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"Red cash coins" (traditional Chinese: 紅錢; simplified Chinese: 红钱; pinyin: hóng qián; French: Sapèques rouges; Uyghur: قىزىل پۇل) are the cash coins produced in Xinjiang under Qing rule following the conquest of the Dzungar Khanate by the Qing dynasty in 1757.^[1] While in Northern Xinjiang the monetary system of China proper, with standard cash coins, was adopted in Southern Xinjiang where the pūl (ﭘول) coins of Dzungaria circulated earlier, the pūl-system was continued but some of the old Dzungar pūl coins were melted down to make Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) cash coins. Because pūl coins were usually around 98% copper, they tended to be very red in colour which gave the cash coins based on the pūl coins the nickname "red cash coins".^[1]

Because of their high copper content, "red cash coins" were usually valued at 10 wén a piece,^[1] but at times were only valued at 5 wén.^[2]

History

Qianlong era

In July 1759, General Zhao Hui petitioned to the Qianlong Emperor to reclaim the old pūl coins and use them as scrap for the production of new cash coins. These "red cash coins" had an official exchange rate with the pūl coins that remained in circulation of 1 "red cash" for 2 pūl coins.^[1] Zhao Hui wanted the new cash coins to have the same weight as pūl coins (they weighed 2 qián) and had both a higher width and thickness than regular cash coins.^[1] Red cash coins are also generally marked by their rather crude craftsmanship when compared to the cash coins of China proper.^[1] The edges of these coins are often not filed completely and the casting technique is often inaccurate or the inscriptions on them seemed deformed.^[1]

Xinjiang already had a rich history of its own Chinese-style coinage^[3] and red cash coins are a continuation of this history.^[1]

At the introduction of the red cash system in Southern Xinjiang in 1760, the exchange rate of standard cash (or "yellow cash") and "red cash" was set at 10 standard cash coins to 1 "red cash coin".^[1] During the two or three subsequent years this exchange rate was decreased to 5:1.^[1] When used in the Northern or Eastern circuits of Xinjiang, the "red cash coins" were considered equal in value to the standard cash coins that circulated there.^[1] The areas where the Dzungar pūls had most circulated, such as Yarkant, Hotan, and Kashgar, were the sites of mints operated by the Qing government. As the official mint of the Dzungar Khanate was in the city of Yarkent, the Qing used this mint to cast the new "red cash coins" and new mints were established in Aksu and Ili.^[1] As the Jiaqing Emperor ordered that 10% of all cash coins cast in Xinjiang should bear the inscription "Qianlong Tongbao" the majority of "red cash coins" with this inscription were actually produced after the Qianlong era as their production lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, making many of them hard to attribute.^[1]

During the Qianlong era, mints in Xinjiang were established in Yili (伊犁), Yerkant (يارﻛﻨﺪ), Aksu (اﻗﺴﻮ), and Uši (اﺷﻲ), and probably also in Khotan (خوتن), Kashgar (قاشقر), and Qarashahr.^[2]

The first mint to be opened in Xinjiang under Qing rule was the Yarkant mint. At first, 500,000 cash coins were cast from melted down pūl coins. The Yarkant mint ceased production in the year 1767, but re-opened in 1768.^[4] In the year 1769, the Yarkant mint was transferred to the Uqturpan mint.^[4] While the city changed its name from Yerkim to Yarkant in September 1761, there is no evidence that the mint mark was also changed at the same time.^[4] In the beginning, the Manchu form of the Yarkant was Yerdjim and were issued from 1759 to 1761;^[5] afterwards, the Manchu form was Yerdjiang.^[5]

In the year 1766 the Aksu mint was ordered by the government to transfer its manufacturing to the city of Uqturpan.^[4] Cash coins were to be produced under the regulations of the Yarkant mint with a standard weight of 2 qián (7.5 grams). It was further ordered to include a mint mark in both Manchu and Arabic scripts.^[4] In the year 1771, the government memorialised that cash coins produced in Xinjiang be reduced in weight. While originally having a weight of 2 qián, because the cities of Aksu, Uqturpan, Yarkant, and Kashgar had population numbers that were increasing, it meant that cash coins were unable to circulate freely as they had become more scarce relative to an increasing population.^[4] Uqturpan was ordered to reduce the weight of their cash coins by 5 fēn, which meant that they would weigh 1.5 qián (or 5.6 grams).^[4] The surplus of copper was then used to make more cash coins to help reduce the scarcity of money.^[4] In the year 1774, the weight of cash coins produced by the Uqturpan weight was reduced again to 1.2 qián (4.5 grams).^[4] In the year 1798, the Uqrurpan mint was transferred back to the Aksu mint.^[4]

Jiaqing era

In the year 1801, the government of the Qing dynasty set the quota on the copper to be collected in the southern circuit of Xinjiang to 21,100 jin. Of this copper, a total of 2,600 strings of pūl cash coins were to be manufactured.^[6] Each of these cash coins were set to have a weight of 1.2 qián.^[6]^[7]

Daoguang era

In 1826, Jahangir Khoja, with soldiers from the Khanate of Kokand, occupied the southern circuit of Xinjiang, temporarily losing Kashgar, Yarkant, and Hotän to this rebellion. The Daoguang Emperor sent 36,000 Manchu soldiers to defeat this rebellion.^[8] As more soldiers had entered Xinjiang, the price of silver went down while that of copper went up. In 1826, 1 tael of silver was worth 250 or 260 "Red Cash" while in 1827, it had decreased to 100 or sometimes even as low as 80. Despite the soldiers returning to Manchuria, the original exchange rates did not restore, causing the mint of Aksu to close. As the Aksu mint closed down, less money was circulating on the market.^[8]

The 10 wén Aksu cash coins were introduced in 1828 because of a money shortage that caused the government to be unable to pay the soldiers stationed in the region. These cash coins only weighed 1 qián 5 fēn.^[9] In the year 1829, the government introduced the 5 wén denomination of "red cash coins".^[9]

In 1828, monetary reforms were implemented to keep the current weight of "Red Cash" but increase their denominations to 5, and 10 wén (while weighing the same) with 70% of Aksu's annual production being 5 wén coins, and 30% being 10 wén. But the production of "Red Cash" itself was reduced by two-and-a-half-thousand strings. Later, the Daoguang Emperor ordered the weight of "Red Cash" to further decrease in order to maximise profits.^[8]

In reality, the 5 wén "red cash coins" circulated as 1 wén cash coins while the 10 wén "red cash coins" circulated as 2 wén cash coins.^[9] Furthermore, the Chinese character "十" was used by the people as a mark of authenticity rather than an indication of the cash coin's denomination.^[9]

Xianfeng era

Under the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor, "Red Cash" coins were excessively manufactured, negating the reforms implemented by the Daoguang Emperor and causing inflation in the region.^[1] As the Taiping rebellion and the Second Opium War had prompted the Qing government to start issuing high denomination cash coins in other parts of the Qing dynasty,^[10] this soon spread to Xinjiang mainly due to the decreased subsidies for military expenditures in Xinjiang lowering the soldiers' salaries.^[1]

In the year 1853, the production of large denomination cash coins commenced at the Kucha Mint. These "red cash coins" were produced using local weight standards and not the ones set by the Ministry of Revenue because of their high copper content.^[11] In the year 1855, new denominations of 4 wén and 8 wén were introduced at the Yining mint. Furthermore, the Ürümqi mint started issuing cash coins with high denominations in response.^[1] New mints were established at Kucha and Kashgar while the Yarkant mint was re-opened. Coins also started being cast in bronze, brass, lead, and iron;^[1] this system received a chaotic response from Xinjiang's market.^[1] The Xianfeng era "red cash coins" produced at the Kashgar mint contain an obscure vertically written vorm of Arabic script.^[12]

In the year 1859, the 50 wén and 100 wén cash coins were officially discontinued. The Kucha mint then started collecting them for re-casting into 10 wén Daqian, a single string of either denomination could produce 3 strings of 10 wén Daqian.^[11]

From 1860, denominations higher than 10 wén were discontinued.^[1]

Tongzhi era

Only coins of 4 wén, 5 wén, and 10 wén were cast at Xinjiang's provincial mints under the Tongzhi Emperor.^[1] Cash coins that had a higher denomination than 10 wén were being collected from the population to be smelted into lower denominations, while the higher denominations that stayed on the market were accepted but only lower than their face value.^[13]

In the year 1866, the city of Ili was conquered by Mu'azzam Khan, which was followed by a Russian occupation of the region in 1871. During this era, the Russian ruble started circulating in the region but after the region was returned to the Qing, the Ili Mint would never produce any cash coins ever again.^[14] The production of Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶) cash coins would completely stop in the region following the loss of the cities which hosted the provincial mints during the Dungan uprisings.^[15]

Arabic cash coins of Rashidin Khan Khoja

During the Dungan revolt from 1862 to 1877, Sultan Rashidin Khan Khoja proclaimed a Jihad against the Qing dynasty in 1862, and captured large cities in the Tarim Basin.^[16] It stretched from Turfan in the east to Yarkand in the west.^[17] He issued Chinese-style cash coins minted at the Aksu and Kucha mints with exclusive Arabic inscriptions. These coins were only briefly minted as Rashidin Khan Khoja would be betrayed and murdered by Yakub beg in 1867.^[16]^[17]

Guangxu era

As the chaotic circulation of various denominations of cash coins had continued, this invited foreign silver money from Central Asia to start circulating in the Xinjiang region. After the Russian Empire had occupied the northern region of Xinjiang in 1871, Russian rubles started circulating.^[14] Eventually, 3 parallel currency systems were in place while pūl coins from the Dzungar Khanate kept circulating in Kashgaria a century after the region was annexed by the Qing dynasty. The Dungan revolt led by the Tajik Muhammad Yaqub Beg was defeated in 1878 during the Qing reconquest of Xinjiang,^[18]^[19] and the Russians returned the territory they had occupied after signing a treaty in 1880 at Yining.^[20]^[21]

