Constance Wachtmeister: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|French-English theosophist and countess (1838-1910)}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = Constance Georgina Louise Wachtmeister |
| name = Constance Georgina Louise Wachtmeister |
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| image = Constance Wachtmeister Idun 1893, nr 14.jpg |
| image = Constance Wachtmeister Idun 1893, nr 14.jpg |
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| image_size = 220px |
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| alt |
| alt = [[Xylography]] 1894 |
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| birth_name = Constance Georgina Louise de Bourbel de Montpincon |
| birth_name = Constance Georgina Louise de Bourbel de Montpincon |
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| birth_date |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1838|3|28|df=yes}}{{sfn|Idun|1894-04-06}} |
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| birth_place |
| birth_place = [[Florence, Italy]] |
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| death_date |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1910|9|24|1838|3|28|df=yes}}{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1936|p=5}} |
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| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], US |
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| resting_place |
| resting_place = |
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| education = |
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| alma_mater = |
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| alma_mater = |
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| notable_works = ''Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine"'' |
| notable_works = ''Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine"'' |
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| spouse = Carl Wachtmeister (married 1863) |
| spouse = [[Carl Wachtmeister (politician)|Carl Wachtmeister]] (married 1863) |
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| children = |
| children = 1 son |
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| parents = {{unbulleted list|Auguste de Bourbel de Montpincon|Constance Bulkley}} |
| parents = {{unbulleted list|Auguste de Bourbel de Montpincon|Constance Bulkley}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Constance Georgina Louise Wachtmeister''' (''née'' Constance de Bourbel de Montpincon, {{lang-fr|de Bourbel de Montpinçon}}; March 28, 1838 |
'''Constance Georgina Louise Wachtmeister''' (''née'' Constance de Bourbel de Montpincon, {{lang-fr|de Bourbel de Montpinçon}}; March 28, 1838 – September 24, 1910), known as '''Countess Wachtmeister''', was a prominent [[theosophist]], a close friend of [[Helena Blavatsky]].{{sfn|Besant|1893|loc=ch. 14}}{{sfn|Сенкевич|2012|p=436}}{{sfn|Tillett|1986|p=982}} |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Constance's parents were the Marquis de Bourbel de Montpincon and his wife Constance Bulkley. She lost her parents when she was very young and was sent to her aunt Mrs Bulkley in [[England]]. In 1863 she married her cousin, the Count Wachtmeister, with whom she had a son, count Axel Raoul.<ref>Axel Raoul Wachtmeister (1865-1947) was a well-known musical composer in his day, an author [[opera]]-[[oratorio]] [[Gautama Buddha|''Prince Siddhartha'']], |
Constance's parents were the Marquis de Bourbel de Montpincon and his wife Constance Bulkley. She lost her parents when she was very young and was sent to her aunt, Mrs Bulkley, in [[England]]. In 1863 she married her cousin, the Count [[Carl Wachtmeister (politician)|Carl Wachtmeister]], with whom she had a son, count Axel Raoul.<ref>Axel Raoul Wachtmeister (1865-1947) was a well-known musical composer in his day, an author [[opera]]-[[oratorio]] [[Gautama Buddha|''Prince Siddhartha'']], |
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[ |
[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48902624 oclc].</ref> |
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After three years of marriage she moved to [[Stockholm]] where, in 1868, the count was appointed [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]].{{sfn| |
After three years of marriage she moved to [[Stockholm]] where, in 1868, the count was appointed [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]].{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1936|p=3}}<ref>Carl Wachtmeister (1823–1871). [https://runeberg.org/sbh/b0669.html Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon].</ref> After the death of her husband in 1871, she still lived in [[Sweden]] for several years. In 1879 the countess began investigating [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1936|p=3}} and in 1881 joined the London Lodge of the [[Theosophical Society]].{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1976|loc=ch. 2}} She met H.P. Blavatsky in [[London]] in 1884.{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1936|p=4}} She was an important partner for Blavatsky and essential support for the work of ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]''. Some time after Blavatsky had come in 1885 at [[Würzburg]] she was joined by the Wachtmeister, who "loyally and lovingly helped in the great work."