[[c:File:A_Homestead_and_Hope_-_first_bulletin_for_the_Division_of_Subsistence_Homesteads.djvu|A Homestead and Hope]]'' - the first bulletin for the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of Interior]]<ref name=":1" />
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* [[Smallholding]]
* [[Smallholding]]
* [[Five Acres and Independence]]
* [[Five Acres and Independence]]
*[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html NARA Records of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)] (Record Group 96) 1918-80 (bulk 1932-59){{quote|'''96.2.4 Records of the Subsistence Homesteads Division and its successors'''
*[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html NARA Records of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)] (Record Group 96) 1918-80 (bulk 1932–59)
{{blockquote|'''96.2.4 Records of the Subsistence Homesteads Division and its successors'''


History: Subsistence Homesteads Division organized in the Department of the Interior, August 23, 1933, under provisions of EO 6209, July 21, 1933, implementing the subsistence homesteads program of the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]] (48 Stat. 205), June 16, 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/4925381.1933.001.umich.edu/page/290 |title=Executive Order No. 6209: Delegation of Presidential Powers to the Secretary of the Interior Relating to Subsistence Homesteads - July 21, 1933 |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin D. |date=July 21, 1933 |website=Internet Archive |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Archives and Records Service |page=290–295}}</ref> Transferred to Resettlement Administration by EO 7041, May 15, 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/4925387.1935.001.umich.edu/page/180 |title=Executive Order No. 7041: Transfer of Subsistence Homesteads Activities to the Resettlement Administration - May 15, 1935 |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin D. |date=May 15, 1935 |website=Internet Archive |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Archives and Records Service |page=180}}</ref>
History: Subsistence Homesteads Division organized in the Department of the Interior, August 23, 1933, under provisions of EO 6209, July 21, 1933, implementing the subsistence homesteads program of the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]] (48 Stat. 205), June 16, 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/4925381.1933.001.umich.edu/page/290 |title=Executive Order No. 6209: Delegation of Presidential Powers to the Secretary of the Interior Relating to Subsistence Homesteads - July 21, 1933 |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin D. |date=July 21, 1933 |website=Internet Archive |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Archives and Records Service |pages=290–295}}</ref> Transferred to Resettlement Administration by EO 7041, May 15, 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/4925387.1935.001.umich.edu/page/180 |title=Executive Order No. 7041: Transfer of Subsistence Homesteads Activities to the Resettlement Administration - May 15, 1935 |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin D. |date=May 15, 1935 |website=Internet Archive |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Archives and Records Service |page=180}}</ref>


Textual Records: Correspondence with the general public ("Requests for General Information"), 1933-35. Correspondence concerning proposed subsistence homestead projects, 1933-35. Correspondence concerning a census of part-time farming, 1933-34. Records relating to wages of workers employed on subsistence homestead projects, 1934-35.
Textual Records: Correspondence with the general public ("Requests for General Information"), 1933-35. Correspondence concerning proposed subsistence homestead projects, 1933-35. Correspondence concerning a census of part-time farming, 1933-34. Records relating to wages of workers employed on subsistence homestead projects, 1934-35.
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


