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{{Short description|Role of the trombone in jazz music}}
The [[trombone]] is a [[musical instrument]] from the [[brass|brass instrument]] family. Trombone's first premiere in jazz was with [[Dixieland|Dixieland Jazz]] as a supporting role within the Dixie Group. This role later grew into the spotlight as players such as [[J.J. Johnson]] and [[Jack Teagarden]] began to experiment more with the instrument, finding that it can fill in roles along with the [[saxophone]] and [[trumpet]] in [[bebop|Bebop Jazz]]. The [[Trombone]] has since grown to be featured in standard [[big band]] group setups with 3 to 4 trombones depending on the arrangement. Even today the trombone is still growing in popularity with groups and in music with different techniques being attempted and brought up. The trombone is not easy to play for left handed people, although well known trombone player [[Slide Hampton]] was a professional player that used a left-handed grip and style. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombone player or a trombonist.
[[File:Craig_Harris.jpg|thumb|right|Craig Harris playing trombone]]
The [[trombone]] is a [[musical instrument]] from the [[brass|brass instrument]] family. Trombone's first premiere in jazz was with [[Dixieland|Dixieland jazz]] as a supporting role within the Dixie Group. This role later grew into the spotlight as players such as [[J.J. Johnson]] and [[Jack Teagarden]] began to experiment more with the instrument, finding that it can fill in roles along with the [[saxophone]] and [[trumpet]] in [[bebop]]. The trombone has since grown to be featured in standard [[big band]] group setups with 3 to 5 trombones depending on the arrangement. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombone player or a trombonist.


== History of trombone in jazz ==
== History of trombone in jazz ==
{{further|List of jazz trombonists}}
{{further|List of jazz trombonists}}


=== Dixieland trombone ===
=== Traditional jazz trombone ===
Trombone first saw use in the jazz world with its entrance into [[Dixieland|Dixieland Jazz]] where it played along with the chord changes, mimicking or following a [[string bass]] or a [[tuba]], allowing the other musicians of the group to improvise along with it. In a standard dixie group, the players marched through the streets or were hauled around, playing in an open trailer. The trombone having a slide instead of valves or strings or holes for playing had difficult positioning themselves, and tended to sit in the back of the trailer, gaining the name "Tailgate Trombone". This style of playing included many trombone specific techniques such as growling, scoops, falls, and slides. These factors provided dixie music with its well known, almost "dirty" feel. Even though the trombone was finally featured in jazz at this point, it was not until the swing era of jazz that the trombone actually stepped into the spotlight.
Trombone first saw use in the jazz world with its entrance into [[traditional jazz]] where it played along with the chord changes, often connecting the seven to third or third to root resolutions of cadences, allowing the other musicians of the group to improvise along with it. In a standard dixie group, the players marched through the streets or were hauled around, playing in an open trailer. The trombone having a slide instead of valves or strings or holes for playing had difficult positioning themselves, and tended to sit in the back of the trailer, gaining the name "Tailgate Trombone". This style of playing included many trombone specific techniques such as growling, scoops, falls, and slides. These factors provided traditional jazz with its well known, almost "dirty" feel. The most famous tailgate trombonist was [[Kid Ory|Edward "Kid" Ory]]. Even though the trombone was finally featured in jazz at this point, it was not until the swing era of jazz that the trombone actually stepped into the spotlight.


