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{{Short description|American pharmacist and U.S. Army Air Force officer (1919 - 2009)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Curtis C. Robinson
| name = Curtis C. Robinson
| image =File:Curtis C. Robinson.png
| image_size=150px
| birth_name = Curtis Christopher Robinson
| birth_name = Curtis Christopher Robinson
| nickname = "CC"
| nickname = "CC"
| birth_date = August 25, 1919
| birth_date = August 25, 1919
| birth_place = [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]], US
| birth_place = [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|10|12|1919|08|25}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|10|12|1919|08|25}}
| death_place = [[Washington, DC]], US
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]], [[Arlington, Virginia]], [[Arlington County]], USA
| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]], [[Arlington, Virginia]], [[Arlington County]], USA
| alma_mater = [[Claflin College]], [[Howard University]] School of Pharmacy
| alma_mater = [[Claflin College]], [[Howard University]] School of Pharmacy
Line 13: Line 16:
}}
}}


'''Curtis Christopher "CC" Robinson''' (August 25, 1919 – October 12, 2009) was a prominent [[Washington, DC]] pharmacist, former [[U.S. Army Air Force]] officer and combat fighter pilot/jet pilot with the prodigious [[332nd Fighter Group]]'s [[99th Fighter Squadron]], best known as the [[Tuskegee Airmen]], "Red Tails," or “Schwartze Vogelmenschen” ("Black Birdmen") among enemy German pilots.<ref name=CAF2>{{cite web|title=Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster |url=https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-pilot-roster/|publisher=CAF Rise Above|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Curtis C. "CC" Robinson|date=|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/washingtonpost/name/curtis-robinson-obituary?pid=172778397}}</ref>
'''Curtis Christopher Robinson''' (August 25, 1919 – October 12, 2009) was an American pharmacist and [[U.S. Army Air Force]] officer. He served as a fighter pilot during [[World War II]] with the [[332nd Fighter Group]]'s [[99th Fighter Squadron]], a component of the [[Tuskegee Airmen]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Curtis C. "CC" Robinson|date=12 October 2009|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/washingtonpost/name/curtis-robinson-obituary?pid=172778397}}</ref>


Robinson and his two older brothers were the first African-Americans from one family to become commissioned U.S. military officers.<ref name=TandD>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Tuskegee airman, Orangeburg native dies|date=15 October 2009|url=https://thetandd.com/news/tuskegee-airman-orangeburg-native-dies/article_76b86b48-e4a5-507f-bb8c-468523167bb4.html}}</ref><ref> Know it All. Tuskegee Airmen Teacher’s Guide. "Tuskegee Airmen from South Carolina." Page 8. https://www.knowitall.org/sites/default/files/kiad7/TuskegeeAirmen_TeachersGuide.pdf </ref>
Robinson and his two older brothers were the first African-Americans from one family to become commissioned U.S. military officers.<ref name=TandD>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Tuskegee airman, Orangeburg native dies|date=15 October 2009|url=https://thetandd.com/news/tuskegee-airman-orangeburg-native-dies/article_76b86b48-e4a5-507f-bb8c-468523167bb4.html}}</ref><ref>Know it All. Tuskegee Airmen Teacher’s Guide. "Tuskegee Airmen from South Carolina." Page 8. https://www.knowitall.org/sites/default/files/kiad7/TuskegeeAirmen_TeachersGuide.pdf</ref>