The Kucha Mint was reopened following the Manchu reconquest of Xinjiang in the year 1878. The initial casting from the Kucha mint wasn't of a high standard.^[22] A memorial about the Kucha mint issued during the 6th month of the 11th year of the Guangxu Emperor (July 1885) notes that on the 26th day of the 7th month, twenty mint employees from the 78 that were originally employed by the Kucha were to be detached for the establishment of a small fire furnace that would chiefly be used for the production of cash coin patterns.^[22] 500 cash coins made up a gua, which reportedly weighed 4 catties and 1 tael, with each cash coin weighing 1 qián 3 fēn.^[22] Of these cash coins, 40% were produced with the inscription Qianlong Tongbao, while the other 60% used the Guangxu-era name.^[22] The reverse side of these cash coins featured both Manchu and Arabic script, and additionally, also used the Chinese character "阿" (ā) to further indicate the mint of production, while on the bottom of the reverse side of these cash coins is the Chinese character "十" (shí).^[22] The character "十" was placed on them because what the Qing government described as the "turbaned people" did not accept the cash coins at their value without the written denomination being "當十" (dāng shí).^[22] The "turbaned people", as described in the memorial, suspected that these cash coins weren't genuine government-produced cash coins and were often unwilling to use them.^[22] In some of the four old Western cities, some cash coins that did not have the Chinese characters "當十" were only accepted at half a cash coin and they were usually used as change.^[22]

In the year 1884, Xinjiang was upgraded to the status of "province", ending military and Lifan Yuan rule over the region, while the "Red Cash" system was reintroduced in Kashgaria but now at a value of 4 wén. However, at the end of the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, "Red Cash" was discontinued at the Aksu mint in 1892 because of the rising costs of charcoal needed to produce the coins.^[1] The Aksu mint was transferred to the Kucha mint.^[1] Though the Kashgar mint re-opened in 1888, it outsourced some of the production of "Red Cash" to Kucha and Aksu, resulting in cash coins being cast with the Chinese mint mark of Kashgar but the Manchu and Arabic mint marks of the actual mint of casting.^[1]

In the year 1889, the casting of 2,290 strings was established at the Kashgar Mint; a total of 29 employees were required for this process.^[23] In the year 1893, the government set up a combined Mines and Minting Office in the east corner of the barracks of the native city of Kashgar. Furthermore, the annual casting rate was increased to 6,400 strings, and the mint now employed 50 employees.^[23]

In the year 1890, the government of the Qing dynasty decided that "red cash coins" should circulate in both southern and northern Xinjiang and that they were to be equivalent of 1.2 qián or 1.0 qián standard cash coins of the time.^[24]

During the Guangxu era, "red cash coins" with the "Boo Ciowan" (ᠪᠣᠣ
ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ) mint marks were produced in Xinjiang, but these cash coins were not produced by the Ministry of Revenue Mint in Beijing. These Hongqian were likely produced by the Aksu Mint and/or the Kucha Mint for circulation in the Ili region.^[25]^[24] One theory is that this might have been the local idea of what "a regulation cash coin" (制錢) should look like and that this mint mark was used to instill more trust into these Hongqian.^[24]

The Kashgar mint closed down in 1908. The Kucha mint introduced new obverse inscriptions for cash coins minted there with the Guang Xu Ding Wei (光緒丁未) in 1907, and Guang Xu Wu Shen (光緒戊申) in 1908. However, production didn't last very long as the Kucha mint finally closed down in 1909.^[26]

During the Guangxu period, "red cash coins" also started being produced in the city of Ürümqi.^[27]

During the Guangxu period, posthumous Daoguang Tongbao "red cash coins" of 10 wén were produced in Xinjiang.^[28]

Xuantong era

Under the Xuantong Emperor, "Red Cash" with the inscription Xuantong Tongbao (宣統通寶) continued to be produced but at a lower number than before at the Kucha mint. This was because the Kucha mint was the only mint still operating in Xinjiang at the time,^[29] but as the Kucha mint closed down in 1911, a year before the fall of the Qing dynasty, the production of "Red Cash" officially ended.^[30]

It is notable that some of the "red cash coins" produced at the Kucha mint contain the Uši mint mark (ᠪᠣᠣ
ᡠᠰᡥᡳ) in Manchu and the Kucha mint mark (庫) in Chinese. While it's unorthodox for cash coins produced at one mint to contain the mint marks of another mint, this would have likely occurred because the city of Uši had outsourced the production of its cash coinage to the Kucha Mint, meaning that these cash coins were likely meant for the city of Uši.^[29]

List of Hongqian variants

Fuchsia date(s) = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the Jiaqing period.
Green date(s) = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the Daoguang period.
Orange date(s) = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶), Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶) and Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the Guangxu period.

List of "red cash coins" (紅錢)
Obverse inscription (Latin script)	Reverse inscription (Latin script)	Mint	Years of production	Image
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[31]^[32]	ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1761–1766 1800–1820 1821–1828 1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[32]	九 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Jiǔ - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[33]	當十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1883–1885
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[33]	阿十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Ā - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1885–1892
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[33]	喀十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Kā - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1880s?
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[34]	庫局 ᠪᠣᠣ ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ (Kù Jú - Boo Kuche)	Kucha^[a]	1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[34]	庫局 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Kù Jú - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[34]	ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[34]	نۇر تېما^{[citation needed]} (Kan Shuy)^[b]	Kucha	1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[34]	ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Boo Ciowan)	Kucha	1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[34]	ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (Boo Yuwan)	Kucha	1878–1883
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[22]	當十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Dāng - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha	1883–1885
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[22]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Kù - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha	1886–1888
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[22]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (Kù - Shí - Boo Yuwan)	Kucha	1888–1891
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[22]	喀什 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ Kā - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha^[c]	1890s?
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[22]	喀十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (Kā - Shí - Boo Yuwan)	Kucha^[d]	1890s?
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[4]	ᡠᡧᡳ اﺷﻲ (Ushi - Uši)	Uqturpan	1766–1769 1771–1798
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[4]^[5]	ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠮ يارﻛﻨﺪ (Yerkim - Yəkən)	Yarkant	1760–1769
乾隆通寶 (Qianlong Tongbao)^[4]^[5]	ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ يارﻛﻨﺪ (Yerkiyang - Yəkən)	Yarkant	1760–1769
嘉慶通寶 (Jiaqing Tongbao)^[6]	ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1798–1820
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[9]^[35]	ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1821–1828
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[9]^[35]	八年五 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Bā nián - Wǔ - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1829–1850
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[9]^[35]	八年十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Bā nián - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1828–1850
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[9]^[35]	阿十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Ā - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1885–1892
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[36]^[37]	庫十 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1883–1885
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[36]^[37]	新十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Xīn - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha Bao Xin	1885–1886
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[36]^[37]	新十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Xīn - Shí - Boo Ciowan)^[e]	Kucha Bao Xin	1885–1886
道光通寶 (Daoguang Tongbao)^[36]^[37]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Kù - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha	1886–1888
咸豐通寶 (Xianfeng Tongbao)^[38]	當五 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng Wǔ - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1851–1861
咸豐通寶 (Xianfeng Tongbao)^[38]	當十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1851–1861
咸豐重寶 (Xianfeng Zhongbao)^[38]	當五十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng Wǔ Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1853–1859
咸豐元寶 (Xianfeng Yuanbao)^[38]^[39]	當百 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng Bǎi - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1854–1859
咸豐通寶 (Xianfeng Tongbao)^[40]	當十 ᡴᠠᡧᡳᡤᠠᡵ قەشقەر (Dāng Shí - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr)	Kashgar	1855–1859
咸豐重寶 (Xianfeng Zhongbao)^[40]	當五十 ᡴᠠᡧᡳᡤᠠᡵ قەشقەر (Dāng Wǔ Shí - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr)	Kashgar	1855–1859
咸豐元寶 (Xianfeng Yuanbao)^[40]	當百 ᡴᠠᡧᡳᡤᠠᡵ قەشقەر (Dāng Bǎi - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr)	Kashgar	1855–1859
咸豐通寶 (Xianfeng Tongbao)^[41]	當五 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Dāng Wǔ - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1853–1861
咸豐通寶 (Xianfeng Tongbao)^[41]	當十 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Dāng Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1853–1861
咸豐重寶 (Xianfeng Zhongbao)^[41]	當五十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ (Dāng Wǔ Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1853–1856
咸豐元寶 (Xianfeng Yuanbao)^[41]	當百 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Dāng Bǎi - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1853–1856
咸豐通寶 (Xianfeng Tongbao)^[42]	當十 ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ يارﻛﻨﺪ (Dāng Shí - Yerkiyang - Yəkən)	Yarkant	1853–1861
咸豐重寶 (Xianfeng Zhongbao)^[42]	當五十 ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ يارﻛﻨﺪ (Dāng Wǔ Shí - Yerkiyang - Yəkən)	Yarkant	1853–1859
咸豐元寶 (Xianfeng Yuanbao)^[42]	當百 ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ يارﻛﻨﺪ (Dāng Bǎi - Yerkiyang - Yəkən)	Yarkant	1854–1859
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[14]^[43]	當五 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng Wǔ - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1862–1863
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[14]^[43]	當十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Dāng Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1862–1863
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[15]	當五 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Dāng Wǔ - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1862–1863
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[15]	當十 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Dāng Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1862–1863
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[15]^[44]	庫十 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1883–1885
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[15]^[44]	新十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Xīn - Shí - Boo Chuan)	Kucha Bao Xin	1885–1886
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[15]^[44]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Kù - Shí - Boo Chuan)	Kucha	1886–1888
同治通寶 (Tongzhi Tongbao)^[15]^[45]	當十 ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ يەكەن (Dāng Shí - Yerkiyang - Yəkən)	Yarkant	1862–1863
سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)^[16]	زرب دار السلطانات كوجا (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa)	Kucha	1864–1865
سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)^[16]^[f]	زرب دار السلطانات كوجا (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa)	Kucha	1865–1867
سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)^[16]	زرب دار السلطانات أقسو (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Aqsu)	Aksu	1864–1867
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[23]	阿十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Ā - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1885–1892
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[23]	喀十 ᠠᡴᠰᡠ ئاقسۇ (Kā - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su)	Aksu	1880s?
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[23]	喀十 ᠪᠣᠣ قەشقەر (Kā - Shí - Boo - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr)	Kashgar	1882–1907
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[46]	ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1878–1883
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[46]	九年十 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Jiǔ nián - Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1883
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[46]	庫十 ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ كوجا (Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha)	Kucha	1883–1885
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[46]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (Kù - Shí - Boo Yuwan)	Kucha	1886–1888
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[47]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (Kù - Shí - Boo Yuwan)	Kucha	1888–1891
光緒通寶 (Guangxu Tongbao)^[47]	喀十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (Kā - Shí - Boo Yuwan)	Kucha	1890s?
光緒丁未 (Guangxu Dingwei)^[47]	新十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Xīn - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha	1907
光緒戊申 (Guangxu Wushen)^[47]	新十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ (Xīn - Shí - Boo Ciowan)	Kucha	1908
宣統通寶 (Xuantong Tongbao)^[29]	庫十 ᠪᠣᠣ ᡠᡧᡳ (Kù - Shí - Boo Ushi)	Kucha	1909

Banknotes denominated in "red cash coins"

A 1908 (光緒戊申年) banknote nicknamed "the old dragon note" (老龍票) issued by the Official Central Mint of Xinjiang denominated in 400 "red cash coins".
A 1908 (光緒戊申年) banknote nicknamed "the old dragon note" (老龍票) issued by the Official Central Mint of Xinjiang denominated in 400 "red cash coins".
A 1916 banknote issued by the Bank of Territorial Development during the Republic of China denominated in 400 "red cash coins". This side of the banknote is written in Traditional Chinese characters.
A 1916 banknote issued by the Bank of Territorial Development during the Republic of China denominated in 400 "red cash coins". The text of this side in Uyghur (in Arabic script) with the French text "Quatre cents sapèques rouges" (four hundred red cash coins) at the bottom.