=== Swing era trombone ===
=== Swing era trombone ===
The swing era of jazz reached its peak in the 1930's, where the trombone was then popular. In a standard swing band there were 5 [[saxophones]], 4 [[trumpets]], 3 or 4 [[trombones]] and a [[rhythm section]]. This is when trombone started to stand out as a solo instrument, as many trombone players such as [[Jack Teagarden]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://randypingrey.com/2010/10/26/the-unknown-history-of-jazz-trombone-part-3/|title=The Unknown History of Jazz Trombone, Part 3|work=Randy Pingrey: trombonist-at-large|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> began to form their own swing bands, and allowed themselves to show off their instrument that had before been hidden behind the rest of the horns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trombone.org/articles/library/evojazz2.asp|title=The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Two|publisher=Trombone.org|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> When this happened, the standard style of playing switched away from the "tailgate trombone" style, and moved towards a lyrical and smooth form of playing, almost that of a [[trumpet]]. This revolutionized jazz trombone in a way that no player had thought possible before. This helped move trombone into the spotlight<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu/program/tailgate-swing-history-jazz-trombone|title=Riverwalk Jazz - Stanford University Libraries|publisher=Riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref>, as it became an instrument of lyrical, smooth, soft playing that people enjoyed listening to.
The swing era of jazz reached its peak in the 1930s, where the trombone was then popular. In a standard swing band there were 5 [[saxophones]], 4 [[trumpets]], 3 or 4 [[trombones]] and a [[rhythm section]]. This is when trombone started to stand out as a solo instrument, with players such as [[Jack Teagarden]]. Characteristic of the Teagarden style of trombone playing is a clean articulation, excellent high register and limited slide movement. This often results in [[pentatonic scales]]. Other famous trombone soloists in swing bands were [[Tricky Sam Nanton]] and [[Lawrence Brown (jazz trombonist)|Lawrence Brown]] in the [[Ellington Band]], and [[Dickie Wells]] and [[Vic Dickenson]] in the [[Count Basie Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://randypingrey.com/2010/10/26/the-unknown-history-of-jazz-trombone-part-3/|title=The Unknown History of Jazz Trombone, Part 3|work=Randy Pingrey: trombonist-at-large|date=26 October 2010 |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Several trombonists (e.g. [[Tommy Dorsey]], [[Trummy Young]]) began to form their own swing bands, and allowed themselves to show off their instrument that had before been hidden behind the rest of the horns.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilken |first1=David |title=The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone, Part Two: The Swing Era |url=https://trombone.org/articles/view.php?id=90 |website=Online Trombone Journal |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> When this happened, the standard style of playing switched away from the "tailgate trombone" style, and moved towards a lyrical and smooth form of playing. This revolutionized jazz trombone in a way that no player had thought possible before. This helped move trombone into the spotlight,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu/program/tailgate-swing-history-jazz-trombone|title=Riverwalk Jazz - Stanford University Libraries|publisher=Riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> as it became an instrument of lyrical, smooth, soft playing that people enjoyed listening to.


=== Bebop jazz trombone ===
=== Bebop jazz trombone ===
As the era of [[swing music|swing jazz]] ended, the new style of bebop jazz took its place as the leader in the early 1940s. Bebop was a faster form of swing that was played for the sake of playing music, instead of swing jazz, which was played for dancing to. Bebop is where trombone fell back behind as a solo instrument, as many of the passages in the music were too techincally fast for the played style that had developed during the swing era, as that style was held back by the slide more so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trombone.org/articles/library/evojazz3.asp|title=The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Three|publisher=Trombone.org|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> This hump to get over was surpassed by either switching over to the [[valve trombone]], which is a [[brass instrument]] following the standard shape of a [[trombone]], but instead of a slide for playing, uses valves like that of a [[trumpet]]. The trombone greats at the time also worked on adapting and creating a new style to follow the fast pacing of bebop. These greats follow the lines of [[J.J. Johnson]], who is considered by some to be one of the most important figures in jazz trombone history,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trombone.org/articles/library/evojazz3-2.asp|title=The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Three, Page 2|publisher=Trombone.org|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> as he followed the influences of bebop jazz innovators [[Charlie Parker]] and [[Dizzy Gillespie]], but also added his own, smooth, slower form of playing over the fast tracks of bebop.
As the era of [[swing music|swing jazz]] ended, the new style of bebop jazz emerged from the early 1940s. Bebop was a faster form of swing that was played for its own sake, as opposed to swing jazz, which was played for dancing. In this era, the trombone was less often played as a solo instrument, as many of the passages in the music were too technically fast for the playing style that had developed during the swing era, as that style was held back by the slide more so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trombone.org/articles/library/evojazz3.asp|title=The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Three|publisher=Trombone.org|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=30 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830050449/http://trombone.org/articles/library/evojazz3.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The leading trombonists at the time also worked on adapting and creating a new style to follow the fast-paced bebop. The driving force of this stylistic movement was [[J.J. Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trombone.org/articles/library/evojazz3-2.asp|title=The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Three, Page 2|publisher=Trombone.org|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> He followed the influences of bebop jazz innovators [[Charlie Parker]] and [[Dizzy Gillespie]] while adding his own, smooth, slower form of playing over the fast tracks of bebop. J.J. Johnson eliminated most of the glissandos, rips, and other such effects from his playing, replacing them with a more precisely articulated style, enlivened by [[extended chords]] and alterations characteristic of bebop. Although this level of slide trombone virtuosity had been previously displayed in brass bands by the likes of [[Arthur Pryor]] it was new to jazz trombone.


