Hwacheon Dam: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Dam in Hwacheon County in South Korea}} |
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{{Infobox dam |
{{Infobox dam |
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| name = Hwacheon Dam |
| name = Hwacheon Dam |
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| name_official = 화천댐 |
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| image = KoreanWar Hwachon Dam.jpg |
| image = KoreanWar Hwachon Dam.jpg |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = |
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| image_caption = Raid on Hwacheon Dam in May 1951 |
| image_caption = Raid on Hwacheon Dam in May 1951 |
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| image_alt = |
| image_alt = |
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| location_map = South Korea |
| location_map = South Korea |
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| location_map_size = |
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| location_map_width = |
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| location_map_caption = |
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| location_map_text = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|38|07|02|N|127|46|44|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |
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| lat_d = 38 |
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| country = South Korea |
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| location = [[Hwacheon County]] |
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| status = |
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| construction_began = 1939 |
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| opening = 1944 |
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| demolished = |
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| cost = |
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| coordinates_type = type:landmark |
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| coordinates_display= inline,title |
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| coordinates_ref = |
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| dam_height_thalweg = |
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| dam_height_foundation= |
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| locale = [[Hwacheon County]] |
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| ⚫ | | dam_length = {{Convert|435|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=hight>{{cite book|last=Kehoekkwansil|first=Kyōngje|title=Korea's continuing development|year=1959|publisher=Ministry of Reconstruction, Republic of Korea|location=Korea (South). Puhŭngbu|pages=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W__sAAAAMAAJ&q=Hwachon+dam+meter}}</ref> |
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| dam_width_crest = |
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| construction_began = 1939 |
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| dam_crosses = |
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| spillway_count = |
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| spillway_type = |
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| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|5428|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} |
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| curve_radius = |
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| res_elevation = |
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| res_max_depth = |
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| res_max_length = |
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| plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|74.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (effective) |
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| res_tidal_range = |
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| plant_commission = May 1944 |
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| inactive_capacity = |
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| ⚫ | | plant_capacity = 108 MW<ref name=plants>{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Plants|url=http://www.khnp.co.kr/en/03020302|publisher=Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co.|access-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112004111/http://www.khnp.co.kr/en/03020302|archive-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> |
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| tidal_range = |
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| plant_owner = |
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| plant_commission = May 1944 |
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{{Infobox Korean name |
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| rr = hwacheon daem |
| rr = hwacheon daem |
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'''Hwacheon Dam''' is a concrete [[gravity dam]] on the North [[Han River (Korea)|Han (Pukhan) River]] in [[Hwacheon County]], [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon-do Province]], South Korea. The dam was completed in 1944 as a primary source of electricity in |
'''Hwacheon Dam''' ({{Korean|hangul=화천댐}}) is a concrete [[gravity dam]] on the North [[Han River (Korea)|Han (Pukhan) River]] in [[Hwacheon County]], [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon-do Province]], South Korea. The dam was completed in 1944 as a primary source of electricity in southern Korea. It was the focal point of a raid during the [[Korean War]] and also provides flood protection from North Korea's [[Imnam Dam]] upstream. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The dam was constructed by the Japanese during their [[ |