Notes

^ all Guangxu period issues.
^ Guangxu written in Arabic script. This should be wrong information because Emperor Guangxu reigned from 1889.
^ These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in Kashgar.
^ These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in Kashgar.
^ Same text as above, but upside down.
^ The characters on this series are larger than the previous one which featured rather small Arabic writing.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w The Náprstek museum XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE. by Ondřej Klimeš (ANNALS OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM 25 • PRAGUE 2004). Retrieved: 28 August 2018.
^ ^a ^b Ulrich Theobald (13 April 2016). "Qing Period Money". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
^ Lin, Ran: "Qiuci wuzhu you liangge zhuxing jieduan". ("Two Phases in Issuing Qiuci Wuzhu Coins".) In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 2000/1. pp. 7, 8. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Hartill 2005, p. 316.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Qian Long tongbao 乾隆通寳 du Xinjiang émises sous Gaozong 髙宗 - Old Qian Long tongbao coins" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartill 2005, p. 325.
^ Huang, Licheng: "Akesu ju Jiaqing tongbao 'da ji Jia' he 'xiao ji Jia' zhuqi he banshi de tantao". ("Examination of Issue Periods and Varieties of 'da ji Jia' and 'xiao ji Jia' of Jiaqing Tongbao"). In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 2000/1. pp. 9–11. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
^ ^a ^b ^c Li, Xianzhang: "'Dangshi' lei hongqian ji banshi banbie". ("Types and Varieties of Value Ten Red Cash".) In: Xinjiang qianbi. (Xinjiang Numismatics), 1996/2. pp. 12–22. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hartill 2005, p. 332.
^ Xun Yan (March 2015). "In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845)" (PDF). Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hartill 2005, p. 386.
^ Hartill 2005, p. 389.
^ Cai, Longgen: "Guanyu Kuche ju de Manwen juming he zhubi". ("Coinage with the Manchu Name of Kucha Mint".) In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 1998/3. pp. 4–11. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartill 2005, p. 401.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hartill 2005, p. 402.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hartill 2005, p. 404.
^ ^a ^b François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Les rébellions musulmanes du Turkestan - Turkestan Muslim Rebellions - 1 -Ghazi Rashidin Khan (1864-1867)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences Latest Contributions to the Numismatic History of Central Asia (late 18 – 19th Century). XIV International Numismatic Congress (Glasgow 2009), Section IV: Oriental and African Studies. By Dr. Vladimir Nastich. Published: Moscow, July 2009. Last Updated: 11 November 2010. Retrieved: 15 July 2017.
^ Svat Soucek, "A History of Inner Asia" (Cambridge University, 2000), p. 265.
^ Fedorov, Michael: "Chokan Valikhanov: On Monetary Systems and Money Circulation in East Turkestan, Khoqand and Bukhara Khanates". In: Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter, No. 163, Spring 2000. pp. 10–12.
^ Qian, Boquan: "Xinjiang gudai qianbi yu Zhong-Xi jingji wanglai he wenhua jiaoliu". ("Ancient Coinage of Xinjiang and Sino-Western Trade Contacts and Cultural Interchange"). In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 1997/4. pp. 15–24. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Hartill 2005, p. 315.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hartill 2005, p. 419.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartill 2005, p. 422.
^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Hongqian 紅錢 de Kuça - Kuchean copper cash coins" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ Miliguli: "Baoyi xiao tongqian chutan". ("Preliminary Examination of Ghuldja Mint Small Cash".) In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 2000/3. pp. 11–13. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Hongqian 紅錢 d'Urumçi - Copper cash coins of Urumçi Mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ Hartill 2005, p. 332–333.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartill 2005, p. 425.
^ XJN: Zhu, Yuanjie: Xinjiang Numismatics. Xinjiang Art and Photo Press, Educational and Cultural Press, Hong Kong, 1991.
^ Hartill 2005, p. 310.
^ ^a ^b Hartill 2005, p. 311.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartill 2005, p. 312.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hartill 2005, p. 314.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 d'Aksu - Dao Guang tongbao coins of Aksu mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartill 2005, p. 333.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 de Koucha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Dao Guang coins of the Guang Xu period" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartill 2005, p. 485.
^ Hartill 2005, p. 486.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartill 2005, p. 489.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartill 2005, p. 390.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hartill 2005, p. 392.
^ ^a ^b François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao 同治道寳 d'Aksu - Tong Zhi tongbao coins of Aksu mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao de 同治道寳 Koutcha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Tong Zhi coins of the Guang Xu period" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao 同治道寳 de Yarkand - Tong Zhi tongbao coins of Yarkand mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartill 2005, p. 420.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartill 2005, p. 421.

Sources

Hartill, David (2005). Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5466-9.
Hartill, David, Qing cash, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication 37, London, 2003.
Lin Guoming and Ma Dehe, Xinjiang jin yinbi tushuo (新疆金銀圖説), Taipei, 1990. (in Mandarin Chinese).
Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1954 [2007]). Zhongguo huobi shi (中國貨幣史) (Shanghai: Qunlian chubanshe), 580–581, 597–605. (in Mandarin Chinese).
Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1994) A monetary history of China (translated by Edward H. Kaplan). Western Washington University (Bellingham, Washington).
Woodward Tracey, The minted Ten Cash coins of China, Oakland, 1971.
Zhu Zhuopeng and Zhu Shengtao, Xinjiang hongqian (新疆紅錢), Shanghai, 1991. (in Mandarin Chinese).

[35] Guangxu period issues.

[36] Guangxu written in Arabic script. This should be wrong information because Emperor Guangxu reigned from 1889.

[37] These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in Kashgar.

[38] These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in Kashgar.

[42] Same text as above, but upside down.

[51] The characters on this series are larger than the previous one which featured rather small Arabic writing.

[NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w The Náprstek museum XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE. by Ondřej Klimeš (ANNALS OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM 25 • PRAGUE 2004). Retrieved: 28 August 2018.

[ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-2] Ulrich Theobald (13 April 2016). "Qing Period Money". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

[3] Lin, Ran: "Qiuci wuzhu you liangge zhuxing jieduan". ("Two Phases in Issuing Qiuci Wuzhu Coins".) In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 2000/1. pp. 7, 8. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005316-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Hartill 2005, p. 316.

[TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian-5] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Qian Long tongbao 乾隆通寳 du Xinjiang émises sous Gaozong 髙宗 - Old Qian Long tongbao coins" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005325-6] Hartill 2005, p. 325.

[7] Huang, Licheng: "Akesu ju Jiaqing tongbao 'da ji Jia' he 'xiao ji Jia' zhuqi he banshi de tantao". ("Examination of Issue Periods and Varieties of 'da ji Jia' and 'xiao ji Jia' of Jiaqing Tongbao"). In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 2000/1. pp. 9–11. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)

[XinjiangQianbi1996-8] Li, Xianzhang: "'Dangshi' lei hongqian ji banshi banbie". ("Types and Varieties of Value Ten Red Cash".) In: Xinjiang qianbi. (Xinjiang Numismatics), 1996/2. pp. 12–22. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005332-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hartill 2005, p. 332.

[LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-10] Xun Yan (March 2015). "In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845)" (PDF). Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 8 February 2020.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005386-11] Hartill 2005, p. 386.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005389-12] Hartill 2005, p. 389.

[13] Cai, Longgen: "Guanyu Kuche ju de Manwen juming he zhubi". ("Coinage with the Manchu Name of Kucha Mint".) In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 1998/3. pp. 4–11. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005401-14] Hartill 2005, p. 401.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005402-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hartill 2005, p. 402.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005404-16] Hartill 2005, p. 404.

[TransAsiart-Ghazi-Rashidin-Khan-17] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Les rébellions musulmanes du Turkestan - Turkestan Muslim Rebellions - 1 -Ghazi Rashidin Khan (1864-1867)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[18] Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences Latest Contributions to the Numismatic History of Central Asia (late 18 – 19th Century). XIV International Numismatic Congress (Glasgow 2009), Section IV: Oriental and African Studies. By Dr. Vladimir Nastich. Published: Moscow, July 2009. Last Updated: 11 November 2010. Retrieved: 15 July 2017.

[19] Svat Soucek, "A History of Inner Asia" (Cambridge University, 2000), p. 265.

[20] Fedorov, Michael: "Chokan Valikhanov: On Monetary Systems and Money Circulation in East Turkestan, Khoqand and Bukhara Khanates". In: Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter, No. 163, Spring 2000. pp. 10–12.

[21] Qian, Boquan: "Xinjiang gudai qianbi yu Zhong-Xi jingji wanglai he wenhua jiaoliu". ("Ancient Coinage of Xinjiang and Sino-Western Trade Contacts and Cultural Interchange"). In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 1997/4. pp. 15–24. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005315-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Hartill 2005, p. 315.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005419-23] Hartill 2005, p. 419.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005422-24] Hartill 2005, p. 422.

[TransAsiart-Kuça-Hongqian-25] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Hongqian 紅錢 de Kuça - Kuchean copper cash coins" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[26] Miliguli: "Baoyi xiao tongqian chutan". ("Preliminary Examination of Ghuldja Mint Small Cash".) In: Xinjiang qianbi (Xinjiang Numismatics), 2000/3. pp. 11–13. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)

[TransAsiart-Ürümqi-Hongqian-27] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Hongqian 紅錢 d'Urumçi - Copper cash coins of Urumçi Mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005332–333-28] Hartill 2005, p. 332–333.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005425-29] Hartill 2005, p. 425.