== Jazz techniques and equipment ==
== Jazz techniques and equipment ==
Typically when playing jazz music, it is preferred to be played on a standard small or medium bore [[tenor trombone]] with no extra attachments<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/beecherbob/music/variations-on-the-trombone---p-2|title=Variations on the Trombone - p.2 - BobBeecher|publisher=Sites.google.com|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref>, as it will give the brightest sound and is more comfortable to play for longer periods of time in the extreme ranges of the instrument that you tend to hit playing jazz music.
Typically jazz trombonists prefer to play on a standard small or medium bore [[tenor trombone]] with no extra attachments,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/beecherbob/music/variations-on-the-trombone---p-2|title=Variations on the Trombone - p.2 - BobBeecher|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> which produce a brighter sound than large bore or [[f-attachment|valve-attachment]] trombones, and are more comfortable to play for extended periods of time in the extreme high range of the instrument.
There are certain techniques that trombone players will prominently find in jazz music, or jazz inspired music, such as growling, scooping, falling, flutter tongue, use of mutes, multiphonics, and even recently with some players, distortion effects.
There are certain techniques that trombone players will prominently find in jazz music, or jazz inspired music, such as growling, scooping, falling, flutter tonguing, use of mutes, multiphonics, and even recently with some players, distortion effects.
Also, when working on techniques many musicians use specific scales to help apply techniques, and also to practice scales to use while soloing:

*Major Pentatonic
*Minor Pentatonic
*Blues
*Dominant or Mixolydian
*Dorian (majority of jazz musicians use this to solo in minor)


=== Use of mutes ===
=== Use of mutes ===
{{see also|Mute (music)#Brass|label 1=Brass instrument mutes}}
{{see also|Mute (music)#Brass|label 1=Brass instrument mutes}}
The trombone, like most other brass instruments uses mutes from time to time in music in order to get a certain sound. There are many different types of mutes for different situations or desired sounds to be put out.
The trombone, like most other brass instruments, can have its sound altered through the use of mutes. There are many different types of mutes commonly used in a jazz context.


*Plunger Mute - A plunger mute is a plunger head that covers all or part of the open portion of the bell, this gives the "wah wah" sound. One distinct example of this sound effect is the sound that adults make when they talk in the ''[[Peanuts]]'' cartoons.
*Plunger Mute - A plunger mute is a plunger head that covers all or part of the open portion of the bell, producing a "wah wah" sound. One distinct example of this sound effect is the sound that adults make when they talk in the ''[[Peanuts]]'' cartoons.
*Cup Mute - The cup mute is a mute that sticks to the inside of the brass bell, and completely covers it with its distinct cup shape. This specific mute gives a sound similar to that of a full cover plunger mute. Typical use during smoother and lyrical jazz playing.
*Cup Mute - The cup mute is a mute inserted inside of the bell, and completely covers it with its distinct cup shape. This mute gives a sound similar to that of a full cover plunger mute, and is typically used in lyrical and smooth jazz playing.
*Bucket Mute - The bucket mute is a mute that is normally shaped like a bucket that clips on to the trombone bell, and is filled with some form of dampening material in order to reduce the overall sound output of the instrument it is over. It is primarily used in soft ballads in jazz. The Bucket Mute effect is also possible to achieve by playing into a music stand.
*Bucket Mute - The bucket mute is a mute that is normally shaped like a bucket that clips on to the trombone bell, and is filled with some form of dampening material in order to reduce the overall sound output of the instrument. In jazz, it is primarily used in soft ballads. The bucket mute effect can also be achieved by playing into a music stand.