{{sfn| Heindel|1933|loc=ch. 3}} In 1887 Wachtmeister organized the Theosophical Publishing Co. alongside [[Bertram Keightley]], in order to publish Blavatsky's works.{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1936|p=4}}<ref>[http://content.ancestry.com/Browse/view.aspx?dbid=6598&path=London.St+Marylebone.St+John.13.20&fn=G%20R%20S&ln=Mead&st=r&pid=11803186&rc=&zp=75 1891 England Census]{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, showing a household including "Constance Wachtmeister, manager of Publishing Office; Helena Blavatsky, authoress; and others."</ref> In 1888-95 she was an editor of the ''Theosophical Siftings.''{{sfn|Вахтмейстер|2011|loc=От переводчиков}}<ref>[http://www.austheos.org.au/indices/THSIFT.HTM ''Theosophical Siftings'']</ref> She was secretary and treasurer of the [[Blavatsky Lodge]] in London.{{sfn|Вахтмейстер|2011|loc=От переводчиков}} In 1890 she became a member of the Inner Group of Blavatsky Lodge.{{sfn|Cleather|1923|p=22}} In 1893 [[Annie Besant|Besant]] and Wachtmeister went to India.{{sfn|Wachtmeister|1936|p=4}} In 1894 she had a lecture in [[New York City]] on theosophical questions.{{sfn|New York Times|1894-09-20}} In 1896 Wachtmeister toured the US and [[Australia]] lecturing on Theosophy.{{sfn|Tillett|1986|p=982}} |
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Wachtmeister and Kate Buffington Davis authored a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] cookbook, ''Practical Vegetarian Cookery'' in 1897. |
Wachtmeister and Kate Buffington Davis authored a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] cookbook, ''Practical Vegetarian Cookery'' in 1897.{{sfn|Axford|1976|p=330}} The recipes were [[ovo-lacto vegetarian]].<ref>Anonymous. (1897). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112088797599&view=1up&seq=104 ''Practical Vegetarian Cookery'']. ''The American Kitchen Magazine'' 8 (2): 80.</ref> It was one of the first vegetarian guidebooks published in America.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2013}} |
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===Reminiscences of Blavatsky=== |
===Reminiscences of Blavatsky=== |
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==Publications== |
==Publications== |
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[[File:Practical Vegetarian Cookery.png|thumb|''Practical Vegetarian Cookery'', 1897]] |
[[File:Practical Vegetarian Cookery.png|thumb|''Practical Vegetarian Cookery'', 1897]] |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |location= Wheaton, Ill |publisher= Theosophical Pub. House |last=Wachtmeister |first=Constance |title=Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" |series= Theosophical classics series |year=1976 |edition=2nd|oclc=2493519|isbn=0835604888 |url= http://blavatskyarchives.com/wachtmeister/wachtmeisterremcont.htm}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= H. P. B. and the Present Crisis in the Theosophical Society |
* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= H. P. B. and the Present Crisis in the Theosophical Society |year=1895 |publisher= Women's printing society |location= London |oclc=31245050 }} |
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* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Theosophy in Every-Day Life |
* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Theosophy in Every-Day Life |year=1895 |location= Sidney |oclc=46265300 }} |
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* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Spiritualism in the Light of Theosophy |
* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Spiritualism in the Light of Theosophy |year=1897 |publisher= Mercury Print |location= San Francisco, Calif |oclc=14466635 }} |
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* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Practical Vegetarian Cookery |url=https://archive.org/details/practicalvegetar00wach/page/n8 |
* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Practical Vegetarian Cookery |url=https://archive.org/details/practicalvegetar00wach/page/n8 |year=1897 |publisher= Theosophical Book Concern |location= Chicago, Ill |oclc=3025026 }} (in co-authorship) |
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* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Psychic and Astral Development |
* {{cite book |last= Wachtmeister |first= Constance |title= Psychic and Astral Development |year=2010 |publisher= Kessinger Publishing |location= Whitefish, MT |isbn=978-1162833996}} |
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===Translations=== |
===Translations=== |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|location=Одесса |publisher=Астропринт |last= Вахтмейстер |first=Констанция |script-title=ru: Воспоминания о Е. П. Блаватской и "Тайной доктрине" |trans-title=Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" |series= Архивы. Исследования |year=2011 |language=ru|isbn=978-966-190-329-5 |url= http://www.theosophy.ru/lib/wacht-td.htm}} |
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* {{cite book |location=Paris |
* {{cite book |location=Paris |last=Wachtmeister |first=Constance |title="La doctrine secréte" et madame Blavatsky |trans-title=Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" |year=1979 |oclc=901210898|language=fr }} |