[30] XJN: Zhu, Yuanjie: Xinjiang Numismatics. Xinjiang Art and Photo Press, Educational and Cultural Press, Hong Kong, 1991.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005310-31] Hartill 2005, p. 310.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005311-32] Hartill 2005, p. 311.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005312-33] Hartill 2005, p. 312.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005314-34] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hartill 2005, p. 314.

[TransAsiart-Dao-Guang-Hongqian-Aksu-39] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 d'Aksu - Dao Guang tongbao coins of Aksu mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005333-40] Hartill 2005, p. 333.

[TransAsiart-Hongqian-Daoguang-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint-41] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 de Koucha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Dao Guang coins of the Guang Xu period" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005485-43] Hartill 2005, p. 485.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005486-44] Hartill 2005, p. 486.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005489-45] Hartill 2005, p. 489.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005390-46] Hartill 2005, p. 390.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005392-47] Hartill 2005, p. 392.

[TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Aksu-48] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao 同治道寳 d'Aksu - Tong Zhi tongbao coins of Aksu mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint-49] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao de 同治道寳 Koutcha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Tong Zhi coins of the Guang Xu period" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Yarkand-50] François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao 同治道寳 de Yarkand - Tong Zhi tongbao coins of Yarkand mint" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005420-52] Hartill 2005, p. 420.