==Early Life, Family, Education==
==Early life and education==
Robinson was born on August 25, 1919 in [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]].<ref name=Overbeck>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitolhillhistory.org/interviews/curtis-c-robinson|title=Curtis "Doc" Robinson Interview|publisher=Capitol Hill History Project|author=Ruth Ann Overbeck|date=8 February 2003|accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref> One of six children, Robinson was the son of college graduates and school teachers.<ref name=Overbeck/> The grandson of formerly enslaved African Americans, Robinson attended elementary school, middle school and high school at [[Claflin College]].<ref name=Overbeck/> After high school, Robinson continued at [[Claflin College]], majoring in [[Chemistry]].<ref name=TandD/> Robinson hailed from a long line of Chaflin graduates. His grandfather, an AME minister and politician, graduated from Chaflin in 1873. Robinson's parents, uncles and aunts also all graduated from Chaflin.<ref name=Howard>{{cite web|url=http://hunewsservice.com/news/the-life-of-an-original-tuskegee-airman-curtis-christopher-robinson/|title=The Life of an Original Tuskegee Airman: Curtis Christopher Robinson: Aviator Signs Books Periodically at the Air and Space Museum|publisher=Howard University News Service|accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref>
Robinson was born on August 25, 1919, in [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]].<ref name=Overbeck>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitolhillhistory.org/interviews/curtis-c-robinson|title=Curtis "Doc" Robinson Interview|publisher=Capitol Hill History Project|author=Ruth Ann Overbeck|date=8 February 2003|accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref> One of six children, Robinson was the son of college graduates and school teachers.<ref name=Overbeck/> The grandson of formerly enslaved African Americans, Robinson attended elementary school, middle school and high school at [[Claflin College]].<ref name=Overbeck/> After high school, Robinson continued at [[Claflin College]], majoring in [[Chemistry]].<ref name=TandD/> Robinson hailed from a long line of Chaflin graduates. His grandfather, an AME minister and politician, graduated from Chaflin in 1873. Robinson's parents, uncles and aunts also all graduated from Chaflin.<ref name=Howard>{{cite web|url=http://hunewsservice.com/news/the-life-of-an-original-tuskegee-airman-curtis-christopher-robinson/|title=The Life of an Original Tuskegee Airman: Curtis Christopher Robinson: Aviator Signs Books Periodically at the Air and Space Museum|publisher=Howard University News Service|accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref>


After graduating from [[Claflin College]] in 1940, Robinson became a school teacher in [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]] where he taught [[geography]], [[mathematics]], [[history]] and general science.<ref name=Howard/>
After graduating from [[Claflin College]] in 1940, Robinson became a school teacher in [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]], where he taught [[geography]], [[mathematics]], [[history]] and general science.<ref name=Howard/>


In 1945 after returning from [[World War II]], Robinson married Florie Frederick Robinson.<ref name=Howard/><ref name=Overbeck/> They were married for 56 years until Florie's death at the age of 79.<ref name=Overbeck/>
In 1945 after returning from [[World War II]], Robinson married Florie Frederick Robinson.<ref name=Howard/><ref name=Overbeck/> They were married for 56 years until Florie's death at the age of 79.<ref name=Overbeck/>


==Military Career==
==Military career==
[[File:Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman, Curtis Christopher Robinson.jpg|thumb|200px|Curtis C. Robinson's autobiography]]
As the United States began to ramp up conscription in preparation for [[World War II]], Robinson visited his local [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]] U.S. Army base, [[Camp Penn]]. Soon realizing that menial work and demeaning treatment of enlisted African American soldiers were less than ideal, Robinson applied to become an aviation cadet at Tuskegee Army Air Field in [[Tuskegee, Alabama]]. In 1942, [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] accepted Robinson into Tuskegee's program, sending him first to [[U.S. Army Air Corps]]'s Shaw AFB in [[Sumter, South Carolina]] for induction. However, the white officers mishandled the new African American inductees based on race, sending Robinson and other African American candidates back to their homes multiple times. In August 1942, the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] finally assigned Robinson to Tuskegee.
As the United States began to ramp up conscription in preparation for [[World War II]], Robinson visited his local [[Spartanburg County, South Carolina]] U.S. Army base, [[Camp Penn]]. Soon realizing that menial work and demeaning treatment of enlisted African American soldiers were less than ideal, Robinson applied to become an aviation cadet at Tuskegee Army Air Field in [[Tuskegee, Alabama]]. In 1942, [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] accepted Robinson into Tuskegee's program, sending him first to [[U.S. Army Air Corps]]'s Shaw AFB in [[Sumter, South Carolina]], for induction. However, the white officers mishandled the new African American inductees based on race, sending Robinson and other African American candidates back to their homes multiple times. In August 1942, the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] finally assigned Robinson to Tuskegee.


On April 29, 1943, Robinson graduated as a member of the Single Engine Section Cadet Class SE-43-D, receiving his silver wings and commission as a [[2nd Lieutenant]].<ref name=CAF2/><ref name=Howard/> His classmates included [[Wilson V. Eagleson]] ("Swampy") (February 1, 1920 - April 16, 2006), one of the [[Tuskegee Airmen]]'s most prolific combat fighter pilots credited with two confirmed enemy German aerial kills and two probable aerial kills.<ref name=CAF2/> In 1943, Robinson and his two older brothers became the first African-Americans from one family to become officers.<ref name=TandD/>
On April 29, 1943, Robinson graduated as a member of the Single Engine Section Cadet Class SE-43-D, receiving his silver wings and commission as a [[2nd Lieutenant]].<ref name=CAF2>{{cite web|title=Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster |url=https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-pilot-roster/|publisher=CAF Rise Above|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=Howard/> His classmates included [[Wilson V. Eagleson]] ("Swampy") (February 1, 1920 - April 16, 2006), one of the [[Tuskegee Airmen]]'s most prolific combat fighter pilots credited with two confirmed enemy German aerial kills and two probable aerial kills.<ref name=CAF2/> In 1943, Robinson and his two older brothers became the first African-Americans from one family to become officers.<ref name=TandD/>


