System File Checker: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Windows system file utility}} |
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{{Infobox software |
{{Infobox software |
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| name = sfc |
| name = sfc |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| developer = [[Microsoft]] |
| developer = [[Microsoft]] |
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| released = |
| released = {{Start date and age|1998|06|25}} |
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| latest release version = |
| latest release version = |
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| latest release date = |
| latest release date = |
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| genre = [[System software|System utility]] |
| genre = [[System software|System utility]] |
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| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]] |
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]] |
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| website = |
| website = {{URL|https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/sfc}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''System File Checker''' (SFC<ref> |
'''System File Checker''' ('''SFC'''<ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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| last1 = Boswell |
| last1 = Boswell |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zayrcM9ZYdAC |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zayrcM9ZYdAC |
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| series = Inside Series |
| series = Inside Series |
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| year = 2003 |
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| publication-date = 2003 |
| publication-date = 2003 |
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| page = 860 |
| page = 860 |
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| isbn = 9780735711587 |
| isbn = 9780735711587 |
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| access-date = 2017-07-23 |
| access-date = 2017-07-23 |
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| quote = You do not need to hack the Registry to change the WFP settings. A command-line utility comes with Windows Server 2003 to set these values. Called the ''System File Checker'', or SFC, the utility can also rebuild the < |
| quote = You do not need to hack the Registry to change the WFP settings. A command-line utility comes with Windows Server 2003 to set these values. Called the ''System File Checker'', or SFC, the utility can also rebuild the <code>D11Cache</code> directory files if files are accidentally deleted. |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref>) is a utility in [[Microsoft Windows]] that allows users to scan for and restore |
</ref>) is a utility in [[Microsoft Windows]] that allows users to scan for and restore corrupted Windows system files.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerhope.com/sfc.htm|title=MS-DOS and Windows command line SFC command}}</ref> |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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Microsoft ships this utility with [[Windows 98]], [[Windows 2000]] and all subsequent versions of the [[Windows NT]] family of operating systems. In [[Windows Vista]], [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows 10]], System File Checker is integrated with [[Windows Resource Protection]] (WRP), which protects [[Windows Registry|registry]] keys and folders as well as critical system files. Under Windows Vista, <code>sfc.exe</code> can be used to check specific folder paths, including the Windows folder and the boot folder. |
Microsoft ships this utility with [[Windows 98]], [[Windows 2000]] and all subsequent versions of the [[Windows NT]] family of operating systems. In [[Windows Vista]], [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows 10]], System File Checker is integrated with [[Windows Resource Protection]] (WRP), which protects [[Windows Registry|registry]] keys and folders as well as critical system files. Under Windows Vista, <code>sfc.exe</code> can be used to check specific folder paths, including the Windows folder and the boot folder. |
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[[Windows File Protection]] (WFP) works by registering for notification of file changes in [[Winlogon]]. If any changes are detected to a protected system file, the modified file is restored from a cached copy located in a compressed folder at <code>%WinDir%\System32\dllcache</code>. |
[[Windows File Protection]] (WFP) works by registering for notification of file changes in [[Winlogon]]. If any changes are detected to a protected system file, the modified file is restored from a cached copy located in a compressed folder at <code>%WinDir%\System32\dllcache</code>. |
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[[Windows Resource Protection]] (WRP) works by setting discretionary access-control lists (DACLs) and [[access control list]]s (ACLs) defined for protected resources. If any changes are detected to a protected system file, the modified file is restored from a cached copy located in a folder at <code>%WinDir%\WinSxS\Backup</code>.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=stevewhims |date=2021-01-07 |title=Protected Resource List - Win32 apps |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wfp/protected-file-list |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=learn.microsoft.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Permission for full access to modify WRP-protected resources is restricted to the processes using the ''Windows Modules Installer service'' (<code>TrustedInstaller.exe</code>). Administrators no longer have full rights to system files. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Due to problems with Windows applications being able to overwrite system files in [[Windows 95]], Microsoft has since implemented a number of security measures to protect system files from malicious attacks, corruptions, or problems such as [[DLL hell]]. |
