Jump to content

Theobroma bicolor: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Addbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,838,809 edits
m Bot: Migrating 3 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q893238
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
(38 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|image =
⚫
|image = Jaguar Tree (Theobroma bicolor) 1.jpg
|image_width = 200px
|image_caption =
|image_caption =
⚫
|genus = Theobroma
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|species = bicolor
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = [[Alexander von Humboldt|Humb.]] & [[Aimé Bonpland|Bonpl.]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|status = LC
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|ordo = [[Malvales]]
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Madrinan, S. |date=2020 |title=''Theobroma bicolor'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T122101507A122105090 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T122101507A122105090.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|familia = [[Malvaceae]]
⚫
|synonyms = ''Theobroma ovatifolia'' <small>Moc & [[Martín Sessé y Lacasta|Sessé]] ex DC.</small><br />
⚫
|genus = ''[[Theobroma]]''
⚫
''Cacao bicolor'' <small>(Humb. & Bonpl.) Poir</small><br />
⚫
|species = '''''T. bicolor'''''
⚫
''Tribroma bicolor'' <small>(Humb. & Bonpl.) Cook</small><br />
⚫
|binomial = ''Theobroma bicolor''
|binomial_authority = Humb. & Bonpl.
⚫
|synonyms = ''Theobroma ovatifolia'' <small>Moc & [[Martín Sessé y Lacasta|Sessé]] ex DC.</small><br>
⚫
''Cacao bicolor'' <small>(Humb. & Bonpl.) Poir</small><br>
⚫
''Tribroma bicolor'' <small>(Humb. & Bonpl.) Cook</small><br>
''Theobroma cordata'' <small>Rufz & [[José Antonio Pavón Jiménez|Pavón]]</small>
''Theobroma cordata'' <small>Rufz & [[José Antonio Pavón Jiménez|Pavón]]</small>
}}
}}

'''''Theobroma bicolor''''', known commonly as the '''Mocambo tree''', '''Jaguar tree''', '''Balamte''',<ref>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.5744/florida/9780813029535.003.0004 ''The Jaguar Tree (Theobroma bicolor Bonpl.)''] by Johanna Kufer and Cameron L. Mcneil. Published by the University Press of Florida.</ref> or '''Pataxte''', among various other common names, is a tree in the genus ''[[Theobroma]]'' (family [[Malvaceae]]), which also contains the better-known ''[[Theobroma cacao]]'' (Cocoa tree). It is known from [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], including stretches of the [[Amazon rainforest]] in countries such as [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].
'''''Theobroma bicolor''''', known commonly as the '''mocambo tree''', '''jaguar tree''', '''balamte''',<ref>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.5744/florida/9780813029535.003.0004 ''The Jaguar Tree (Theobroma bicolor Bonpl.)''] by Johanna Kufer and Cameron L. Mcneil. Published by the University Press of Florida.</ref> or '''pataxte''', among various other common names, is a tree in the genus ''[[Theobroma]]'' (family [[Malvaceae]]), which also contains the better-known ''[[Theobroma cacao]]'' (cocoa tree). It is found in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], including stretches of the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
''T. bicolor'' is the only species in the ''Rhytidocarpus'' section of ''Theobroma''.<ref name="Food & Agriculture">Page 289, ''Food and Fruit-Bearing Forest Species, 3: Examples from Latin America/F2911'' Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Forest Resources Development Branch, 1986. ISBN 9251023727/ISBN 9789251023723</ref> It was described by [[Alexander von Humboldt]] and [[Aimé Bonpland]] in 1808.<ref>Page 1578, ''Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)'', by Peter Hanelt, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; and R. Kilian, W. Kilian. [[Springer Publishing|Springer, 2001]]. ISBN 3540410171/ISBN 9783540410171</ref>
''Theobroma bicolor'' is the only species in the ''Rhytidocarpus'' section of ''Theobroma''.<ref name="Food & Agriculture">Page 289, ''Food and Fruit-Bearing Forest Species, 3: Examples from Latin America/F2911'' Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Forest Resources Development Branch, 1986. {{ISBN|9251023727}}/{{ISBN|9789251023723}}</ref> It was described by [[Alexander von Humboldt]] and [[Aimé Bonpland]] in 1808.<ref>Page 1578, ''Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)'', by Peter Hanelt, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; and R. Kilian, W. Kilian. [[Springer Publishing|Springer, 2001]]. {{ISBN|3540410171}}/{{ISBN|9783540410171}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''T. bicolor'' can reach a height of 3–8 metres in open fields, although in the [[understory|understories]] of forests it can grow to 25–30 metres.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/> It is a slow-growing tree and grows best in [[alluvium|loose, unconsolidated]] soils. It is adapted to survive [[flooding]] at a minimal level, but can sometimes last in deeper floods.<ref name="Rainforestconservation">[http://www.rainforestconservation.org/agroforestry-ethnobotany/agroforestry-ethnobotany/theobroma-bicolor-macambo Theobroma bicolor (Macambo)] at www.rainforestconservation.org.</ref> In the central Amazon region, the tree produces fruit from March to November, and flowers from July to September.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/>
''Theobroma bicolor'' can reach a height of 3–8 metres in open fields, although in the [[understory|understories]] of forests it can grow to 25–30 metres.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/> It is a slow-growing tree and grows best in [[alluvium|loose, unconsolidated]] soils. It is adapted to survive [[flooding]] at a minimal level, but can sometimes last in deeper floods.<ref name="Rainforestconservation">[http://www.rainforestconservation.org/agroforestry-ethnobotany/agroforestry-ethnobotany/theobroma-bicolor-macambo Theobroma bicolor (Macambo)] at www.rainforestconservation.org.</ref> In the central Amazon region, the tree produces fruit from March to November, and flowers from July to September.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/>