The [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] assigned Robinson to the [[99th Fighter Squadron]].<ref name=Howard/> Robinson flew 33 combat missions in [[World War II]]'s [[European Theater]] including North Africa and [[Anzio, Italy]].<ref name=TandD/> In 1944, the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] sent Robinson back to the United States where he served as a flight instructor for new Tuskegee cadets.<ref name=TandD/>
The [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] assigned Robinson to the [[99th Fighter Squadron]].<ref name=Howard/> Robinson flew 33 combat missions in [[World War II]]'s [[European Theater]] including North Africa and [[Anzio, Italy]].<ref name=TandD/> In 1944, the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] sent Robinson back to the United States where he served as a flight instructor for new Tuskegee cadets.<ref name=TandD/>


After the war Robinson was posted to [[Lockbourne AFB]] (now [[Rickenbacker Field]]) in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. He subsequently opened, owned and operated several [[Washington, DC]]-area pharmacies during the latter period of racial segregation. In January 1947, Robinson left the military with a rank of [[First Lieutenant]].<ref name=TandD/><ref> Curtis C. Robinson Collection (AFC/2001/001/50889), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/50889 </ref><ref name=TandD/>
After the war Robinson was posted to [[Lockbourne AFB]] (now [[Rickenbacker Field]]) in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. He subsequently opened, owned and operated several [[Washington, DC]]-area pharmacies during the latter period of racial segregation. In January 1947, Robinson left the military with a rank of [[First Lieutenant]].<ref name=TandD/><ref>Curtis C. Robinson Collection (AFC/2001/001/50889), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/50889</ref>


==Pharmaceutical career==
==Post-Military, Pharmacy Career==
In 1947, Robinson relocated to [[Washington, DC]] with his pregnant wife to work at the [[National Security Agency]].<ref name=TandD/><ref name=Howard/> Though Robinson applied to become an airline pilot, no major commercial airline would hire him, discriminating against him on the basis of his race. In 1948, Robinson enrolled at [[Howard University]]'s School of Pharmacy to pursue a Bachelors of science degree in Pharmacy.<ref name=TandD2>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Claflin inducts president, first lady, six others|date=20 November 2004|https://thetandd.com/news/claflin-inducts-president-first-lady-six-others/article_8265cb78-5f17-58da-9167-e3305bb38686.html}}</ref><ref name=Overbeck/> After graduating in 1952, Robinson started [[Washington, DC]]-area "Robinson Apothecary" pharmacy during the latter period of racial segregation, eventually expanding to six pharmacies.<ref name=TandD2/><ref name=Overbeck/><ref> The Washington Post. "Pharmacist Fills Prescriptions And a Social Need." MARC FISHER. https://larryrosen.org/2009/10/16/article-provided-by-marc-fisher-and-posted-in-memory-of-doc-curtis-robinson/</ref> In January 2008, Robinson closed the last of his six pharmacies.<ref name=TandD/>
In 1947, Robinson relocated to [[Washington, D.C.]], with his pregnant wife to work at the [[National Security Agency]].<ref name=TandD/><ref name=Howard/> Though Robinson applied to become an airline pilot, no major commercial airline would hire him, discriminating against him on the basis of his race. In 1948, Robinson enrolled at [[Howard University]]'s School of Pharmacy to pursue a Bachelors of science degree in Pharmacy.<ref name=TandD2>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Claflin inducts president, first lady, six others|date=20 November 2004|url=https://thetandd.com/news/claflin-inducts-president-first-lady-six-others/article_8265cb78-5f17-58da-9167-e3305bb38686.html}}</ref><ref name=Overbeck/> After graduating in 1952, Robinson started [[Washington, DC]]-area "Robinson Apothecary" pharmacy during the latter period of racial segregation, eventually expanding to six pharmacies.<ref name=TandD2/><ref name=Overbeck/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Pharmacist Fills Prescriptions And a Social Need|author=Marc Fisher|date=16 October 2009|url=https://larryrosen.org/2009/10/16/article-provided-by-marc-fisher-and-posted-in-memory-of-doc-curtis-robinson/}}</ref> In January 2008, Robinson closed the last of his six pharmacies.<ref name=TandD/>