Due to problems with Windows applications being able to overwrite system files in [[Windows 95]], Microsoft has since implemented a number of security measures to protect system files from malicious attacks, corruptions, or problems such as [[DLL hell|DLL Hell]]. |
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System File Checker was first introduced on [[Windows 98]] as a GUI utility. It offered scanning and restoration of corrupted system files by matching the version number against a database containing the original version number of the files in a fresh Windows 98 installation. This method of file protection was basic. It determined system files by [[file extension]] and [[file path]]. It was able to restore files from the installation media or a source specified by the user. Windows 98 did not offer real-time system file protection beyond [[file attribute]]s; therefore, no preventive or reactive measure was available. |
System File Checker was first introduced on [[Windows 98]] as a GUI utility. It offered scanning and restoration of corrupted system files by matching the version number against a database containing the original version number of the files in a fresh Windows 98 installation. This method of file protection was basic. It determined system files by [[file extension]] and [[file path]]. It was able to restore files from the installation media or a source specified by the user. Windows 98 did not offer real-time system file protection beyond [[file attribute]]s; therefore, no preventive or reactive measure was available. |
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All Windows NT-based operating systems since [[Windows 2000]] introduced real-time file protection, called |
All Windows NT-based operating systems since [[Windows 2000]] introduced real-time file protection, called Windows File Protection (WFP).<ref>{{cite web |
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|publisher=[[Microsoft]] |
|publisher=[[Microsoft]] |
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|date=December 15, 2003 |
|date=December 15, 2003 |
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|title=Description of the Windows File Protection Feature |
|title=Description of the Windows File Protection Feature |
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|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/222193/ |
|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/222193/ |
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|access-date=August 28, 2006 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020015533/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/222193 |
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|archive-date=October 20, 2004}}</ref> |
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In addition, the System File Checker utility (<code>sfc.exe</code>) was reimplemented as a more robust command-line utility that integrated with WFP. Unlike the Windows 98 SFC utility, the new utility forces a scan of protected system files using Windows File Protection and allows the immediate silent restoration of system files from the ''DLLCache'' folder or installation media. |
In addition, the System File Checker utility (<code>sfc.exe</code>) was reimplemented as a more robust command-line utility that integrated with WFP. Unlike the Windows 98 SFC utility, the new utility forces a scan of protected system files using Windows File Protection and allows the immediate silent restoration of system files from the ''DLLCache'' folder or installation media. |
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|title=Answer Line: Windows 98 Utilities Missing in Windows Me? |
|title=Answer Line: Windows 98 Utilities Missing in Windows Me? |
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|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/41022/answer_line_windows_98_utilities_missing_in_windows_me.html |
|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/41022/answer_line_windows_98_utilities_missing_in_windows_me.html |
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|access-date=December 26, 2011 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605125202/http://www.pcworld.com/article/41022/answer_line_windows_98_utilities_missing_in_windows_me.html |
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|archive-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref> as it was replaced with [[System File Protection]] (SFP).<ref>{{cite web |
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|publisher=[[Microsoft]] |
|publisher=[[Microsoft]] |
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|date=December 4, 2011 |
|date=December 4, 2011 |
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|title=System File Protection and Windows Me |
|title=System File Protection and Windows Me |
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|url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/WinMe_sfp.mspx |
|url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/WinMe_sfp.mspx |
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|access-date=August 28, 2006 |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622001805/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/WinME_sfp.mspx |
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|archive-date=June 22, 2004}} |
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</ref> Similar to WFP, SFP offered real-time protection. |
</ref> Similar to WFP, SFP offered real-time protection. |
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|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/814510/ |