Similar to its close relative, the cacao tree, the mocambo tree's seeds are edible, high in calories, and rich in protein and fiber. The seeds are also high in [[omega 9]] and contain [[caffeine]].

⚫
==Cultivation and use==
⚫
[[File:Theobroma fruits.jpg|right|thumb|200px|From left to right: The fruits of ''[[Theobroma grandiflorum|T. grandiflorum]]'', ''T. bicolor'', ''[[Theobroma speciosum|T. speciosum]]'', and ''[[Theobroma cacao|T. cacao]]'', photo by Roy Bateman]]
⚫
''Theobroma bicolor'' was historically cultivated by the [[Aztec]]s alongside ''T. cacao'' for production of chocolate, although when chocolate was introduced to the [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], they considered the product of ''T. bicolor'' to be of a lower quality.<ref>[http://www.maya-archaeology.org/Mayan_anthropology_ethnography_archaeology_art_history_iconography_epigraphy_ethnobotany/pataxte_pataste_pataschte_Belize_Mexico_Guatemala_Honduras_sacred_flowers_fruits_religion_cacao_chocolate_Theobroma_bicolor_balamte_jaguar_tree.php Pataxte and cacao in Mayan ethnobotany, iconography, and art history] by Nicholas M. Hellmuth, at www.maya-archaeology.org.</ref> Its seeds can also be eaten fried or in soups, and the seed pods when emptied are used as [[Flowerpot|planters]] and containers.<ref name="Rainforestconservation"/> The pulp which surrounds the seeds can be eaten fresh, and has a sweet, mild taste.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/>

⚫
When the fruit is ripe, it naturally detaches from the tree branches and falls to the ground; the general method of harvesting is collecting the fallen fruit.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/>


Mayas placed a high value on the buttery foam crowning beverages of cacao and maize, according to descriptions from the time of the ''[[Conquista]]'', and it appears that a thick, stable foam can be produced using fruits of ''T. bicolor'' as source of cacao, but not with ''T. cacao'' fruits.<ref name="JSGreen">Judith Strupp Green. 2010. Feasting with Foam: Ceremonial Drinks of Cacao, Maize, and Pataxte Cacao. Pre-Columbian Foodways 2010, pp 315–343.</ref>
⚫
==Cultivation==
⚫
[[File:Theobroma fruits.jpg|right|thumb|200px|From left to right: The seeds of ''[[Theobroma grandiflorum|T. grandiflorum]]'', '''''T. bicolor''''', ''[[Theobroma speciosum|T. speciosum]]'', and ''[[Theobroma cacao|T. cacao]]''. Photo by Roy Bateman]]
⚫
''T. bicolor'' was historically cultivated by the [[Aztec]]s alongside ''T. cacao'' for production of chocolate, although when chocolate was introduced to the [[Spanish people|Spaniards]] they considered the product of ''T. bicolor'' to be of a lower quality.<ref>[http://www.maya-archaeology.org/Mayan_anthropology_ethnography_archaeology_art_history_iconography_epigraphy_ethnobotany/pataxte_pataste_pataschte_Belize_Mexico_Guatemala_Honduras_sacred_flowers_fruits_religion_cacao_chocolate_Theobroma_bicolor_balamte_jaguar_tree.php Pataxte and cacao in Mayan ethnobotany, iconography, and art history] by Nicholas M. Hellmuth, at www.maya-archaeology.org.</ref> Its seeds can also be eaten fried or in soups, and the seed pods when emptied are used as [[Flowerpot|planters]] and containers.<ref name="Rainforestconservation"/> The pulp which surrounds the seeds can be eaten fresh, and has a sweet, mild taste.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/>


==Pests==
⚫
When the fruit is ripe it naturally detaches from the tree branches and falls to the ground; the general method of harvesting is collecting the fallen fruit.<ref name="Food & Agriculture"/>
⚫
''[[Moniliophthora perniciosa]]'', a [[fungus]] which causes "[[witch's broom]] disease" on ''T. cacao'', was reported on a Brazilian specimen of ''T. bicolor'' in 1999.<ref>''Theobroma bicolor host of Crinipellis perniciosa in Southern Bahia.'' Lopes, J. R. M.; Bezerra, J. L.; Luz, E. D. M. N. ''Agrotrópica'', 1999 Vol. 11 No. 2 pp. 97–100. {{ISSN|0103-3816}}</ref>