*{{Cite journal
*{{Cite journal
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| title = Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy
| title = Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy
| journal = Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation
| journal = Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| date = January 1934
| date = January 1934
| url = http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm
| url = http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm
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*{{Cite web
*{{Cite web
| title = Records of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)
| title = Records of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| url = https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html
| url = https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html
}}
}}
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| first = Renee
| first = Renee
| title = Growing Up On Penderlea
| title = Growing Up On Penderlea
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| date = February 2007
| date = February 2007
| url = http://www.carolinacountry.com/StoryPages/ourstories/penderlea/penderlea.html
| url = http://www.carolinacountry.com/StoryPages/ourstories/penderlea/penderlea.html
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| first = Robert C
| first = Robert C
| title = Introduction to book, Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment in Subsistence Homesteads
| title = Introduction to book, Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment in Subsistence Homesteads
| accessdate = 2012-03-03
| access-date = 2012-03-03
| year = 2009
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/catalogs/dlg_show_excerpt.php?id=2231
| url = http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/catalogs/dlg_show_excerpt.php?id=2231
}}, describes coverage of DSH in various books and journals
}}, describes coverage of DSH in various books and journals
* Conkin, Paul K. ''Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program'' (1959).
* Garvey, Timothy J. "The Duluth Homesteads: A Successful Experiment in Community Housing." ''Minnesota History'' 46.1 (1978): 2–16. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20178527 online]
* Kelly, Timothy, Margaret Power, and Michael Cary. ''Hope in Hard Times: Norvelt and the Struggle for Community During the Great Depression'' (Penn State Press, 2016) [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGtXDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 online].
* Lord, Russell, and Paul Howard Johnstone, eds. ''A Place on Earth: A Critical Appraisal of Subsistence Homesteads'' (1942) [https://books.google.com/books?id=MfE9AAAAYAAJ&dq=Lord,+Russell,+and+Paul+H.+Johnstone&pg=PA1 online].
*{{Cite journal
| volume = 87
⚫
| issue = 3
| pages = 368–390
| last = Roberts
| first = Charles Kenneth
| title = Client Failures and Supervised Credit in the Farm Security Administration
| journal = [[Agricultural History]]
| date = Summer 2013
| doi = 10.3098/ah.2013.87.3.368
}}
* Schwieder, Dorothy. “The Granger Homestead Project.” ''Palimpsest'' 58 (1977): 149–161. [https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/palimpsest/article/id/24281/download/pdf/ online]
* Trepagnier, Renée. "Turning Coal to Diamond: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Arthurdale Subsistence Housing Project." ''Women Leading Change: Case Studies on Women, Gender, and Feminism'' 4.1 (2019) [https://journals.tulane.edu/ncs/article/view/2419 online]
* Wilson, M. L. “The Place of Subsistence Homesteads in our National Economy.” ''Journal of Farm Economics'' 16 (1934): 73–87. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1230783 online]
*{{Cite journal
*{{Cite journal
| volume = 17
| volume = 17
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Subsistence Homesteads Division}}
{{commons category|Subsistence Homesteads Division}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:New Deal agencies]]
[[Category:New Deal agencies]]
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[[Category:Planned communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Planned communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Public housing in the United States]]
[[Category:Public housing in the United States]]
[[Category:Intentional communities]]
[[Category:Intentional communities in the United States]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1935 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1935 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Decentralization]]
[[Category:Decentralization]]
[[Category:New Deal subsistence homestead communities| ]]
[[Category:New Deal subsistence homestead communities| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1933]]
[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 1935]]
[[Category:Settlement schemes in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 22:37, 29 March 2024

Subsistence Homesteads Division, Department of the Interior
Agency overview
FormedAugust 23, 1933 (1933-08-23)
DissolvedMay 15, 1935
Superseding agency
Agency executive
Parent agencyUnited States Department of the Interior
Websitehttps://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html

The Subsistence Homesteads Division (or Division of Subsistence Homesteads, SHD or DSH) of the United States Department of the Interior was a New Deal agency that was intended to relieve industrial workers and struggling farmers from complete dependence on factory or agricultural work.[1] The program was created to provide low-rent homesteads, including a home and small plots of land that would allow people to sustain themselves. Through the program, 34 communities were built.[2] Unlike subsistence farming, subsistence homesteading is based on a family member or members having part-time, paid employment.[3] However the new residents were not allowed to purchase the new homes.