|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/814510/ |
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|title=The SFC /SCANNOW Command May Overwrite Hotfix Files |
|title=The SFC /SCANNOW Command May Overwrite Hotfix Files |
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|access-date=February 1, 2010 |
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|url-status=dead |
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|deadurl=yes |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116172152/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/814510 |
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|archive-date=November 16, 2006 |
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}}</ref> this was rectified in Windows 2000 Service Pack 4. |
}}</ref> this was rectified in Windows 2000 Service Pack 4. |
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==Usage== |
==Usage== |
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In Windows NT-based operating systems, System File Checker can be invoked via [[cmd.exe|Windows Command Prompt]] (with Admin privilege<ref>https://ss64.com/nt/sfc.html</ref>), with the following command: |
In Windows NT-based operating systems, System File Checker can be invoked via [[cmd.exe|Windows Command Prompt]] (with Admin privilege<ref>{{cite web | title=SFC - System File CheckerWindows CMD | website=SS64.com | url=https://ss64.com/nt/sfc.html | access-date=2023-09-12}}</ref>), with the following command: |
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* {{code|sfc /scannow}} (to repair problems) |
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<source lang="dos"> |
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sfc / |
* or {{code|sfc /verifyonly}} (no repair) |
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</source> |
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or |
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<source lang="dos"> |
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sfc /verifyonly (no repair) |
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</source> |
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If it finds a problem, it will attempt to replace the problematic files from the |
If it finds a problem, it will attempt to replace the problematic files from the DLL Cache (<code>%WinDir%\System32\dllcache</code>). If the file is not in the DLL Cache or the DLL Cache is corrupted, the user will be prompted to insert the Windows installation media or provide the network installation path. System File Checker determines the Windows installation source path from the registry values <code>SourcePath</code> and <code>ServicePackSourcePath</code>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/885522|title=System File Checker does not accept a network location that contains the installer CD when you use the scannow switch in Windows XP SP2 or in Windows Server 2003|date=January 13, 2005|work=Support|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014009/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/885522/|archive-date=January 16, 2007}}</ref> It may keep prompting for the installation media even if the user supplies it if these values are not correctly set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/900910|title=You are prompted to insert a Windows XP SP2 CD when you try to run the System File Checker tool on a Windows XP SP2-based computer|date=July 5, 2005|work=Support|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207090302/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/900910|archive-date=February 7, 2007}}</ref> |
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In Windows Vista and onwards, files are protected using [[ |
In Windows Vista and onwards, files are protected using [[access control list]]s (ACLs), and if it finds a problem, it will attempt to replace the problematic files from the Windows Side-by-side Backup (<code>%WinDir%\WinSxS\Backup</code>).<ref name=":0" /> However, the above command has not changed. |
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System File Checker in Windows Vista and later Windows operating systems can scan specified files. Also, scans can be performed against an offline Windows installation folder to replace corrupt files, in case the Windows installation is not bootable. For performing offline scans, System File Checker must be run from another working installation of Windows Vista or a later operating system or from the Windows setup DVD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.craxworld.com/system-file-checker-tool-windows-11822/|title=Run System File Checker Tool to Repair Windows 10/8/7 files|last=kumar|first=Rohit|date=26 July 2016|website=Craxworld|publisher=Self Published| |
System File Checker in Windows Vista and later Windows operating systems can scan specified files. Also, scans can be performed against an offline Windows installation folder to replace corrupt files, in case the Windows installation is not bootable. For performing offline scans, System File Checker must be run from another working installation of Windows Vista or a later operating system or from the Windows setup DVD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.craxworld.com/system-file-checker-tool-windows-11822/|title=Run System File Checker Tool to Repair Windows 10/8/7 files|last=kumar|first=Rohit|date=26 July 2016|website=Craxworld|publisher=Self Published|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911000021/http://www.craxworld.com/system-file-checker-tool-windows-11822/|archive-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> or a recovery drive which gives access to the [[Windows Recovery Environment]]. |