[FOOTNOTEHartill2005421-53] Hartill 2005, p. 421.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 [[File:Xian Feng Zhong Bao (咸豐重寶) - 50 Cash (Aksu Mint), Red Cash - Scott Semans.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Xianfeng Zhongbao]] (咸豐重寶) "Red cash coin" produced by the [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] mint under the reign of the [[Xianfeng Emperor]].]]
-'''"Red cash coins"''' ({{zh | first=t | t= 紅錢 | s= 红钱 | hp= hóng qián| links=yes}}; [[French language|French]]: ''Sapèques rouges''; [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]: قىزىل پۇل) are the [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] produced in [[Xinjiang under Qing rule]] following [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|the conquest]] of the [[Dzungar Khanate]] by the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1757.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins">The Náprstek museum [http://orient.avcr.cz/miranda2/export/sitesavcr/data.avcr.cz/humansci/orient/kontakty/pracovnici/publikace/Klimes/coins.pdf XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE.] by Ondřej Klimeš (ANNALS OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM 25 • PRAGUE 2004). Retrieved: 28 August 2018.</ref> While in Northern Xinjiang the monetary system of [[China proper]], with [[standard cash coins]], was adopted in Southern Xinjiang where the ''[[Pūl (coin)|pūl]]'' (ﭘول) coins of Dzungaria circulated earlier the pūl-system was continued but some of the old Dzungar pūl coins were melted down to make [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) cash coins, as pūl coins were usually around 98% [[copper]] they tended to be very red in colour which gave the cash coins based on the pūl coins the nickname "red cash coins".<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+'''"Red cash coins"''' ({{zh | first=t | t= 紅錢 | s= 红钱 | hp= hóng qián| links=yes}}; [[French language|French]]: ''Sapèques rouges''; [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]: قىزىل پۇل) are the [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] produced in [[Xinjiang under Qing rule]] following [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|the conquest]] of the [[Dzungar Khanate]] by the [[Qing dynasty]] in 1757.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins">The Náprstek museum [http://orient.avcr.cz/miranda2/export/sitesavcr/data.avcr.cz/humansci/orient/kontakty/pracovnici/publikace/Klimes/coins.pdf XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE.] by Ondřej Klimeš (ANNALS OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM 25 • PRAGUE 2004). Retrieved: 28 August 2018.</ref> While in Northern Xinjiang the monetary system of [[China proper]], with [[standard cash coins]], was adopted in Southern Xinjiang where the ''[[Pūl (coin)|pūl]]'' (ﭘول) coins of Dzungaria circulated earlier, the pūl-system was continued but some of the old Dzungar pūl coins were melted down to make [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) cash coins. Because pūl coins were usually around 98% [[copper]], they tended to be very red in colour which gave the cash coins based on the pūl coins the nickname "red cash coins".<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
 Because of their high copper content, "red cash coins" were usually valued at 10 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' a piece,<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> but at times were only valued at 5 ''wén''.<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/money-qing-pul.html|title= Qing Period Money.|date=13 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2020|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 {{Main|Qianlong Tongbao}}
-In July 1759 General [[Zhao Hui]] petitioned to the [[Qianlong Emperor]] to reclaim the old pūl coins and using them as scrap for the production of new cash coins, these "red cash coins" had an official exchange rate with the pūl coins that remained in circulation of 1 "red cash" for 2 pūl coins.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> As Zhao Hui wanted the new can coins to have the same weight as pūl coins they weighed 2 ''qián'' and had both a higher width and thickness than [[Zhiqian|regular cash coins]].<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Red cash coins are also generally marked by their rather crude craftsmanship when compared to the cash coins of China proper.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The edges of these coins are often not filed completely and the casting technique is often inaccurate or the inscriptions on them seemed deformed.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+In July 1759, General [[Zhao Hui]] petitioned to the [[Qianlong Emperor]] to reclaim the old pūl coins and use them as scrap for the production of new cash coins. These "red cash coins" had an official exchange rate with the pūl coins that remained in circulation of 1 "red cash" for 2 pūl coins.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Zhao Hui wanted the new cash coins to have the same weight as pūl coins (they weighed 2 ''qián)'' and had both a higher width and thickness than [[Zhiqian|regular cash coins]].<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Red cash coins are also generally marked by their rather crude craftsmanship when compared to the cash coins of China proper.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The edges of these coins are often not filed completely and the casting technique is often inaccurate or the inscriptions on them seemed deformed.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
-Xinjiang already had a rich history of its own Chinese-style coinage,<ref>Lin, Ran: "Qiuci wuzhu you liangge zhuxing jieduan". ("Two Phases in Issuing Qiuci Wuzhu Coins".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 2000/1. pp. 7, 8. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> red cash coins are a continuation of this history.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+Xinjiang already had a rich history of its own Chinese-style coinage<ref>Lin, Ran: "Qiuci wuzhu you liangge zhuxing jieduan". ("Two Phases in Issuing Qiuci Wuzhu Coins".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 2000/1. pp. 7, 8. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> and red cash coins are a continuation of this history.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
-At the introduction of red cash system in Southern Xinjiang in 1760, the exchange rate of standard cash (or "yellow cash") and "red cash" was set at 10 standard cash coins were worth 1 "red cash coin".<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> During two or three subsequent years this exchange rate was decreased to 5:1.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> When used in the Northern or Eastern circuits of Xinjiang, the "red cash coins" were considered equal in value as the standard cash coins that circulated there.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The areas where the Dzungar pūls had most circulated such as [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]], [[Hotan]], and [[Kashgar]] were the sites of mints operated by the Qing government, as the official mint of the Dzungar Khanate was in the city of Yarkent the Qing used this mint to cast the new "red cash coins" and new mints were established in [[Aksu City|Aksu]] and [[Yining City|Ili]].<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> As the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] ordered that 10% of all cash coins cast in Xinjiang should bear the inscription "Qianlong Tongbao" the majority of "red cash coins" with this inscription were actually produced after the Qianlong era as their production lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 making many of them hard to attribute.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+At the introduction of the red cash system in Southern Xinjiang in 1760, the exchange rate of standard cash (or "yellow cash") and "red cash" was set at 10 standard cash coins to 1 "red cash coin".<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> During the two or three subsequent years this exchange rate was decreased to 5:1.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> When used in the Northern or Eastern circuits of Xinjiang, the "red cash coins" were considered equal in value to the standard cash coins that circulated there.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The areas where the Dzungar pūls had most circulated, such as [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]], [[Hotan]], and [[Kashgar]], were the sites of mints operated by the Qing government. As the official mint of the Dzungar Khanate was in the city of Yarkent, the Qing used this mint to cast the new "red cash coins" and new mints were established in [[Aksu City|Aksu]] and [[Yining City|Ili]].<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> As the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] ordered that 10% of all cash coins cast in Xinjiang should bear the inscription "Qianlong Tongbao" the majority of "red cash coins" with this inscription were actually produced after the Qianlong era as their production lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, making many of them hard to attribute.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
-During the Qianlong era mints in Xinjiang were established in Yili (伊犁), Yerkant (يارﻛﻨﺪ), Aksu (اﻗﺴﻮ), and Uši (اﺷﻲ), and probably also in Khotan (خوتن), Kashgar (قاشقر),  and Qarashahr.<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney"/>
+During the Qianlong era, mints in Xinjiang were established in Yili (伊犁), Yerkant (يارﻛﻨﺪ), Aksu (اﻗﺴﻮ), and Uši (اﺷﻲ), and probably also in Khotan (خوتن), Kashgar (قاشقر),  and Qarashahr.<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney"/>
-The first mint to be opened in Xinjiang under Qing rule was the Yarkant mint, at first 500,000 cash coins were cast from melted down pūl coins, the Yarkant mint ceased production in the year 1767, but re-opened in 1768.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1769 the Yarkant mint was transferred to the Uqturpan mint.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} While the city changed its name from Yerkim to Yarkant in September 1761, but there is no evidence that the mint mark was also changed at the same time.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the beginning the Manchu form of the Yarkant was ''Yerdjim'' were issued from 1759 to 1761;<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qianlong/ncnimpq06xj01.htm|title= Monnaies Qian Long tongbao 乾隆通寳 du Xinjiang émises sous Gaozong 髙宗 - Old Qian Long tongbao coins.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> afterwards the Manchu form was ''Yerdjiang''.<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian"/>
+The first mint to be opened in Xinjiang under Qing rule was the Yarkant mint. At first, 500,000 cash coins were cast from melted down pūl coins. The Yarkant mint ceased production in the year 1767, but re-opened in 1768.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1769, the Yarkant mint was transferred to the Uqturpan mint.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} While the city changed its name from Yerkim to Yarkant in September 1761, there is no evidence that the mint mark was also changed at the same time.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the beginning, the Manchu form of the Yarkant was ''Yerdjim'' and were issued from 1759 to 1761;<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qianlong/ncnimpq06xj01.htm|title= Monnaies Qian Long tongbao 乾隆通寳 du Xinjiang émises sous Gaozong 髙宗 - Old Qian Long tongbao coins.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> afterwards, the Manchu form was ''Yerdjiang''.<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian"/>
-In the year 1766 the Aksu mint was ordered by the government to transfer its manufacturing to the city of Uqturpan.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} Cash coins were to be produced under the regulations of the Yarkant mint with a standard weight of 2 ''qián'' (7.5 grams), it was further ordered to include a mint mark in both Manchu and Arabic scripts.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1771 the government memorialised that cash coins produced in Xinjiang while originally having a weight of 2 ''qián'', because the cities of Aksu, Uqturpan, Yarkant, and Kashgar had population numbers that were increasing, which meant that cash coins were unable to circulate freely as they had become more scarce relative to an increasing population.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} Uqturpan was ordered to reduce the weight of their cash coins by 5 ''fēn'', which meant that they would weigh 1.5 ''qián'' (or 5.6 grams).{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} The surplus of copper was then used to make more cash coins to help reduce the scarcity of money.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1774 the weight of cash coins produced by the Uqturpan weight was reduced again to 1.2 ''qián'' (4.5 grams).{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1798 the Uqrurpan mint was transferred back to the Aksu mint.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}}
+In the year 1766 the Aksu mint was ordered by the government to transfer its manufacturing to the city of Uqturpan.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} Cash coins were to be produced under the regulations of the Yarkant mint with a standard weight of 2 ''qián'' (7.5 grams). It was further ordered to include a mint mark in both Manchu and Arabic scripts.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1771, the government memorialised that cash coins produced in Xinjiang be reduced in weight. While originally having a weight of 2 ''qián'', because the cities of Aksu, Uqturpan, Yarkant, and Kashgar had population numbers that were increasing, it meant that cash coins were unable to circulate freely as they had become more scarce relative to an increasing population.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} Uqturpan was ordered to reduce the weight of their cash coins by 5 ''fēn'', which meant that they would weigh 1.5 ''qián'' (or 5.6 grams).{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} The surplus of copper was then used to make more cash coins to help reduce the scarcity of money.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1774, the weight of cash coins produced by the Uqturpan weight was reduced again to 1.2 ''qián'' (4.5 grams).{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} In the year 1798, the Uqrurpan mint was transferred back to the Aksu mint.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}}
 === Jiaqing era ===
-In the year 1801 the government of the Qing dynasty set the quota on the copper to be collected in the southern circuit of Xinjiang to 21,100 ''jin'', of this copper a total of 2,600 strings of pūl cash coins were to be manufactured.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=325}} Each of these cash coins were set to have a weight of 1.2 ''qián''.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=325}}<ref>Huang, Licheng: "Akesu ju Jiaqing tongbao 'da ji Jia' he 'xiao ji Jia' zhuqi he banshi de tantao". ("Examination of Issue Periods and Varieties of 'da ji Jia' and 'xiao ji Jia' of Jiaqing Tongbao"). In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 2000/1. pp. 9–11. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
+In the year 1801, the government of the Qing dynasty set the quota on the copper to be collected in the southern circuit of Xinjiang to 21,100 ''jin.'' Of this copper, a total of 2,600 strings of pūl cash coins were to be manufactured.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=325}} Each of these cash coins were set to have a weight of 1.2 ''qián''.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=325}}<ref>Huang, Licheng: "Akesu ju Jiaqing tongbao 'da ji Jia' he 'xiao ji Jia' zhuqi he banshi de tantao". ("Examination of Issue Periods and Varieties of 'da ji Jia' and 'xiao ji Jia' of Jiaqing Tongbao"). In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 2000/1. pp. 9–11. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
 === Daoguang era ===
 [[File:Aksu mint "Red Cash" mint marks ᠠᡴᠰᡠ & ئاقسۇ.png|thumb|right|A "Red cash coin" produced by the [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] mint under the reign of the [[Daoguang Emperor]].]]
-In 1826 [[Jahangir Khoja]] with soldiers from the [[Khanate of Kokand]] occupied the southern circuit of Xinjiang temporarily losing [[Kashgar]], Yarkant, and Hotän to this rebellion. The [[Daoguang Emperor]] sent 36 thousand Manchu soldiers to defeat this rebellion.<ref name="XinjiangQianbi1996">Li, Xianzhang: "'Dangshi' lei hongqian ji banshi banbie". ("Types and Varieties of Value Ten Red Cash".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi''. (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 1996/2. pp. 12–22. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> As more soldiers had entered Xinjiang the price of silver went down, while that of copper went up. In 1826 1 [[tael]] of silver was worth 250 or 260 "Red Cash" while in 1827 good had decreased to 100 or sometimes even as low as 80. Despite the soldiers returning to [[Manchuria]] the original exchange rates did not restore causing the mint of Aksu to close, as the Aksu mint closed down less money was circulating on the market.<ref name="XinjiangQianbi1996"/>
+In 1826, [[Jahangir Khoja]], with soldiers from the [[Khanate of Kokand]], occupied the southern circuit of Xinjiang, temporarily losing [[Kashgar]], Yarkant, and Hotän to this rebellion. The [[Daoguang Emperor]] sent 36,000 Manchu soldiers to defeat this rebellion.<ref name="XinjiangQianbi1996">Li, Xianzhang: "'Dangshi' lei hongqian ji banshi banbie". ("Types and Varieties of Value Ten Red Cash".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi''. (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 1996/2. pp. 12–22. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> As more soldiers had entered Xinjiang, the price of silver went down while that of copper went up. In 1826, 1 [[tael]] of silver was worth 250 or 260 "Red Cash" while in 1827, it had decreased to 100 or sometimes even as low as 80. Despite the soldiers returning to [[Manchuria]], the original exchange rates did not restore, causing the mint of Aksu to close. As the Aksu mint closed down, less money was circulating on the market.<ref name="XinjiangQianbi1996"/>
-The 10 ''wén'' Aksu cash coins were introduced in 1828 because of a money shortage caused the government to be unable to pay the soldiers stationed in the region, these cash coins only weighed 1 ''qián'' 5 ''fēn''.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}} In the year 1829 the government introduced the 5 ''wén'' denomination of "red cash coins".{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}}
+The 10 ''wén'' Aksu cash coins were introduced in 1828 because of a money shortage that caused the government to be unable to pay the soldiers stationed in the region. These cash coins only weighed 1 ''qián'' 5 ''fēn''.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}} In the year 1829, the government introduced the 5 ''wén'' denomination of "red cash coins".{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}}
-In 1828 monetary reforms were implemented to keep the current weight of "Red Cash" but increase their denominations to 5, and 10 wén (while weighing the same) with 70% of Aksu's annual production being 5 wén coins, and 30% being 10 wén but the production of "Red Cash" itself was reduced by two and a half thousand strings. Later the Daoguang Emperor ordered the weight of "Red Cash" to further decrease in order to maximise profits.<ref name="XinjiangQianbi1996"/>
+In 1828, monetary reforms were implemented to keep the current weight of "Red Cash" but increase their denominations to 5, and 10 wén (while weighing the same) with 70% of Aksu's annual production being 5 wén coins, and 30% being 10 wén. But the production of "Red Cash" itself was reduced by two-and-a-half-thousand strings. Later, the Daoguang Emperor ordered the weight of "Red Cash" to further decrease in order to maximise profits.<ref name="XinjiangQianbi1996"/>
-In reality the 5 ''wén'' "red cash coins" circulated as 1 ''wén'' cash coins while the 10 ''wén'' "red cash coins" circulated as 2 ''wén'' cash coins.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}} Furthermore, the Chinese character "十" was used by the people as a mark of authenticity rather than an indication of the cash coin's denomination.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}}
+In reality, the 5 ''wén'' "red cash coins" circulated as 1 ''wén'' cash coins while the 10 ''wén'' "red cash coins" circulated as 2 ''wén'' cash coins.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}} Furthermore, the Chinese character "十" was used by the people as a mark of authenticity rather than an indication of the cash coin's denomination.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}}