Philosophy

[edit]

The subsistence homesteading program was based on an agrarian, "back-to-the-land" philosophy which meant a partial return to the simpler, farming life of the past. Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt both endorsed the idea that for poor people, rural life could be healthier than city life. Cooperation, community socialization, and community work were also emphasized.[4] However, going "back-to-the-land" did not always sit well with people stuck in outlying "stranded communities" without jobs.[5] According to Liz Straw of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the most controversial were those rural communities of long-unemployed miners or timber workers whom opponents of subsistence homesteading thought unlikely to thrive without better job opportunities.[4]

Definition and description

[edit]

In response to the Great Depression, the Subsistence Homesteads Division was created by the federal government in 1933 with the aim to improve the living conditions of individuals moving away from overcrowded urban centers while also giving them the opportunity to experience small-scale farming and home ownership.[6] Subsistence Homesteads Division Director, Milburn L. Wilson, defined a "subsistence homestead" as follows:

A subsistence homestead denotes a house and out buildings located upon a plot of land on which can be grown a large portion of foodstuffs required by the homestead family. It signifies production for home consumption and not for commercial sale. In that it provides for subsistence alone, it carries with it the corollary that cash income must be drawn from some outside source. The central motive of the subsistence homestead program, therefore, is to demonstrate the economic value of a livelihood which combines part-time wage work and part-time gardening or farming.[7]

DSH projects "would be initiated at the state level and administered through a nonprofit corporation. Successful applicants were offered a combination of part-time employment opportunities, fertile soil for part-time farming, and locations connected to the services of established cities."[7] The homesteads were organized to combine the benefits of rural and urban living - communities meant to demonstrate a different path towards a healthier and more economically secure future.[6]

History

[edit]

The Division of Subsistence Homesteads was created by the Secretary of the Interior as an order to fulfill the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. Milburn Lincoln Wilson, then belonging to the USDA's Agricultural Adjustment Administration, was selected by President Frank D. Roosevelt to lead the new Division under Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes.[8] Wilson and his advisory committee determined that they wanted the project to prioritize areas hit especially hard by Depression. Initially, the cost of the houses was not to exceed $2,000 and the homesteads would fall under the administration of the Division and local non-profit corporation created specifically for the community.[8] The same year, Carl Cleveland Taylor, the 36th President of the American Sociological Society, was appointed sociologist with the SHD.[9] Some of the subsistence homesteading communities included African Americans; Assistant Supervisor John P. Murchison wrote to W. E. B. Du Bois in April 1934 for advice on racial integration and how to incorporate African Americans into the program.[10][11] Eleanor Roosevelt took personal interest in the project, and became involved in setting up the first community, Arthurdale, WV after a visit to the stranded miners of Scotts Run.[12]

There was strong opposition to the idea of subsistence homesteads, as undercutting agricultural prices, unions, and the labor supply for manufacturing. Nonetheless, as of 2011, some communities, such as Arthurdale, West Virginia, in which Eleanor Roosevelt was personally involved, maintain an active memory of the program.[13] By March 1934, 30 projects had been started. Twenty-one were considered garden-home projects, two were full-time farming projects near urban areas, five were for unemployed miners and two were combinations of the aforementioned types.[8] In June 1935, the powers granted to DSH under the National Industrial Recovery Act expired. On April 30, Executive Order No. 7027 had created the Resettlement Administration ; part of their mandate gave them authority "to administer approved projects involving resettlement of destitute or low-income families from rural and urban areas, including the establishment, maintenance and operation, in such connection, of communities in rural and suburban areas."[14] By another Executive Order (No. 7530), the Subsistence Housing Project was transferred from the Department of Interior to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1936. By the next year, the program had been transferred once again, this time to the Federal Public Housing Authority, where it was formally abolished. Various architects including Mary Almy, helped design the buildings and homes built under the project.[15]

List of Subsistence Homesteads Division communities

[edit]
Austin Homesteads, Minnesota (1936)
Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee (2012)
Phoenix Homesteads Historic District, Arizona (2012)
Tupelo Homesteads Historic District, Mississippi
Wichita Gardens, Texas (1936)

These communities were planned and built:[16]