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* {{cite book |location=Göteborg |
* {{cite book |location=Göteborg |last=Wachtmeister |first=Constance |title=H. P. Blavatsky och "Den hemliga läran" |trans-title=Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" |year=1894 |oclc=465903582|language=sv }} |
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* {{cite book |location=Amsterdam |publisher= Theosofische Uitgeversmaatschappij |last=Wachtmeister |first=Constance |
* {{cite book |location=Amsterdam |publisher= Theosofische Uitgeversmaatschappij |last=Wachtmeister |first=Constance |title=De theosofie in het dagelijksch leven |trans-title= Theosophy in every-day life |year=1905 |oclc=66294889|language= nl }} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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===Sources=== |
===Sources=== |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |last=Axford |first=Lavonne B. |year=1976 |title=English Language Cookbooks, 1600-1973 |publisher=Gale Research Company}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|last=Besant |first=Annie |author-link=Annie Besant |title=An Autobiography |year=1893 |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |location=London |oclc= 220884652 }} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|last=Cleather |first=Alice L.|title= H.P. Blavatsky as I knew her |url= https://archive.org/download/MN40273ucmf_6/MN40273ucmf_6.pdf |year=1923|publisher= Thacker, Spink & Co |location= Calcutta |oclc=609043485 |access-date=24 March 2015}} |
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* {{cite |
* {{cite book|last=Heindel|first=Max|author-link=Max Heindel|title=Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" |year=1933|publisher=Phoenix Press |location= Los Angeles, Calif.|oclc=4014474 }} |
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* {{cite web|last=Hesselink |first=Katinka | url = http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/hpb_wach.htm | title = Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and ''The Secret Doctrine'' by Countess Constance Wachtmeister et al |website=www.katinkahesselink.net | access-date = 2015-03-24}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|last=Kuhn|first=Alvin Boyd|author-link=Alvin Boyd Kuhn|title=Theosophy: A Modern Revival of Ancient Wisdom |url=https://archive.org/details/TheosophyAModernRevivalOfAncientWisdom|series=American religion series: Studies in religion and culture|year=1992|orig-year=Originally published 1930|type=PhD thesis|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=Whitefish, MT|isbn=978-1-56459-175-3|access-date=27 March 2015}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|location=Москва |publisher=Алгоритм |last=Сенкевич |first=Александр Н. |author-link=Alexander Senkevich |script-title=ru:Елена Блаватская. Между светом и тьмой|trans-title=Helena Blavatsky. Between Light and Darkness|series=Носители тайных знаний |year=2012 |oclc=852503157|language=ru|isbn=978-5-4438-0237-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtIwkgEACAAJ}} |
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⚫ | * {{cite thesis |
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* {{cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |year=2013 |chapter=Vegetarianism |title=World Food: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Social Influence from Hunter-Gatherers to the Age of Globalization |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |isbn=978-0-7656-8278-9}} |
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⚫ | *{{cite news|ref={{SfnRef| |
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⚫ | *{{cite news|ref={{SfnRef|New York Times|1894-09-20}}|location=New York|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|date=1894-09-20 |
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⚫ | *{{cite news|ref={{SfnRef|New York Times|1894-09-20}}|location=New York|newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|date=1894-09-20 |title= MME. BLAVATSKY'S COMPANION HERE. The Countess Wachtmeister Will Lecture on Theosophical Questions |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1894/09/20/archives/mme-blavatskys-companion-here-the-countess-wachtmeister-will.html |access-date=2015-03-23| quote= Constance, the Countess Wachtmeister, who, next to Annie Besant, is the most famous woman, in the Theosophical Society, is in this city}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:1910 deaths]] |
[[Category:1910 deaths]] |
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[[Category:British memoirists]] |
[[Category:British memoirists]] |
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[[Category:British spiritualists]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:British Theosophists]] |
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[[Category:French countesses]] |
[[Category:French countesses]] |
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[[Category:French food writers]] |
[[Category:French food writers]] |
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[[Category:French spiritualists]] |
[[Category:French spiritualists]] |
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[[Category:French Theosophists]] |