 === Xianfeng era ===
 {{Main|Daqian}}
-Under the reign of the [[Xianfeng Emperor]] "Red Cash" coins were excessively manufactured negating the reforms implemented by the Daoguang Emperor causing [[inflation]] in the region.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> As the [[Taiping rebellion]] and the [[Second Opium War]] had prompted the Qing government to start issuing high denomination cash coins in other parts of the Qing dynasty,<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|access-date=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]|language=en}}</ref> this soon spread to Xinjiang mainly due to the decreased subsidies for military expenditures in Xinjiang lowering the soldiers' salaries.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+Under the reign of the [[Xianfeng Emperor]], "Red Cash" coins were excessively manufactured, negating the reforms implemented by the Daoguang Emperor and causing [[inflation]] in the region.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> As the [[Taiping rebellion]] and the [[Second Opium War]] had prompted the Qing government to start issuing high denomination cash coins in other parts of the Qing dynasty,<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|access-date=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]|language=en}}</ref> this soon spread to Xinjiang mainly due to the decreased subsidies for military expenditures in Xinjiang lowering the soldiers' salaries.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
-In the year 1853 the production of [[Daqian|large denomination cash coins]] commenced at the Kucha Mint, these "red cash coins" were produced using local weight standards and not the ones set by the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] because of their high copper content.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=386}} In the year 1855 new denominations of 4 wén and 8 wén were introduced at the Yining mint, further the [[Ürümqi]] mint started issuing cash coins with high denominations in response.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> New mints were established at [[Kucha]], and [[Kashgar]] while the Yarkant mint was re-opened. Coins also started being cast in [[bronze]], [[brass]], [[lead]], and [[iron]];<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> this system received a chaotic response from Xinjiang's market.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The Xianfeng era "red cash coins" produced at the Kashgar mint contain an obscure vertically written vorm of Arabic script.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=389}}
+In the year 1853, the production of [[Daqian|large denomination cash coins]] commenced at the Kucha Mint. These "red cash coins" were produced using local weight standards and not the ones set by the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] because of their high copper content.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=386}} In the year 1855, new denominations of 4 wén and 8 wén were introduced at the Yining mint. Furthermore, the [[Ürümqi]] mint started issuing cash coins with high denominations in response.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> New mints were established at [[Kucha]] and [[Kashgar]] while the Yarkant mint was re-opened. Coins also started being cast in [[bronze]], [[brass]], [[lead]], and [[iron]];<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> this system received a chaotic response from Xinjiang's market.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The Xianfeng era "red cash coins" produced at the Kashgar mint contain an obscure vertically written vorm of Arabic script.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=389}}
-In the year 1859 the 50 ''wén'' and 100 ''wén'' cash coins were officially discontinued, the Kucha mint then started collecting them for re-casting them into 10 ''wén'' Daqian, a single string of either denomination could produce 3 strings of 10 ''wén'' Daqian.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=386}}
+In the year 1859, the 50 ''wén'' and 100 ''wén'' cash coins were officially discontinued. The Kucha mint then started collecting them for re-casting into 10 ''wén'' Daqian, a single string of either denomination could produce 3 strings of 10 ''wén'' Daqian.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=386}}
-From 1860 denominations higher than 10 wén were discontinued.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+From 1860, denominations higher than 10 wén were discontinued.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
 === Tongzhi era ===
-Only coins of 4 ''wén'', 5 ''wén'', and 10 ''wén'' were cast at Xinjiang's provincial mints under the [[Tongzhi Emperor]].<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Cash coins that had a higher denomination than 10 ''wén'' was being collected from the population to be smelted into lower denominations, while the higher denominations that stayed on the market were accepted only lower than their face value.<ref>Cai, Longgen: "Guanyu Kuche ju de Manwen juming he zhubi". ("Coinage with the Manchu Name of Kucha Mint".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 1998/3. pp. 4–11. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
+Only coins of 4 ''wén'', 5 ''wén'', and 10 ''wén'' were cast at Xinjiang's provincial mints under the [[Tongzhi Emperor]].<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Cash coins that had a higher denomination than 10 ''wén'' were being collected from the population to be smelted into lower denominations, while the higher denominations that stayed on the market were accepted but only lower than their face value.<ref>Cai, Longgen: "Guanyu Kuche ju de Manwen juming he zhubi". ("Coinage with the Manchu Name of Kucha Mint".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 1998/3. pp. 4–11. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
-In the year 1866 the city of Ili was conquered by [[Mu'azzam Khan (China)|Mu'azzam Khan]], which was followed by a Russian occupation of the region in 1871, during this era the [[Russian ruble]] started circulating in the region, but after the region was returned to the Qing the Ili Mint would never produce any cash coins ever again.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=401}} The production of [[Tongzhi Tongbao]] (同治通寶) cash coins would completely stop in the region following the loss of the cities which hosted the provincial mints during the Dungan uprisings.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}}
+In the year 1866, the city of Ili was conquered by [[Mu'azzam Khan (China)|Mu'azzam Khan]], which was followed by a Russian occupation of the region in 1871. During this era, the [[Russian ruble]] started circulating in the region but after the region was returned to the Qing, the Ili Mint would never produce any cash coins ever again.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=401}} The production of [[Tongzhi Tongbao]] (同治通寶) cash coins would completely stop in the region following the loss of the cities which hosted the provincial mints during the Dungan uprisings.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}}
 === Arabic cash coins of Rashidin Khan Khoja ===
+[[File:Coinage of Rashidin Khoja. Rebel in Xīnjiāng (1863-1867) Kucha mint. Dually dated AH 1281 and RY 2 (AD 1864). Legend Said Ghazi Rashidin Khan. Ithneen in Arabic. Reverse Zarb dar al-sultanat Kuqa, 1281 in Arabic.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Rashidin Khoja. Kucha mint. Dually dated AH 1281 and RY 2 (AD 1864). Obverse legend: ''Said Ghazi Rashidin Khan''. ''Ithneen'' in Arabic. Reverse: ''Zarb dar al-sultanat Kuqa, 1281'' in Arabic]]
-During the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan revolt]] from 1862 to 1877, [[Sultan]] [[Rashidin Khan Khoja]] proclaimed a [[Jihad]] against the Qing dynasty in 1862, and captured large cities in the [[Tarim Basin]].{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=404}} It stretched from Turfan in the east to Yarkand in the west.<ref name="TransAsiart-Ghazi-Rashidin-Khan">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/rebelles%20qing/ncnimpqturk.htm|title= Les rébellions musulmanes du Turkestan - Turkestan Muslim Rebellions - 1 -Ghazi Rashidin Khan (1864-1867).|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> He issued Chinese-style cash coins minted at the Aksu, and Kucha mints with exclusive Arabic inscriptions, these coins were only briefly minted as Rashidin Khan Khoja would be betrayed and murdered by Yakub beg in 1867.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=404}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Ghazi-Rashidin-Khan"/>
+During the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan revolt]] from 1862 to 1877, [[Sultan]] [[Rashidin Khan Khoja]] proclaimed a [[Jihad]] against the Qing dynasty in 1862, and captured large cities in the [[Tarim Basin]].{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=404}} It stretched from Turfan in the east to Yarkand in the west.<ref name="TransAsiart-Ghazi-Rashidin-Khan">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/rebelles%20qing/ncnimpqturk.htm|title= Les rébellions musulmanes du Turkestan - Turkestan Muslim Rebellions - 1 -Ghazi Rashidin Khan (1864-1867).|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> He issued Chinese-style cash coins minted at the Aksu and Kucha mints with exclusive Arabic inscriptions. These coins were only briefly minted as Rashidin Khan Khoja would be betrayed and murdered by Yakub beg in 1867.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=404}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Ghazi-Rashidin-Khan"/>
 === Guangxu era ===
-As the chaotic circulation of various denominations of cash coins had continued, this invited foreign silver money from [[Central Asia]] to start circulating in the Xinjiang region. After the [[Russian Empire]] had occupied the northern region of Xinjiang in 1871 [[Russian ruble]]s started circulating.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=401}} Eventually 3 parallel currency systems were in place while pūl coins from the Dzungar Khanate kept circulating in Kashgaria a century after the region was annexed by the Qing dynasty. The [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan revolt]] lead by the [[Tajik people|Tajik]] [[Yaqub Beg|Muhammad Yaqub Beg]] was defeated in 1878 during the [[Qing reconquest of Xinjiang]],<ref>Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences ''[http://charm.ru/info/library/Nastich/Nastich=INC-14_Paper.pdf Latest Contributions to the Numismatic History of Central Asia (late 18 – 19th Century).]'' XIV International Numismatic Congress (Glasgow 2009), Section IV: Oriental and African Studies. By Dr. Vladimir Nastich. Published: [[Moscow]], July 2009. Last Updated: 11 November 2010. Retrieved: 15 July 2017.</ref><ref>Svat Soucek, "A History of [[Inner Asia]]" ([[Cambridge University]], 2000), p. 265.</ref> and the Russians returned the territory they had occupied after signing a treaty in 1880 at Yining.<ref>Fedorov, Michael: "Chokan Valikhanov: On Monetary Systems and Money Circulation in [[East Turkestan]], Khoqand and [[Bukhara Khanate]]s". In: ''Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter'', No. 163, Spring 2000. pp. 10–12.</ref><ref>Qian, Boquan: "Xinjiang gudai qianbi yu Zhong-Xi jingji wanglai he wenhua jiaoliu". ("Ancient Coinage of Xinjiang and Sino-Western Trade Contacts and Cultural Interchange"). In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 1997/4. pp. 15–24. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
+As the chaotic circulation of various denominations of cash coins had continued, this invited foreign silver money from [[Central Asia]] to start circulating in the Xinjiang region. After the [[Russian Empire]] had occupied the northern region of Xinjiang in 1871, [[Russian ruble]]s started circulating.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=401}} Eventually, 3 parallel currency systems were in place while pūl coins from the Dzungar Khanate kept circulating in Kashgaria a century after the region was annexed by the Qing dynasty. The [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan revolt]] led by the [[Tajik people|Tajik]] [[Yakub Beg of Yettishar|Muhammad Yaqub Beg]] was defeated in 1878 during the [[Qing reconquest of Xinjiang]],<ref>Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences ''[http://charm.ru/info/library/Nastich/Nastich=INC-14_Paper.pdf Latest Contributions to the Numismatic History of Central Asia (late 18 – 19th Century).]'' XIV International Numismatic Congress (Glasgow 2009), Section IV: Oriental and African Studies. By Dr. Vladimir Nastich. Published: [[Moscow]], July 2009. Last Updated: 11 November 2010. Retrieved: 15 July 2017.</ref><ref>Svat Soucek, "A History of [[Inner Asia]]" ([[Cambridge University]], 2000), p. 265.</ref> and the Russians returned the territory they had occupied after signing a treaty in 1880 at Yining.<ref>Fedorov, Michael: "Chokan Valikhanov: On Monetary Systems and Money Circulation in [[East Turkestan]], Khoqand and [[Bukhara Khanate]]s". In: ''Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter'', No. 163, Spring 2000. pp. 10–12.</ref><ref>Qian, Boquan: "Xinjiang gudai qianbi yu Zhong-Xi jingji wanglai he wenhua jiaoliu". ("Ancient Coinage of Xinjiang and Sino-Western Trade Contacts and Cultural Interchange"). In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 1997/4. pp. 15–24. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
-The Kucha Mint was reopened following the Manchu reconquest of Xinjiang in the year 1878, the initial casting from the Kucha mint wasn't of a high standard.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} A memorial about the Kucha mint issued during the 6th month of the 11th year of the Guangxu Emperor (July 1885) notes that on the 26th day of the 7th month, twenty mint employees from the 78 that were originally employed by the Kucha were to be detached for the establishment of a small fire furnace that would chiefly be used for the production of cash coin patterns.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} 500 cash coins made up a ''gua'', which reportedly weighed 4 catties and 1 tael, with each cash coin weighing 1 ''qián'' 3 ''fēn''.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} Of these cash coins, 40% were produced with the inscription Qianlong Tongbao, while the other 60% used the Guangxu era name.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} The reverse side of these cash coins featured both Manchu and Arabic script, and additionally also used the Chinese character "阿" (''ā'') to further indicate the mint of production, while on the bottom of the reverse side of these cash coins is the Chinese character "十" (''shí'').{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} The character "十" was placed on them because what the Qing government described as the "turbaned people" did not accept the cash coins at their value without the written denomination being "當十" (''dāng shí'').{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} The "turbaned people", as described in the memorial, as they suspected that these cash coins weren't genuine government produced cash coins and were often unwilling to use them.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} In some of the four old Western cities some cash coins that did not have the Chinese characters "當十" were only accepted at half a cash coin and they were usually used as a change.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}}
+The Kucha Mint was reopened following the Manchu reconquest of Xinjiang in the year 1878. The initial casting from the Kucha mint wasn't of a high standard.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} A memorial about the Kucha mint issued during the 6th month of the 11th year of the Guangxu Emperor (July 1885) notes that on the 26th day of the 7th month, twenty mint employees from the 78 that were originally employed by the Kucha were to be detached for the establishment of a small fire furnace that would chiefly be used for the production of cash coin patterns.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} 500 cash coins made up a ''gua'', which reportedly weighed 4 catties and 1 tael, with each cash coin weighing 1 ''qián'' 3 ''fēn''.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} Of these cash coins, 40% were produced with the inscription Qianlong Tongbao, while the other 60% used the Guangxu-era name.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} The reverse side of these cash coins featured both Manchu and Arabic script, and additionally, also used the Chinese character "阿" (''ā'') to further indicate the mint of production, while on the bottom of the reverse side of these cash coins is the Chinese character "十" (''shí'').{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} The character "十" was placed on them because what the Qing government described as the "turbaned people" did not accept the cash coins at their value without the written denomination being "當十" (''dāng shí'').{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} The "turbaned people", as described in the memorial, suspected that these cash coins weren't genuine government-produced cash coins and were often unwilling to use them.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} In some of the four old Western cities, some cash coins that did not have the Chinese characters "當十" were only accepted at half a cash coin and they were usually used as change.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}}
-In the year 1884 Xinjiang was upgraded to the status of "province" ending military and [[Lifan Yuan]] rule over the region, while the "Red Cash" system was reintroduced in Kashgaria now at a value of 4 wén. However, at the end of the reign of the [[Guangxu Emperor]] "Red Cash" was discontinued at the Aksu mint in 1892 because of the rising costs of [[charcoal]] needed to produce the coins.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The Aksu mint was transferred to Kucha mint.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Though the Kashgar mint re-opened in 1888 it outsourced some of the production of "Red Cash" to Kucha and Aksu resulting in cash coins being cast with the Chinese mint mark of Kashgar but the Manchu and Arabic mint marks of the actual mint of casting.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
+In the year 1884, Xinjiang was upgraded to the status of "province", ending military and [[Lifan Yuan]] rule over the region, while the "Red Cash" system was reintroduced in Kashgaria but now at a value of 4 wén. However, at the end of the reign of the [[Guangxu Emperor]], "Red Cash" was discontinued at the Aksu mint in 1892 because of the rising costs of [[charcoal]] needed to produce the coins.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> The Aksu mint was transferred to the Kucha mint.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/> Though the Kashgar mint re-opened in 1888, it outsourced some of the production of "Red Cash" to Kucha and Aksu, resulting in cash coins being cast with the Chinese mint mark of Kashgar but the Manchu and Arabic mint marks of the actual mint of casting.<ref name="NáprstekMuseumXinjiangCashCoins"/>
-In the year 1889 the casting of 2,290 strings was established at the Kashgar Mint, a total of 29 employees were required for this process.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=419}} In the year 1893, the government set up a combined Mines and Minting Office in the east corner of the barracks of the native city of Kashgar, furthermore the annual casting rate was increased to 6,400 strings, and the mint now employed 50 employees.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=419}}
+In the year 1889, the casting of 2,290 strings was established at the Kashgar Mint; a total of 29 employees were required for this process.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=419}} In the year 1893, the government set up a combined Mines and Minting Office in the east corner of the barracks of the native city of Kashgar. Furthermore, the annual casting rate was increased to 6,400 strings, and the mint now employed 50 employees.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=419}}
-In the year 1890 the government of the Qing dynasty decided that "red cash coins" should circulate in both southern and northern Xinjiang and that they were to be equivalent of 1.2 ''qián'' or 1.0 ''qián'' standard cash coins of the time.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=422}}
+In the year 1890, the government of the Qing dynasty decided that "red cash coins" should circulate in both southern and northern Xinjiang and that they were to be equivalent of 1.2 ''qián'' or 1.0 ''qián'' standard cash coins of the time.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=422}}