Robinson owned Robnor Publishing, LLC, a company he co-founded with George Norfleet to release Robinson’s autobiography, “A Pilot’s Journey.”<ref name=Howard/><ref> Biblio. "A Pilot's Journey: Memoirs Of A Tuskegee Airman." Curtis Christopher Robinson, Norfleet George. {{ISBN|9780977619207}}. Unknown; Atlanta, Ga: Robnor Publishing, 2010-01; https://www.biblio.com/9780977619207 </ref>
Robinson owned Robnor Publishing, LLC, a company he co-founded with George Norfleet to release Robinson’s autobiography, "A Pilot’s Journey."<ref name=Howard/><ref>Biblio. "A Pilot's Journey: Memoirs Of A Tuskegee Airman." Curtis Christopher Robinson, Norfleet George. {{ISBN|9780977619207}}. Unknown; Atlanta, Ga: Robnor Publishing, 2010-01; https://www.biblio.com/9780977619207</ref>

⚫
Robinson and his family lived in the Hillcrest community of [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>DC Public Library - Francis A. Gregory Library. "Tuskegee Airmen Presentation." March 3, 2011. https://www.dclibrary.org/node/12932</ref>


⚫
Robinson and his family lived in the Hillcrest community of [[Washington, DC]].<ref> DC Public Library - Francis A. Gregory Library. "Tuskegee Airmen Presentation." March 3, 2011. https://www.dclibrary.org/node/12932 </ref>
==Honors==
==Honors==
* In 2003, Howard University School of Pharmacy awarded Robinson its Howard University School of Pharmacy achievement award.<ref name=TandD/>
* In 2003, Howard University School of Pharmacy awarded Robinson its Howard University School of Pharmacy achievement award.<ref name=TandD/>
* In 2004, Claflin University inducted Robinson into its Hall of Fame.<ref name=TandD/><ref name=TandD2/>
* In 2004, Claflin University inducted Robinson into its Hall of Fame.<ref name=TandD/><ref name=TandD2/>
* In 2007, Robinson and his fellow Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.<ref name=TandD/>
* In 2006 the Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]].<ref name=TandD/>


==Death==
==Death==
Robinson died on October 12, 2009 in [[Washington, DC]]. He was interred at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], plot sec: 4, Site: 2715-A, in [[Arlington, Virginia]], [[Arlington County]].
Robinson died on October 12, 2009, in [[Washington, D.C.]] He was interred at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], plot sec: 4, Site: 2715-A, in [[Arlington, Virginia]], [[Arlington County]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 69: Line 73:
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American pharmacists]]
[[Category:Pharmacists from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:African-American pharmacists]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American pharmacists]]

Latest revision as of 02:09, 26 March 2024

Curtis C. Robinson
Born
Curtis Christopher Robinson

August 25, 1919
Orangeburg, South Carolina, U.S.
DiedOctober 12, 2009(2009-10-12) (aged 90)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, Arlington County, USA
Other names"CC"
Alma materClaflin College, Howard University School of Pharmacy
Occupations
  • Military officer
  • fighter pilot
  • pharmacist
Years active1942–1947

Curtis Christopher Robinson (August 25, 1919 – October 12, 2009) was an American pharmacist and U.S. Army Air Force officer. He served as a fighter pilot during World War II with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, a component of the Tuskegee Airmen.[1]

Robinson and his two older brothers were the first African-Americans from one family to become commissioned U.S. military officers.[2][3]

Early life and education

[edit]

Robinson was born on August 25, 1919, in Orangeburg, South Carolina.[4] One of six children, Robinson was the son of college graduates and school teachers.[4] The grandson of formerly enslaved African Americans, Robinson attended elementary school, middle school and high school at Claflin College.[4] After high school, Robinson continued at Claflin College, majoring in Chemistry.[2] Robinson hailed from a long line of Chaflin graduates. His grandfather, an AME minister and politician, graduated from Chaflin in 1873. Robinson's parents, uncles and aunts also all graduated from Chaflin.[5]

After graduating from Claflin College in 1940, Robinson became a school teacher in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, where he taught geography, mathematics, history and general science.[5]

In 1945 after returning from World War II, Robinson married Florie Frederick Robinson.[5][4] They were married for 56 years until Florie's death at the age of 79.[4]

Military career

[edit]
Curtis C. Robinson's autobiography

As the United States began to ramp up conscription in preparation for World War II, Robinson visited his local Spartanburg County, South Carolina U.S. Army base, Camp Penn. Soon realizing that menial work and demeaning treatment of enlisted African American soldiers were less than ideal, Robinson applied to become an aviation cadet at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Tuskegee, Alabama. In 1942, U.S. Army Air Corps accepted Robinson into Tuskegee's program, sending him first to U.S. Army Air Corps's Shaw AFB in Sumter, South Carolina, for induction. However, the white officers mishandled the new African American inductees based on race, sending Robinson and other African American candidates back to their homes multiple times. In August 1942, the U.S. Army Air Corps finally assigned Robinson to Tuskegee.