[[Category:French Theosophists]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:French vegetarianism activists]] |
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[[Category:Helena Blavatsky biographers]] |
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[[Category:Vegetarian cookbook writers]] |
Latest revision as of 17:16, 13 March 2024
Constance Georgina Louise Wachtmeister | |
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![]() | |
Born | Constance Georgina Louise de Bourbel de Montpincon 28 March 1838[1] |
Died | 24 September 1910[2] | (aged 72)
Occupation(s) | Editor, lecturer, theosophist |
Notable work | Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" |
Spouse | Carl Wachtmeister (married 1863) |
Children | 1 son |
Parents |
|
Constance Georgina Louise Wachtmeister (née Constance de Bourbel de Montpincon, French: de Bourbel de Montpinçon; March 28, 1838 – September 24, 1910), known as Countess Wachtmeister, was a prominent theosophist, a close friend of Helena Blavatsky.[3][4][5]
Biography
[edit]Constance's parents were the Marquis de Bourbel de Montpincon and his wife Constance Bulkley. She lost her parents when she was very young and was sent to her aunt, Mrs Bulkley, in England. In 1863 she married her cousin, the Count Carl Wachtmeister, with whom she had a son, count Axel Raoul.[6]
After three years of marriage she moved to Stockholm where, in 1868, the count was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.[7][8] After the death of her husband in 1871, she still lived in Sweden for several years. In 1879 the countess began investigating Spiritism[7] and in 1881 joined the London Lodge of the Theosophical Society.[9] She met H.P. Blavatsky in London in 1884.[10] She was an important partner for Blavatsky and essential support for the work of The Secret Doctrine. Some time after Blavatsky had come in 1885 at Würzburg she was joined by the Wachtmeister, who "loyally and lovingly helped in the great work."[11] In 1887 Wachtmeister organized the Theosophical Publishing Co. alongside Bertram Keightley, in order to publish Blavatsky's works.[10][12] In 1888-95 she was an editor of the Theosophical Siftings.[13][14] She was secretary and treasurer of the Blavatsky Lodge in London.[13] In 1890 she became a member of the Inner Group of Blavatsky Lodge.[15] In 1893 Besant and Wachtmeister went to India.[10] In 1894 she had a lecture in New York City on theosophical questions.[16] In 1896 Wachtmeister toured the US and Australia lecturing on Theosophy.[5]
Wachtmeister and Kate Buffington Davis authored a vegetarian cookbook, Practical Vegetarian Cookery in 1897.[17] The recipes were ovo-lacto vegetarian.[18] It was one of the first vegetarian guidebooks published in America.[19]
Reminiscences of Blavatsky
[edit]She has not left many written texts, but her work Reminiscences of H. P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine" is a source for a study on the personality of Madame Blavatsky.[20][21]
Wachtmeister stated that she has now spent a few months with Blavatsky. "I have shared her room and been with her morning, noon and night. I have had access to all her boxes and drawers, have read the letters which she received and those which she wrote." [22] Wachtmeister, who became Blavatsky's "guardian angel, domestically speaking, during the years of the composition of The Secret Doctrine in Germany and Belgium, has printed her account of a number of extraordinary occurrences of the period."[23] In her Reminiscences Wachtmeister writes in detail of the many facts coming under her observation which pointed to extrinsic help in the Blavatsky's work. She wrote: "The Secret Doctrine will be indeed a great and grand work. I have had the privilege of watching its progress, of reading the manuscripts, and witnessing the occult way in which she derived her information."[24]
Wachtmeister wrote, "When a printed copy [of The Secret Doctrine] was put into my hands, I was thankful to feel that all these hours of pain, toil and suffering had not been in vain, and that H.P.B. had been able to accomplish her task and give to the world this grand book, which, she told me, would have to wait quietly until the next century to be fully appreciated, and would only be studied by the few now."[25]
Publications
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Practical_Vegetarian_Cookery.png/220px-Practical_Vegetarian_Cookery.png)
- Wachtmeister, Constance (1976). Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine". Theosophical classics series (2nd ed.). Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Pub. House. ISBN 0835604888. OCLC 2493519.
- Wachtmeister, Constance (1895). H. P. B. and the Present Crisis in the Theosophical Society. London: Women's printing society. OCLC 31245050.
- Wachtmeister, Constance (1895). Theosophy in Every-Day Life. Sidney. OCLC 46265300.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Wachtmeister, Constance (1897). Spiritualism in the Light of Theosophy. San Francisco, Calif: Mercury Print. OCLC 14466635.
- Wachtmeister, Constance (1897). Practical Vegetarian Cookery. Chicago, Ill: Theosophical Book Concern. OCLC 3025026. (in co-authorship)
- Wachtmeister, Constance (2010). Psychic and Astral Development. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1162833996.