-During the Guangxu era "red cash coins" with the "Boo Ciowan" ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}) mint marks were produced in Xinjiang, but these cash coins were not produced by the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] Mint in Beijing, these Hongqian were likely produced by the Aksu Mint and/or the Kucha Mint for circulation in the Ili region.<ref name="TransAsiart-Kuça-Hongqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/guangxu/ncnimpqgxxj10.htm|title= Hongqian 紅錢 de Kuça - Kuchean copper cash coins.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=422}} One theory is that this might have been the local idea of what "a regulation cash coin" (制錢) looks like and that this mint mark was used to instill more trust into these Hongqian.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=422}}
+During the Guangxu era, "red cash coins" with the "Boo Ciowan" ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}) mint marks were produced in Xinjiang, but these cash coins were not produced by the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] Mint in Beijing. These Hongqian were likely produced by the Aksu Mint and/or the Kucha Mint for circulation in the Ili region.<ref name="TransAsiart-Kuça-Hongqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/guangxu/ncnimpqgxxj10.htm|title= Hongqian 紅錢 de Kuça - Kuchean copper cash coins.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=422}} One theory is that this might have been the local idea of what "a regulation cash coin" (制錢) should look like and that this mint mark was used to instill more trust into these Hongqian.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=422}}
-The kashgar mint closed down in 1908. The Kucha mint introduced new obverse inscriptions for cash coins minted there with the ''Guang Xu Ding Wei'' (光緒丁未) in 1907, and ''Guang Xu Wu Shen'' (光緒戊申) in 1908, however production didn't last very long as the Kucha mint finally closed down in 1909.<ref>Miliguli: "Baoyi xiao tongqian chutan". ("Preliminary Examination of Ghuldja Mint Small Cash".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 2000/3. pp. 11–13. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
+The Kashgar mint closed down in 1908. The Kucha mint introduced new obverse inscriptions for cash coins minted there with the ''Guang Xu Ding Wei'' (光緒丁未) in 1907, and ''Guang Xu Wu Shen'' (光緒戊申) in 1908. However, production didn't last very long as the Kucha mint finally closed down in 1909.<ref>Miliguli: "Baoyi xiao tongqian chutan". ("Preliminary Examination of Ghuldja Mint Small Cash".) In: ''Xinjiang qianbi'' (''Xinjiang Numismatics''), 2000/3. pp. 11–13. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref>
-During the Guangxu period "red cash coins" also started being produced in the city of [[Ürümqi]].<ref name="TransAsiart-Ürümqi-Hongqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/guangxu/ncnimpqgxxj08.htm|title= Hongqian 紅錢 d'Urumçi - Copper cash coins of Urumçi Mint.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
+During the Guangxu period, "red cash coins" also started being produced in the city of [[Ürümqi]].<ref name="TransAsiart-Ürümqi-Hongqian">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/guangxu/ncnimpqgxxj08.htm|title= Hongqian 紅錢 d'Urumçi - Copper cash coins of Urumçi Mint.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
-During the Guangxu period posthumous Daoguang Tongbao "red cash coins" of 10 ''wén'' were produced in Xinjiang.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332–333}}
+During the Guangxu period, posthumous Daoguang Tongbao "red cash coins" of 10 ''wén'' were produced in Xinjiang.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332–333}}
 === Xuantong era ===
-Under the [[Xuantong Emperor]] "Red Cash" with the inscription [[Xuantong Tongbao]] (宣統通寶) continued to be produced but at lower number than before at the Kucha mint, this was as the Kucha mint was the only mint still operating in Xinjiang at the time,{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}} but as the Kucha mint closed down in 1911 a year before the fall of the Qing dynasty the production of "Red Cash" officially ended.<ref>XJN: Zhu, Yuanjie: ''Xinjiang Numismatics''. Xinjiang Art and Photo Press, Educational and Cultural Press, [[Hong Kong]], 1991.</ref>
+Under the [[Xuantong Emperor]], "Red Cash" with the inscription [[Xuantong Tongbao]] (宣統通寶) continued to be produced but at a lower number than before at the Kucha mint. This was because the Kucha mint was the only mint still operating in Xinjiang at the time,{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}} but as the Kucha mint closed down in 1911, a year before the fall of the Qing dynasty, the production of "Red Cash" officially ended.<ref>XJN: Zhu, Yuanjie: ''Xinjiang Numismatics''. Xinjiang Art and Photo Press, Educational and Cultural Press, [[Hong Kong]], 1991.</ref>
-It is notable that some of the "red cash coins" produced at the Kucha mint contain the [[Uqturpan County|Uši]] mint mark ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᡠᠰᡥᡳ}}) in Manchu and the Kucha mint mark (庫) in Chinese, while it's unorthodox for cash coins produced at one mint to contain the mint marks of another mint, this would have likely occurred because the city of Uši had outsourced the production of its cash coinage to the Kucha Mint, meaning that these cash coins were likely meant for the city of Uši.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}}
+It is notable that some of the "red cash coins" produced at the Kucha mint contain the [[Uqturpan County|Uši]] mint mark ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᡠᠰᡥᡳ}}) in Manchu and the Kucha mint mark (庫) in Chinese. While it's unorthodox for cash coins produced at one mint to contain the mint marks of another mint, this would have likely occurred because the city of Uši had outsourced the production of its cash coinage to the Kucha Mint, meaning that these cash coins were likely meant for the city of Uši.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}}
 == List of Hongqian variants ==
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 * {{Fuchsia|Fuchsia date(s)}} = [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the [[Jiaqing Emperor|Jiaqing period]].
 * {{Green|Green date(s)}} = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the [[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang period]].
-* {{Orange|Orange date(s)}} = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶), Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶), and Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu period]].
+* {{Orange|Orange date(s)}} = Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶), Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶) and Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶) "red cash coins" that were posthumously produced during the [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu period]].
 {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 ! Obverse inscription<br>([[Latin script]]) !! Reverse inscription<br>(Latin script) !! Mint !! Years of production !! Image
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>([[Qianlong Tongbao]]){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=310}}{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=311}} || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Aksu - Ak̡su) || [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] || 1761–1766<br>{{Fuchsia|1800–1820}}<br>{{Green|1821–1828}}<br>{{Orange|1878–1883}} || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 03.jpg|75px]]
+| 乾隆通寶<br>([[Qianlong Tongbao]]){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=310}}{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=311}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Aksu - Ak̡su) || [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] || 1761–1766<br>{{Fuchsia|1800–1820}}<br>{{Green|1821–1828}}<br>{{Orange|1878–1883}} || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 03.jpg|75px]]
 |-
 | 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=311}} || 九 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Jiǔ - Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || {{Orange|1883}} ||
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 | 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || 庫 局 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br/>ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}}<br>(Kù Jú - Boo Kuche) || [[Kuqa County|Kucha]]{{efn|all Guangxu period issues.}} || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || 庫 局 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Kù Jú - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || 庫 局 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Kù Jú - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || نۇر تېما<br>(Kan Shuy){{Efn|Guangxu written in [[Arabic script]].}} || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || نۇر تېما{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br>(Kan Shuy){{Efn|Guangxu written in [[Arabic script]]. This should be wrong information because Emperor [[Guangxu]] reigned from 1889.}} || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Boo Ciowan) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Boo Ciowan) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Boo Yuwan) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=314}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Boo Yuwan) || Kucha || {{Orange|1878–1883}} ||
 |-
 | 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Dāng - Shí - Boo Ciowan) || Kucha || {{Orange|1883–1885}} ||
@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 | 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=315}} || 喀 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Kā - Shí - Boo Yuwan) || Kucha{{efn|These cash coins were all minted in Kucha for circulation in Kashgar.}} || {{Orange|1890s?}} ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡠᠰᡥᡳ}} اﺷﻲ<br>(Ushi - Uši) || [[Uqturpan County|Uqturpan]] || 1766–1769<br>1771–1798 || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 02.jpg|75px]]
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡠᡧᡳ}} اﺷﻲ<br>(Ushi - Uši) || [[Uqturpan County|Uqturpan]] || 1766–1769<br>1771–1798 || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 02.jpg|75px]]
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian"/> || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠮ}} يارﻛﻨﺪ<br>(Yerkim - Yəkən) || [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]] || 1760–1769 ||
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian"/> || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠮ}} يارﻛﻨﺪ<br>(Yerkim - Yəkən) || [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]] || 1760–1769 ||
 |-
-| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian"/> || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ}} يارﻛﻨﺪ<br>(Yerkiyang - Yəkən) || Yarkant || 1760–1769 || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 01.jpg|75px]]
+| 乾隆通寶<br>(Qianlong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=316}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Gaozong-Hongqian"/> || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ}} يارﻛﻨﺪ<br>(Yerkiyang - Yəkən) || Yarkant || 1760–1769 || [[File:Ch'ien Lung T'ung Pao (Red Cash) - John Ferguson 01.jpg|75px]]
 |-
-| 嘉慶通寶<br>(Jiaqing Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=325}} || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || 1798–1820 ||
+| 嘉慶通寶<br>(Jiaqing Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=325}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || 1798–1820 ||
 |-
 | 道光通寶<br>(Daoguang Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Dao-Guang-Hongqian-Aksu">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/daoguang/ncnimpq08xj02.htm|title= Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 d'Aksu - Dao Guang tongbao coins of Aksu mint.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || 1821–1828 || [[File:Aksu mint "Red Cash" mint marks ᠠᡴᠰᡠ & ئاقسۇ.png|75px]]
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 | 道光通寶<br>(Daoguang Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=332}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Dao-Guang-Hongqian-Aksu"/> || 阿 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Ā - Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || {{Orange|1885–1892}} ||
 |-
-| 道光通寶<br>(Daoguang Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=333}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Daoguang-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/daoguang/ncnimpq08xj03.htm|title= Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 de Koucha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Dao Guang coins of the Guang Xu period.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1883–1885}} ||
+| 道光通寶<br>(Daoguang Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=333}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Daoguang-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/daoguang/ncnimpq08xj03.htm|title= Monnaies Dao Guang tongbao 道光通寳 de Koucha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Dao Guang coins of the Guang Xu period.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1883–1885}} ||
 |-
 | 道光通寶<br>(Daoguang Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=333}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Daoguang-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint"/> || 新 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Xīn - Shí - Boo Ciowan) || Kucha Bao Xin || {{Orange|1885–1886}} ||
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 | 咸豐元寶<br>(Xianfeng Yuanbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=485}}{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=486}} || 當 百 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Dāng Bǎi - Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || 1854–1859 ||
 |-
-| 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=489}} ||  當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᠠᠰᡥᡤᠠᡵ}} قەشقەر<br>(Dāng Shí - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || [[Kashgar]] || 1855–1859 ||
+| 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=489}} ||  當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᠠᡧᡳᡤᠠᡵ}} قەشقەر<br>(Dāng Shí - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || [[Kashgar]] || 1855–1859 ||
 |-
-| 咸豐重寶<br>(Xianfeng Zhongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=489}} ||  當 五十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᠠᠰᡥᡤᠠᡵ}} قەشقەر<br>(Dāng Wǔ Shí - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || Kashgar || 1855–1859 || [[File:Kashgar mint "Red Cash" Xianfeng Zhongbao dangshiwu.png|75px]]
+| 咸豐重寶<br>(Xianfeng Zhongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=489}} ||  當 五十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᠠᡧᡳᡤᠠᡵ}} قەشقەر<br>(Dāng Wǔ Shí - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || Kashgar || 1855–1859 || [[File:Kashgar mint "Red Cash" Xianfeng Zhongbao dangwushi.png|75px]]
 |-
-| 咸豐元寶<br>(Xianfeng Yuanbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=489}} ||  當 百 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᠠᠰᡥᡤᠠᡵ}} قەشقەر<br>(Dāng Bǎi - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || Kashgar || 1855–1859 ||
+| 咸豐元寶<br>(Xianfeng Yuanbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=489}} ||  當 百 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᠠᡧᡳᡤᠠᡵ}} قەشقەر<br>(Dāng Bǎi - Kashigar - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || Kashgar || 1855–1859 ||
 |-
-| 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 五 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Dāng Wǔ - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1861 ||
+| 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 五 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Dāng Wǔ - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1861 ||
 |-
-| 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Dāng Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1861 ||
+| 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Dāng Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1861 ||
 |-
-| 咸豐重寶<br>(Xianfeng Zhongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 五十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Dāng Wǔ Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1856 ||
+| 咸豐重寶<br>(Xianfeng Zhongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 五十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}}<br>(Dāng Wǔ Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1856 ||
 |-
-| 咸豐元寶<br>(Xianfeng Yuanbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 百 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Dāng Bǎi - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1856 ||
+| 咸豐元寶<br>(Xianfeng Yuanbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=390}} || 當 百 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Dāng Bǎi - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1853–1856 ||
 |-
 | 咸豐通寶<br>(Xianfeng Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=392}} || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ}} يارﻛﻨﺪ<br>(Dāng Shí - Yerkiyang - Yəkən) || Yarkant || 1853–1861 ||
@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 | 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=401}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Aksu"/> || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᡴᠰᡠ}} ئاقسۇ<br>(Dāng Shí - Aksu - Ak̡su) || Aksu || 1862–1863 ||
 |-
-| 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}} || 當 五 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Dāng Wǔ - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1862–1863 ||
+| 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}} || 當 五 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Dāng Wǔ - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1862–1863 ||
 |-
-| 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}} || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Dāng Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1862–1863 ||
+| 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}} || 當 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Dāng Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1862–1863 ||
 |-
-| 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/tongzhi/ncnimpq11xj04.htm|title= Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao de 同治道寳 Koutcha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Tong Zhi coins of the Guang Xu period.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1883–1885}} ||
+| 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/qing/tongzhi/ncnimpq11xj04.htm|title= Monnaies Tong Zhi tongbao de 同治道寳 Koutcha - émises sous Guang Xu 光緒 - Kucha mint Tong Zhi coins of the Guang Xu period.|date=14 September 2015|access-date=27 April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref> || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || {{Orange|1883–1885}} ||
 |-
 | 同治通寶<br>(Tongzhi Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=402}}<ref name="TransAsiart-Hongqian-Tongzhi-Guangxu-period-Kucha-Mint"/> || 新 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Xīn - Shí - Boo Chuan) || Kucha Bao Xin || {{Orange|1885–1886}} ||
@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 | 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=419}} || 喀 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ}} قەشقەر<br>(Kā - Shí - Boo - Ⱪǝxⱪǝr) || Kashgar || 1882–1907 ||
 |-
-| 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1878–1883 ||
+| 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1878–1883 ||
 |-
-| 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || 九年 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Jiǔ nián - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1883 ||
+| 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || 九年 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Jiǔ nián - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1883 ||
 |-
-| 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كۇچار<br>(Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1883–1885 ||
+| 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡴᡠᠴ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ᡝ}} كوجا<br>(Kù - Shí - Kuche - Kucha) || Kucha || 1883–1885 ||
 |-
 | 光緒通寶<br>(Guangxu Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=420}} || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Kù - Shí - Boo Yuwan) || Kucha || 1886–1888 ||
@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
 | 光緒戊申<br>(Guangxu Wushen){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=421}} || 新 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ}}<br>(Xīn - Shí - Boo Ciowan) || Kucha || 1908 ||
 |-
-| 宣統通寶<br>(Xuantong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}} || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᡠᠰᡥᡳ}}<br>(Kù - Shí - Boo Ushi) || Kucha || 1909 ||
+| 宣統通寶<br>(Xuantong Tongbao){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}} || 庫 十 {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᡠᡧᡳ}}<br>(Kù - Shí - Boo Ushi) || Kucha || 1909 ||
 |}