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In cases where the component store is corrupted, the "System Update Readiness tool" (CheckSUR) can be installed on Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008, replaced by "[[Deployment Image Service and Management Tool]]" (DISM) for Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows Server 2012. This tool checks the store against its own payload and repairs the corruptions that it detects by downloading required files through Windows update.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/947821/fix-windows-update-errors-by-using-the-dism-or-system-update-readiness-tool |title=Fix Windows Update errors by using the DISM or System Update Readiness tool |work=Support|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=January 22, 2017 | |
In cases where the component store is corrupted, the "System Update Readiness tool" (CheckSUR) can be installed on Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008, replaced by "[[Deployment Image Service and Management Tool]]" (DISM) for Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows Server 2012. This tool checks the store against its own payload and repairs the corruptions that it detects by downloading required files through Windows update.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/947821/fix-windows-update-errors-by-using-the-dism-or-system-update-readiness-tool |title=Fix Windows Update errors by using the DISM or System Update Readiness tool |work=Support|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*{{Cite book|first=Æleen|last=Frisch|year=2001|title=Windows 2000 Commands Pocket Reference|publisher=[[O'Reilly]]|isbn=978-0-596-00148-3}} |
*{{Cite book|first=Æleen|last=Frisch|year=2001|title=Windows 2000 Commands Pocket Reference|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]|isbn=978-0-596-00148-3}} |
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*{{Cite book|author=John Paul Mueller|year=2007|title=Windows Administration at the Command Line for Windows Vista, Windows 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0470165799}} |
*{{Cite book|author=John Paul Mueller|year=2007|title=Windows Administration at the Command Line for Windows Vista, Windows 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0470165799}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Wikibooks|Guide to Windows Commands}} |
{{Wikibooks|Guide to Windows Commands}} |
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*[ |
*[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/sfc sfc | Microsoft Docs] |
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*[https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/929833/use-the-system-file-checker-tool-to-repair-missing-or-corrupted-system Use the System File Checker tool to repair missing or corrupted system files] |
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*[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310747 Description of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 System File Checker (Sfc.exe)] |
*[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310747 Description of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 System File Checker (Sfc.exe)] |
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Latest revision as of 08:27, 15 March 2024
System File Checker (SFC[1]) is a utility in Microsoft Windows that allows users to scan for and restore corrupted Windows system files.[2]
Overview
[edit]Microsoft ships this utility with Windows 98, Windows 2000 and all subsequent versions of the Windows NT family of operating systems. In Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 10, System File Checker is integrated with Windows Resource Protection (WRP), which protects registry keys and folders as well as critical system files. Under Windows Vista, sfc.exe
can be used to check specific folder paths, including the Windows folder and the boot folder.
Windows File Protection (WFP) works by registering for notification of file changes in Winlogon. If any changes are detected to a protected system file, the modified file is restored from a cached copy located in a compressed folder at %WinDir%\System32\dllcache
.
Windows Resource Protection (WRP) works by setting discretionary access-control lists (DACLs) and access control lists (ACLs) defined for protected resources. If any changes are detected to a protected system file, the modified file is restored from a cached copy located in a folder at %WinDir%\WinSxS\Backup
.[3] Permission for full access to modify WRP-protected resources is restricted to the processes using the Windows Modules Installer service (TrustedInstaller.exe
). Administrators no longer have full rights to system files.
History
[edit]Due to problems with Windows applications being able to overwrite system files in Windows 95, Microsoft has since implemented a number of security measures to protect system files from malicious attacks, corruptions, or problems such as DLL Hell.
System File Checker was first introduced on Windows 98 as a GUI utility. It offered scanning and restoration of corrupted system files by matching the version number against a database containing the original version number of the files in a fresh Windows 98 installation. This method of file protection was basic. It determined system files by file extension and file path. It was able to restore files from the installation media or a source specified by the user. Windows 98 did not offer real-time system file protection beyond file attributes; therefore, no preventive or reactive measure was available.
All Windows NT-based operating systems since Windows 2000 introduced real-time file protection, called Windows File Protection (WFP).[4]
In addition, the System File Checker utility (sfc.exe
) was reimplemented as a more robust command-line utility that integrated with WFP. Unlike the Windows 98 SFC utility, the new utility forces a scan of protected system files using Windows File Protection and allows the immediate silent restoration of system files from the DLLCache folder or installation media.