== Pests ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
''[[Moniliophthora perniciosa]]'', a [[fungus]] which causes "[[Witch's Broom]] Disease" on ''T. cacao'', was reported on a Brazilian specimen of ''T. bicolor'' in 1999.<ref>''Theobroma bicolor host of Crinipellis perniciosa in Southern Bahia.'' Lopes, J. R. M.; Bezerra, J. L.; Luz, E. D. M. N. ''Agrotrópica'', 1999 Vol. 11 No. 2 pp. 97-100. ISSN 0103-3816</ref>


== References ==
==External links==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikispecies}}


{{Chocolate}}
== External links ==
{{Chocolate beverages}}
{{wikispecies}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q893238}}
* [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21557 ''Theobroma bicolor''] at [[ITIS]]
* [http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/TheBic.shtml ''Theobroma bicolor''] at www.rarepalmseeds.com.


[[Category:Chocolate drinks]]
[[Category:Theobroma|bicolor]]
[[Category:Theobroma|bicolor]]
[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
Line 50: Line 54:
[[Category:Trees of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Trees of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Trees of Peru]]
[[Category:Trees of Peru]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aimé Bonpland]]

Revision as of 23:43, 12 March 2024

Theobroma bicolor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Theobroma
Species:
T. bicolor
Binomial name
Theobroma bicolor
Synonyms

Theobroma ovatifolia Moc & Sessé ex DC.
Cacao bicolor (Humb. & Bonpl.) Poir
Tribroma bicolor (Humb. & Bonpl.) Cook
Theobroma cordata Rufz & Pavón

Theobroma bicolor, known commonly as the mocambo tree, jaguar tree, balamte,[2] or pataxte, among various other common names, is a tree in the genus Theobroma (family Malvaceae), which also contains the better-known Theobroma cacao (cocoa tree). It is found in Central and South America, including stretches of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Taxonomy

Theobroma bicolor is the only species in the Rhytidocarpus section of Theobroma.[3] It was described by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland in 1808.[4]

Description

Theobroma bicolor can reach a height of 3–8 metres in open fields, although in the understories of forests it can grow to 25–30 metres.[3] It is a slow-growing tree and grows best in loose, unconsolidated soils. It is adapted to survive flooding at a minimal level, but can sometimes last in deeper floods.[5] In the central Amazon region, the tree produces fruit from March to November, and flowers from July to September.[3]

Similar to its close relative, the cacao tree, the mocambo tree's seeds are edible, high in calories, and rich in protein and fiber. The seeds are also high in omega 9 and contain caffeine.

Cultivation and use

From left to right: The fruits of T. grandiflorum, T. bicolor, T. speciosum, and T. cacao, photo by Roy Bateman

Theobroma bicolor was historically cultivated by the Aztecs alongside T. cacao for production of chocolate, although when chocolate was introduced to the Spaniards, they considered the product of T. bicolor to be of a lower quality.[6] Its seeds can also be eaten fried or in soups, and the seed pods when emptied are used as planters and containers.[5] The pulp which surrounds the seeds can be eaten fresh, and has a sweet, mild taste.[3]

When the fruit is ripe, it naturally detaches from the tree branches and falls to the ground; the general method of harvesting is collecting the fallen fruit.[3]

Mayas placed a high value on the buttery foam crowning beverages of cacao and maize, according to descriptions from the time of the Conquista, and it appears that a thick, stable foam can be produced using fruits of T. bicolor as source of cacao, but not with T. cacao fruits.[7]

Pests

Moniliophthora perniciosa, a fungus which causes "witch's broom disease" on T. cacao, was reported on a Brazilian specimen of T. bicolor in 1999.[8]

References

  1. ^ Madrinan, S. (2020). "Theobroma bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T122101507A122105090. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T122101507A122105090.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ The Jaguar Tree (Theobroma bicolor Bonpl.) by Johanna Kufer and Cameron L. Mcneil. Published by the University Press of Florida.
  3. ^ a b c d e Page 289, Food and Fruit-Bearing Forest Species, 3: Examples from Latin America/F2911 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Forest Resources Development Branch, 1986. ISBN 9251023727/ISBN 9789251023723
  4. ^ Page 1578, Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals), by Peter Hanelt, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; and R. Kilian, W. Kilian. Springer, 2001. ISBN 3540410171/ISBN 9783540410171
  5. ^ a b Theobroma bicolor (Macambo) at www.rainforestconservation.org.
  6. ^ Pataxte and cacao in Mayan ethnobotany, iconography, and art history by Nicholas M. Hellmuth, at www.maya-archaeology.org.
  7. ^ Judith Strupp Green. 2010. Feasting with Foam: Ceremonial Drinks of Cacao, Maize, and Pataxte Cacao. Pre-Columbian Foodways 2010, pp 315–343.
  8. ^ Theobroma bicolor host of Crinipellis perniciosa in Southern Bahia. Lopes, J. R. M.; Bezerra, J. L.; Luz, E. D. M. N. Agrotrópica, 1999 Vol. 11 No. 2 pp. 97–100. ISSN 0103-3816
Wikispecies has information related to Theobroma bicolor.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theobroma_bicolor&oldid=1213423452"