Translations
[edit]- Вахтмейстер, Констанция (2011). Воспоминания о Е. П. Блаватской и "Тайной доктрине" [Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine"]. Архивы. Исследования (in Russian). Одесса: Астропринт. ISBN 978-966-190-329-5.
- Wachtmeister, Constance (1979). "La doctrine secréte" et madame Blavatsky [Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine"] (in French). Paris. OCLC 901210898.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Wachtmeister, Constance (1894). H. P. Blavatsky och "Den hemliga läran" [Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine"] (in Swedish). Göteborg. OCLC 465903582.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Wachtmeister, Constance (1905). De theosofie in het dagelijksch leven [Theosophy in every-day life] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Theosofische Uitgeversmaatschappij. OCLC 66294889.
References
[edit]- ^ Idun & 1894-04-06.
- ^ Wachtmeister 1936, p. 5.
- ^ Besant 1893, ch. 14.
- ^ Сенкевич 2012, p. 436.
- ^ a b Tillett 1986, p. 982.
- ^ Axel Raoul Wachtmeister (1865-1947) was a well-known musical composer in his day, an author opera-oratorio Prince Siddhartha, oclc.
- ^ a b Wachtmeister 1936, p. 3.
- ^ Carl Wachtmeister (1823–1871). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon.
- ^ Wachtmeister 1976, ch. 2.
- ^ a b c Wachtmeister 1936, p. 4.
- ^ Heindel 1933, ch. 3.
- ^ 1891 England Census[permanent dead link], showing a household including "Constance Wachtmeister, manager of Publishing Office; Helena Blavatsky, authoress; and others."
- ^ a b Вахтмейстер 2011, От переводчиков.
- ^ Theosophical Siftings
- ^ Cleather 1923, p. 22.
- ^ New York Times & 1894-09-20.
- ^ Axford 1976, p. 330.
- ^ Anonymous. (1897). Practical Vegetarian Cookery. The American Kitchen Magazine 8 (2): 80.
- ^ Snodgrass 2013.
- ^ Hesselink.
- ^ Сенкевич 2012, pp. 436–455.
- ^ Wachtmeister 1976, ch. 4.
- ^ Kuhn 1992, p. 86.
- ^ Kuhn 1992, p. 190.
- ^ Wachtmeister 1976, ch. 10.
Sources
[edit]- Axford, Lavonne B. (1976). English Language Cookbooks, 1600-1973. Gale Research Company.
- Besant, Annie (1893). An Autobiography. London: T. Fisher Unwin. OCLC 220884652.
- Cleather, Alice L. (1923). H.P. Blavatsky as I knew her (PDF). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. OCLC 609043485. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- Heindel, Max (1933). Blavatsky and "The Secret Doctrine". Los Angeles, Calif.: Phoenix Press. OCLC 4014474.
- Hesselink, Katinka. "Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and The Secret Doctrine by Countess Constance Wachtmeister et al". www.katinkahesselink.net. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- Kuhn, Alvin Boyd (1992) [Originally published 1930]. Theosophy: A Modern Revival of Ancient Wisdom (PhD thesis). American religion series: Studies in religion and culture. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56459-175-3. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- Сенкевич, Александр Н. (2012). Елена Блаватская. Между светом и тьмой [Helena Blavatsky. Between Light and Darkness]. Носители тайных знаний (in Russian). Москва: Алгоритм. ISBN 978-5-4438-0237-4. OCLC 852503157.
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2013). "Vegetarianism". World Food: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Social Influence from Hunter-Gatherers to the Age of Globalization. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-8278-9.
- Tillett, Gregory J. (1986). Charles Webster Leadbeater 1854-1934: a biographical study (Ph.D.). Sydney: University of Sydney (published 2007). hdl:2123/1623. OCLC 220306221.
- Wachtmeister, Axel R. (1936). Memories. London: John Watkins. OCLC 58442940.
- "Constance Wachtmeister" (PDF). Idun (in Swedish). 6 April 1894. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- "MME. BLAVATSKY'S COMPANION HERE. The Countess Wachtmeister Will Lecture on Theosophical Questions". The New York Times. New York. 20 September 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Constance, the Countess Wachtmeister, who, next to Annie Besant, is the most famous woman, in the Theosophical Society, is in this city
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)