On April 29, 1943, Robinson graduated as a member of the Single Engine Section Cadet Class SE-43-D, receiving his silver wings and commission as a 2nd Lieutenant.[6][5] His classmates included Wilson V. Eagleson ("Swampy") (February 1, 1920 - April 16, 2006), one of the Tuskegee Airmen's most prolific combat fighter pilots credited with two confirmed enemy German aerial kills and two probable aerial kills.[6] In 1943, Robinson and his two older brothers became the first African-Americans from one family to become officers.[2]

The U.S. Army Air Corps assigned Robinson to the 99th Fighter Squadron.[5] Robinson flew 33 combat missions in World War II's European Theater including North Africa and Anzio, Italy.[2] In 1944, the U.S. Army Air Corps sent Robinson back to the United States where he served as a flight instructor for new Tuskegee cadets.[2]

After the war Robinson was posted to Lockbourne AFB (now Rickenbacker Field) in Columbus, Ohio. He subsequently opened, owned and operated several Washington, DC-area pharmacies during the latter period of racial segregation. In January 1947, Robinson left the military with a rank of First Lieutenant.[2][7]

Pharmaceutical career

[edit]

In 1947, Robinson relocated to Washington, D.C., with his pregnant wife to work at the National Security Agency.[2][5] Though Robinson applied to become an airline pilot, no major commercial airline would hire him, discriminating against him on the basis of his race. In 1948, Robinson enrolled at Howard University's School of Pharmacy to pursue a Bachelors of science degree in Pharmacy.[8][4] After graduating in 1952, Robinson started Washington, DC-area "Robinson Apothecary" pharmacy during the latter period of racial segregation, eventually expanding to six pharmacies.[8][4][9] In January 2008, Robinson closed the last of his six pharmacies.[2]

Robinson owned Robnor Publishing, LLC, a company he co-founded with George Norfleet to release Robinson’s autobiography, "A Pilot’s Journey."[5][10]

Robinson and his family lived in the Hillcrest community of Washington, D.C.[11]

Honors

[edit]
  • In 2003, Howard University School of Pharmacy awarded Robinson its Howard University School of Pharmacy achievement award.[2]
  • In 2004, Claflin University inducted Robinson into its Hall of Fame.[2][8]
  • In 2006 the Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.[2]

Death

[edit]

Robinson died on October 12, 2009, in Washington, D.C. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, plot sec: 4, Site: 2715-A, in Arlington, Virginia, Arlington County.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Curtis C. "CC" Robinson". The Washington Post. 12 October 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Tuskegee airman, Orangeburg native dies". The Times and Democrat. 15 October 2009.
  3. ^ Know it All. Tuskegee Airmen Teacher’s Guide. "Tuskegee Airmen from South Carolina." Page 8. https://www.knowitall.org/sites/default/files/kiad7/TuskegeeAirmen_TeachersGuide.pdf
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Ruth Ann Overbeck (8 February 2003). "Curtis "Doc" Robinson Interview". Capitol Hill History Project. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "The Life of an Original Tuskegee Airman: Curtis Christopher Robinson: Aviator Signs Books Periodically at the Air and Space Museum". Howard University News Service. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  7. ^ Curtis C. Robinson Collection (AFC/2001/001/50889), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/50889
  8. ^ a b c "Claflin inducts president, first lady, six others". The Times and Democrat. 20 November 2004.
  9. ^ Marc Fisher (16 October 2009). "Pharmacist Fills Prescriptions And a Social Need". The Washington Post.
  10. ^ Biblio. "A Pilot's Journey: Memoirs Of A Tuskegee Airman." Curtis Christopher Robinson, Norfleet George. ISBN 9780977619207. Unknown; Atlanta, Ga: Robnor Publishing, 2010-01; https://www.biblio.com/9780977619207
  11. ^ DC Public Library - Francis A. Gregory Library. "Tuskegee Airmen Presentation." March 3, 2011. https://www.dclibrary.org/node/12932
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