v t e Currencies of China
Overview	History of Chinese currency List of Chinese cash coins by inscription Ancient Chinese coinage
By period (before 1912)	Zhou dynasty coinage Han dynasty coinage Xin dynasty coinage Southern Tang coinage Liao dynasty coinage Da Shu coinage Southern Song dynasty coinage Western Xia coinage Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) Da Qi coinage Yuan dynasty coinage Ming dynasty coinage Qing dynasty coinage Paper money of the Qing dynasty Shengbao
Other territories	Historical money of Tibet Kucha coinage Manchukuo yuan Mengjiang yuan Xinjiang coins Hongqian Yuan of the Red Army Command
Ancient	Cowrie shell Tong Bei Ant-nose coin Knife money Ying Yuan Spade money
Imperial	Cash coins Strings Ban Liang Wu Zhu Kaiyuan Tongbao Sycee Flying cash Jiaozi Guanzi Huizi Jiaochao Great Ming Treasure Note Great Qing Treasure Note Hubu Guanpiao Silver Dragon
Manufacturing and casting process	Mother coin Ancestor coin
Near modern	Cash (wén) Candareen (fēn) Mace (qián) Tael (liǎng) Yuan
Historical exonumia	Charms and amulets (Yansheng) Horse coin Vault protector coin Zhaona Xinbao Bamboo tally Token
Republic of China	Customs gold unit Fabi Old Taiwan dollar Chinese gold yuan Silver dollar New Taiwan dollar (5th)
Renminbi series	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Digital
Special administrative regions	Hong Kong dollar Macanese pataca
See also: Economy of China