Name Locale State Notes
Aberdeen Gardens Hampton Virginia
Arthurdale Arthurdale West Virginia[17]
Austin Homesteads/Austin Acres Austin[18] Minnesota
Bankhead Farms near Jasper Alabama
Beauxart Gardens Jefferson County Texas Near Beaumont, Texas
Cumberland Homesteads Cumberland County[19] Tennessee
Dalworthington Gardens Tarrant County Texas
Dayton Homesteads Dayton[20][21] Ohio
Decatur Homesteads Decatur Indiana
Duluth Homesteads Duluth Minnesota
El Monte Homesteads El Monte California
Eleanor Eleanor West Virginia
Granger Homesteads Granger Iowa
Greenwood Homesteads near Birmingham[1] Alabama
Hattiesburg Homesteads Hattiesburg Mississippi
Houston Gardens Houston Texas
Jersey Homesteads Roosevelt New Jersey
Lake County Homesteads Chicago Illinois
Longview Homesteads Longview[7] Washington
Magnolia Homesteads Meridian Mississippi
McComb Homesteads McComb Mississippi
Mount Olive Homesteads near Birmingham Alabama
Palmerdale Homesteads Pinson[2] Alabama
Penderlea Pender County[22] North Carolina
Phoenix Homesteads Phoenix Arizona
Piedmont Homesteads Jasper County Georgia
Richton Homesteads Richton Mississippi
San Fernando Homesteads San Fernando California
Shenandoah Homesteads Rappahannock County Virginia
Three Rivers Gardens Three Rivers Texas
Tupelo Homesteads Lee County Mississippi
Cahaba Homesteads/"Slagheap Village" Birmingham Alabama
Tygart Valley Homesteads Dailey West Virginia
Westmoreland Homesteads Norvelt Pennsylvania
Wichita Gardens Wichita Falls Texas

Current status

[edit]

Of the communities listed, five are considered national or local historic districts, including Aberdeen Gardens (VA), Arthurdale (WV), Phoenix Homesteads (AZ),[23] Tupelo Homesteads (MS),[24] Cahaba Homesteads/ Slagheap Village (AL),[25] and Tygart Valley Homesteads (WV).

See also

[edit]

96.2.4 Records of the Subsistence Homesteads Division and its successors

History: Subsistence Homesteads Division organized in the Department of the Interior, August 23, 1933, under provisions of EO 6209, July 21, 1933, implementing the subsistence homesteads program of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (48 Stat. 205), June 16, 1933.[26] Transferred to Resettlement Administration by EO 7041, May 15, 1935.[27]

Textual Records: Correspondence with the general public ("Requests for General Information"), 1933-35. Correspondence concerning proposed subsistence homestead projects, 1933-35. Correspondence concerning a census of part-time farming, 1933-34. Records relating to wages of workers employed on subsistence homestead projects, 1934-35.