=== Changes of sound ===
=== Sound effects ===
There are different techniques to change the sound that comes out of the bell of the trombone, these can create very interesting effects in playing certain jazz licks, or even just during an improvised solo.
Jazz trombonists make use of different techniques to change the quality of sound that exists their bell to create dramatic effect.
*Growling - Growling is a technique that is how it sounds. You create a type of growling sound into the trombone while playing a pitch, creating divided sound with the pitch. Primary examples of this are found in [[New Orleans Jazz]] or in [[Dixieland]] trombone parts.
*Growling - Growling is a technique where a guttural throat sound is produced while playing a pitch, creating divided sound with the pitch. Primary examples of this are found in [[Dixieland|Dixieland/New Orleans jazz]] trombone parts, and in the [[Ellington Band]] by growl specialists Tricky Sam Nanton and [[Quentin Jackson]].
*Glissando - A glissando is an unarticulated movement from one note to another. Trombone is one of the few instruments that can put into effect a true glissando, or an undisturbed movement from one pitch to the next (within a [[tritone]] movement at the most) simply by moving from an outer slide position to an inner slide position without change of partial.. This is another example most common in [[Dixieland]].
*Glissando - A glissando is an unarticulated movement from one note to another. The trombone is one of the few instruments that can put into effect a true glissando, or an undisturbed movement from one pitch to the next (within a [[tritone]] movement at the most) simply by moving from an outer slide position to an inner slide position (or vice versa) without change of partial. This is another technique most common in [[Dixieland]].
*Scoops and Falls - Scoops and Falls are a form of technique where you approach or move away from the intended pitch, usually marked with a curved line in the music heading up to going from the note head, depending on which one it is. A scoop is done by very quickly moving from an outside slide position to a close inner slide position (ex. Position 2 to Position 1), while a fall is the exact opposite motion. (inner position to outer position, ex. Position 1 to Position 2). Very common in Dixieland and in Swing Era Jazz.
*Scoops and Falls - Scoops and falls are a technique where a pitch is approached from below or fallen off from, usually marked with a curved line in the sheet music heading up to or going from the note head to indicate directionality. A scoop is done by very quickly moving from an outside slide position to a close inner slide position (ex. Position 2 to Position 1), while a fall is the exact opposite motion. (inner position to outer position, ex. Position 1 to Position 2). Scoops and falls are common in Dixieland and in Swing Era jazz.
*Multiphonics - Multiphonics is a technique that is much more common in newer age jazz, as it creates such a distinct sound. Multiphonics are performed on the trombone by playing a pitch, and then humming an interval above the pitch being played. This causes both pitches to go out the bell at the same time, therefore playing multiple pitches. This can also be done with [[perfect intervals]] such as a Perfect 5th, in order to create 3 separate pitches coming out of the bell at the same time by playing the lowest pitch and humming the 5th above that.
*Multiphonics - Multiphonics is a technique most commonly used for its distinct sound in newer age jazz. The most famous exponent of this technique is the German trombonist [[Albert Mangelsdorff]]. Multiphonics are performed on the trombone by playing a pitch, and then humming an interval above the pitch being played. This causes both pitches to come out the bell at the same time. The two pitches interfere in the instrument, creating a third tone, the [[difference tone]].


==References==
==References==
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*[http://www.blackdiamondbrass.com/trbhist/tbonehist.htm Blackdiamondbrass.com]
*[http://www.blackdiamondbrass.com/trbhist/tbonehist.htm Blackdiamondbrass.com]


{{Portal|Jazz}}
{{uncategorised|date=October 2014}}
{{jazzfooter}}

[[Category:Jazz instruments]]
[[Category:Trombones]]

Revision as of 06:23, 22 March 2024

Craig Harris playing trombone

The trombone is a musical instrument from the brass instrument family. Trombone's first premiere in jazz was with Dixieland jazz as a supporting role within the Dixie Group. This role later grew into the spotlight as players such as J.J. Johnson and Jack Teagarden began to experiment more with the instrument, finding that it can fill in roles along with the saxophone and trumpet in bebop. The trombone has since grown to be featured in standard big band group setups with 3 to 5 trombones depending on the arrangement. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombone player or a trombonist.

History of trombone in jazz

Traditional jazz trombone

Trombone first saw use in the jazz world with its entrance into traditional jazz where it played along with the chord changes, often connecting the seven to third or third to root resolutions of cadences, allowing the other musicians of the group to improvise along with it. In a standard dixie group, the players marched through the streets or were hauled around, playing in an open trailer. The trombone having a slide instead of valves or strings or holes for playing had difficult positioning themselves, and tended to sit in the back of the trailer, gaining the name "Tailgate Trombone". This style of playing included many trombone specific techniques such as growling, scoops, falls, and slides. These factors provided traditional jazz with its well known, almost "dirty" feel. The most famous tailgate trombonist was Edward "Kid" Ory. Even though the trombone was finally featured in jazz at this point, it was not until the swing era of jazz that the trombone actually stepped into the spotlight.

Swing era trombone

The swing era of jazz reached its peak in the 1930s, where the trombone was then popular. In a standard swing band there were 5 saxophones, 4 trumpets, 3 or 4 trombones and a rhythm section. This is when trombone started to stand out as a solo instrument, with players such as Jack Teagarden. Characteristic of the Teagarden style of trombone playing is a clean articulation, excellent high register and limited slide movement. This often results in pentatonic scales. Other famous trombone soloists in swing bands were Tricky Sam Nanton and Lawrence Brown in the Ellington Band, and Dickie Wells and Vic Dickenson in the Count Basie Orchestra.[1] Several trombonists (e.g. Tommy Dorsey, Trummy Young) began to form their own swing bands, and allowed themselves to show off their instrument that had before been hidden behind the rest of the horns.[2] When this happened, the standard style of playing switched away from the "tailgate trombone" style, and moved towards a lyrical and smooth form of playing. This revolutionized jazz trombone in a way that no player had thought possible before. This helped move trombone into the spotlight,[3] as it became an instrument of lyrical, smooth, soft playing that people enjoyed listening to.