SFC did not appear on Windows ME,[5] as it was replaced with System File Protection (SFP).[6] Similar to WFP, SFP offered real-time protection.
Issues
[edit]The System File Checker component included with versions of Windows 2000 earlier than Service Pack 4 overrode patches distributed by Microsoft;[7] this was rectified in Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.
Usage
[edit]In Windows NT-based operating systems, System File Checker can be invoked via Windows Command Prompt (with Admin privilege[8]), with the following command:
sfc /scannow
(to repair problems)- or
sfc /verifyonly
(no repair)
If it finds a problem, it will attempt to replace the problematic files from the DLL Cache (%WinDir%\System32\dllcache
). If the file is not in the DLL Cache or the DLL Cache is corrupted, the user will be prompted to insert the Windows installation media or provide the network installation path. System File Checker determines the Windows installation source path from the registry values SourcePath
and ServicePackSourcePath
.[9] It may keep prompting for the installation media even if the user supplies it if these values are not correctly set.[10]
In Windows Vista and onwards, files are protected using access control lists (ACLs), and if it finds a problem, it will attempt to replace the problematic files from the Windows Side-by-side Backup (%WinDir%\WinSxS\Backup
).[3] However, the above command has not changed.
System File Checker in Windows Vista and later Windows operating systems can scan specified files. Also, scans can be performed against an offline Windows installation folder to replace corrupt files, in case the Windows installation is not bootable. For performing offline scans, System File Checker must be run from another working installation of Windows Vista or a later operating system or from the Windows setup DVD[11] or a recovery drive which gives access to the Windows Recovery Environment.
In cases where the component store is corrupted, the "System Update Readiness tool" (CheckSUR) can be installed on Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008, replaced by "Deployment Image Service and Management Tool" (DISM) for Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows Server 2012. This tool checks the store against its own payload and repairs the corruptions that it detects by downloading required files through Windows update.[12]
References
[edit]- ^
Boswell, William (2003). "Using the System File Checker, SFC". Inside Windows Server 2003. Inside Series. p. 860. ISBN 9780735711587. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
You do not need to hack the Registry to change the WFP settings. A command-line utility comes with Windows Server 2003 to set these values. Called the System File Checker, or SFC, the utility can also rebuild the
D11Cache
directory files if files are accidentally deleted. - ^ "MS-DOS and Windows command line SFC command".
- ^ a b stevewhims (2021-01-07). "Protected Resource List - Win32 apps". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
- ^ "Description of the Windows File Protection Feature". Support. Microsoft. December 15, 2003. Archived from the original on October 20, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
- ^ Spector, Lincoln (February 14, 2001). "Answer Line: Windows 98 Utilities Missing in Windows Me?". PC World. IDG. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
- ^ "System File Protection and Windows Me". Microsoft. December 4, 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
- ^ "The SFC /SCANNOW Command May Overwrite Hotfix Files". Support. Microsoft. October 30, 2006. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
- ^ "SFC - System File CheckerWindows CMD". SS64.com. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
- ^ "System File Checker does not accept a network location that contains the installer CD when you use the scannow switch in Windows XP SP2 or in Windows Server 2003". Support. Microsoft. January 13, 2005. Archived from the original on January 16, 2007.
- ^ "You are prompted to insert a Windows XP SP2 CD when you try to run the System File Checker tool on a Windows XP SP2-based computer". Support. Microsoft. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007.
- ^ kumar, Rohit (26 July 2016). "Run System File Checker Tool to Repair Windows 10/8/7 files". Craxworld. Self Published. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016.
- ^ "Fix Windows Update errors by using the DISM or System Update Readiness tool". Support. Microsoft. January 22, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Further reading
[edit]- Frisch, Æleen (2001). Windows 2000 Commands Pocket Reference. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00148-3.
- John Paul Mueller (2007). Windows Administration at the Command Line for Windows Vista, Windows 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470165799.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)