Architectural and Engineering Plans (2,500 items): Paper tracings and blueprints of "subsistence homesteads" and "experimental villages" built by the Subsistence Homesteads Division (Interior), Division of Subsistence Homesteads (Resettlement Administration), and FSA, including plans of the Arthurdale Community and Reedsville, WV, projects, 1933-38.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Recent Developments in Subsistence-Homesteads Movement". Monthly Labor Review. 38 (2): 245–253. 1934. ISSN 0098-1818. JSTOR 41814203.
  2. ^ "RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION". Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  3. ^ Borsodi, Ralph (January 1934). "Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy". Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation. 23 (1): 11. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  4. ^ a b Straw, Liz (2008-09-30). "(Cumberland Homesteads, A Resettlement Community Of The Depression)". National Park Service, Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  5. ^ Couch, Jim F (1997). "The Back-to-the-Land Movement during the Great Depression". Southern Social Studies Journal. 23 (1): 60–67. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  6. ^ a b Carriker, Robert M. (2010). Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment on Subsistence Homesteads. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 5. ISBN 9780816528202.
  7. ^ a b c Carriker, Robert C. "The Longview Homesteads". Columbia Magazine. Vol. 24, no. 1.
  8. ^ a b c d "Small|Homestead Project Timeline|National Agricultural Library|USDA". www.nal.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
  9. ^ "Carl C. Taylor, President 1946". Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  10. ^ "What Hope For The Rural Negro?". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  11. ^ "Linden, Texas :: Gateway to the Lakes & Piney Woods Region". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  12. ^ "Transcript: Eleanor Roosevelt". American Experience. WGBH. PBS. Archived from the original on 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  13. ^ WGBH/American Experience. Eleanor enhanced transcript, 1999.
  14. ^ "Executive Order 7027 Establishing the Resettlement Administration. | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
  15. ^ "Guide to the Records of Howe, Manning & Almy, Inc. and the Papers of Lois Lilley Howe, Eleanor Manning O'Connor, and Mary Almy MC.0009". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
  16. ^ "Communities planned and initiated by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads". Complete List of New Deal Communities. National New Deal Preservation Association. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  17. ^ "First Lady Lesson Plan: Arthurdale: Example of a Planned Community". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  18. ^ "A return to Austin Acres". The Austin Daily Herald. Austin, MN. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  19. ^ "Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee's Largest Historic District, the Showplace of the New Deal". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  20. ^ Dorn, Jacob H. "Subsistence homesteading in Dayton, Ohio, 1933-1945". Ohio History. 78: 75. Retrieved 2012-03-03.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ Jeffrey (2009-09-14). "Dayton Subsistence Homesteads: A Suburban Experiment from the New Deal Era". Urban Ohio. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  22. ^ Gannon, Renee (February 2007). "Growing Up On Penderlea". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  23. ^ "You know that Phoenix street with the tall trees? A history of the Homesteads neighborhood". azcentral. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
  24. ^ Suzassippi (2015-08-18). "New Deal in Mississippi: Tupelo Homesteads". Preservation in Mississippi. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  25. ^ "History". City of Trussville. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  26. ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (July 21, 1933). "Executive Order No. 6209: Delegation of Presidential Powers to the Secretary of the Interior Relating to Subsistence Homesteads - July 21, 1933". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 290–295.
  27. ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (May 15, 1935). "Executive Order No. 7041: Transfer of Subsistence Homesteads Activities to the Resettlement Administration - May 15, 1935". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 180.

Communities

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • "A Place on Earth: A Critical Appraisal of Subsistence Homesteads" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1942.
  • Carriker, Robert C (2009). "Introduction to book, Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment in Subsistence Homesteads". Retrieved 2012-03-03., describes coverage of DSH in various books and journals
  • Conkin, Paul K. Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (1959).
  • Garvey, Timothy J. "The Duluth Homesteads: A Successful Experiment in Community Housing." Minnesota History 46.1 (1978): 2–16. online
  • Kelly, Timothy, Margaret Power, and Michael Cary. Hope in Hard Times: Norvelt and the Struggle for Community During the Great Depression (Penn State Press, 2016) online.
  • Lord, Russell, and Paul Howard Johnstone, eds. A Place on Earth: A Critical Appraisal of Subsistence Homesteads (1942) online.
  • Roberts, Charles Kenneth (Summer 2013). "Client Failures and Supervised Credit in the Farm Security Administration". Agricultural History. 87 (3): 368–390. doi:10.3098/ah.2013.87.3.368.
  • Schwieder, Dorothy. “The Granger Homestead Project.” Palimpsest 58 (1977): 149–161. online
  • Trepagnier, Renée. "Turning Coal to Diamond: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Arthurdale Subsistence Housing Project." Women Leading Change: Case Studies on Women, Gender, and Feminism 4.1 (2019) online
  • Wilson, M. L. “The Place of Subsistence Homesteads in our National Economy.” Journal of Farm Economics 16 (1934): 73–87. online
  • Zeuch, Wm. E (November 1935). "The Subsistence Homestead Program from the Viewpoint of an Economist". Journal of Farm Economics. 17 (4). Agricultural & Applied Economics Association: 710–719. doi:10.2307/1231488. JSTOR 1231488.
[edit]
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