Bebop jazz trombone

As the era of swing jazz ended, the new style of bebop jazz emerged from the early 1940s. Bebop was a faster form of swing that was played for its own sake, as opposed to swing jazz, which was played for dancing. In this era, the trombone was less often played as a solo instrument, as many of the passages in the music were too technically fast for the playing style that had developed during the swing era, as that style was held back by the slide more so.[4] The leading trombonists at the time also worked on adapting and creating a new style to follow the fast-paced bebop. The driving force of this stylistic movement was J.J. Johnson.[5] He followed the influences of bebop jazz innovators Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie while adding his own, smooth, slower form of playing over the fast tracks of bebop. J.J. Johnson eliminated most of the glissandos, rips, and other such effects from his playing, replacing them with a more precisely articulated style, enlivened by extended chords and alterations characteristic of bebop. Although this level of slide trombone virtuosity had been previously displayed in brass bands by the likes of Arthur Pryor it was new to jazz trombone.

Jazz techniques and equipment

Typically jazz trombonists prefer to play on a standard small or medium bore tenor trombone with no extra attachments,[6] which produce a brighter sound than large bore or valve-attachment trombones, and are more comfortable to play for extended periods of time in the extreme high range of the instrument. There are certain techniques that trombone players will prominently find in jazz music, or jazz inspired music, such as growling, scooping, falling, flutter tonguing, use of mutes, multiphonics, and even recently with some players, distortion effects.

Use of mutes

The trombone, like most other brass instruments, can have its sound altered through the use of mutes. There are many different types of mutes commonly used in a jazz context.

  • Plunger Mute - A plunger mute is a plunger head that covers all or part of the open portion of the bell, producing a "wah wah" sound. One distinct example of this sound effect is the sound that adults make when they talk in the Peanuts cartoons.
  • Cup Mute - The cup mute is a mute inserted inside of the bell, and completely covers it with its distinct cup shape. This mute gives a sound similar to that of a full cover plunger mute, and is typically used in lyrical and smooth jazz playing.
  • Bucket Mute - The bucket mute is a mute that is normally shaped like a bucket that clips on to the trombone bell, and is filled with some form of dampening material in order to reduce the overall sound output of the instrument. In jazz, it is primarily used in soft ballads. The bucket mute effect can also be achieved by playing into a music stand.

Sound effects

Jazz trombonists make use of different techniques to change the quality of sound that exists their bell to create dramatic effect.

  • Growling - Growling is a technique where a guttural throat sound is produced while playing a pitch, creating divided sound with the pitch. Primary examples of this are found in Dixieland/New Orleans jazz trombone parts, and in the Ellington Band by growl specialists Tricky Sam Nanton and Quentin Jackson.
  • Glissando - A glissando is an unarticulated movement from one note to another. The trombone is one of the few instruments that can put into effect a true glissando, or an undisturbed movement from one pitch to the next (within a tritone movement at the most) simply by moving from an outer slide position to an inner slide position (or vice versa) without change of partial. This is another technique most common in Dixieland.
  • Scoops and Falls - Scoops and falls are a technique where a pitch is approached from below or fallen off from, usually marked with a curved line in the sheet music heading up to or going from the note head to indicate directionality. A scoop is done by very quickly moving from an outside slide position to a close inner slide position (ex. Position 2 to Position 1), while a fall is the exact opposite motion. (inner position to outer position, ex. Position 1 to Position 2). Scoops and falls are common in Dixieland and in Swing Era jazz.
  • Multiphonics - Multiphonics is a technique most commonly used for its distinct sound in newer age jazz. The most famous exponent of this technique is the German trombonist Albert Mangelsdorff. Multiphonics are performed on the trombone by playing a pitch, and then humming an interval above the pitch being played. This causes both pitches to come out the bell at the same time. The two pitches interfere in the instrument, creating a third tone, the difference tone.

References

  1. ^ "The Unknown History of Jazz Trombone, Part 3". Randy Pingrey: trombonist-at-large. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  2. ^ Wilken, David. "The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone, Part Two: The Swing Era". Online Trombone Journal. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Riverwalk Jazz - Stanford University Libraries". Riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  4. ^ "The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Three". Trombone.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  5. ^ "The Historical Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Three, Page 2". Trombone.org. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  6. ^ "Variations on the Trombone - p.2 - BobBeecher". Retrieved 23 October 2014.