The dam was constructed by the Japanese during their [[Korea under Japanese rule#During World War II|occupation of Korea]] in World War II. The Han River Hydroelectric Company began construction in July 1939 and the dam was complete in October 1944. Several months prior in May, the first generator of the power plant was operational, the second that October.<ref name=plants/> The third generator was operational in 1957 and the last of the four generators was installed in 1968.<ref name=plants/><ref name=local>{{cite web|title=Hwacheon Dam |url=http://tour.ihc.go.kr/tour/tour_view.asp?menu=tour&submenu=main¶midx=TL0000039 |publisher=Hawcheon-gun |access-date=5 August 2011 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328131540/http://tour.ihc.go.kr/tour/tour_view.asp?menu=tour&submenu=main¶midx=TL0000039 |archive-date=28 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hwacheon|url=http://blog.daum.net/_blog/BlogTypeView.do?blogid=0SsCc&articleno=148|publisher=Damu|access-date=5 August 2011|language=ko}}</ref> Before the upstream [[Peace Dam]] was completed in 2005, the Hwacheon Dam served as the first line-of-defense for a collapse or excess discharge from the [[Imnam Dam]] in North Korea.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hyŏn|first=In-tʻaek|title=The environmental dimension of Asian security: conflict and cooperation over energy, resources, and pollution|year=2007|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=978-1-929223-73-2|pages=196–197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVciKjS6C44C&pg=PA196|author2=Miranda Alice Schreurs|access-date=5 August 2011}}</ref> |
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===Korean War raid=== |
===Korean War raid=== |
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At midnight 8 April 1951, North |
At midnight 8 April 1951, North Korean and Chinese forces released excess water from the dam's [[spillway]] which disabled five floating bridges of the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]] downstream.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gleick|first=Peter H.|author-link=Peter Gleick|title=The world's water: the biennial report on freshwater resources|year=2000|publisher=Island Press|isbn=1-55963-792-7|url=https://archive.org/details/worldswater200020000glei|url-access=registration|quote=Hwachon dam meter.|access-date=5 August 2011|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldswater200020000glei/page/185 185]}}</ref> The dam was previously assessed as a problem and key facility in the area due to its hydroelectric power and ability to cause floods and droughts downstream areas. Capturing or disabling it became key.<ref name=such/> On 9 April, the [[7th Cavalry Regiment]], already executing [[Operation Courageous#Operations Rugged and Dauntless|Operation Rugged]] in the area, were charged with capturing the dam but were unsuccessful after encountering stiff defense.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daily|first=Edward L.|title="Skirmish" red, white and blue: the history of the 7th U.S. Cavalry, 1945–1953|year=1992|publisher=Turner Publishing Company|isbn=1-56311-088-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOxdB02xqxgC&pg=PA96|pages=96–98}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Boose|first=Donald W. Jr.|title=Over the beach: US Army amphibious operations in the Korean War|year=2008|publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press|location=Fort Leavenworth, Kan.|isbn=978-0-9801236-7-8|pages=271–275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGlEGF2O8z0C&pg=PA271}}</ref> Between 16 and 21 April, Allies had secured the dam but were repelled by Chinese counterattack before being able to destroy the dam's floodgates. After [[B-29]]s failed to neutralize the dam, on 30 April, [[Douglas A-1 Skyraider|Skyraiders]] fired [[Tiny Tim (rocket)|Tiny Tim rockets]] at and dropped a pair of 2,000-pound bombs on the dam, puncturing one spillway gate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Paul M.|title=Korean War almanac|year=2006|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-6037-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816060375/page/191 191]–200|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816060375|url-access=registration|quote=Hwa chon Dam capture.|edition=1.}}</ref> On 1 May, Air Group 19 assaulted the dam with eight [[Douglas A-1 Skyraider|Skyraiders]] that were equipped with [[Mark 13 torpedo|Mk 13]] torpedoes and escorted by twelve [[Vought F4U Corsair|Corsairs]]. Seven of eight torpedoes struck the dam and six exploded. The attack alleviated the dam as a flood threat, destroying one [[sluice gate]] and damaging several others.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hallion|first=Richard P.|title=The naval air war in Korea|year=2011|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa|isbn=978-0-8173-5658-3|pages=120–122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLVnjOU1lf4C&pg=PA121}}</ref> One of the participating U.S. Navy squadrons, [[VFA-195|VA-195]] was renamed from ''Tigers'' to ''Dambusters''.<ref name=such>{{cite book|last=Sears|first=David|title=Such men as these: the story of the Navy pilots who flew the deadly skies over Korea|year=2010|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-306-81851-6|pages=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_mTyQcDju0C&pg=PA160}}</ref> |
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This raid constitutes the last time globally that an [[aerial torpedo]] was used against a surface target,<ref>{{cite book|last=Polmar|first=Norman|title=One hundred years of world military aircraft|year=2004|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=1-59114-686-0|pages=293|url= |
This raid constitutes {{as of|1951|alt=the last time globally}} that an [[aerial torpedo]] was used against a surface target,<ref>{{cite book|last=Polmar|first=Norman|title=One hundred years of world military aircraft|year=2004|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=1-59114-686-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v6d0/page/293 293]|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v6d0|url-access=registration|quote=hwachon dam surface target.|author2=Bell, Dana}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Robert F. Dorr, Warren|title=Korean air war|year=2003|publisher=Motorbooks International|location=St. Paul, MN|isbn=0-7603-1511-6|pages=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvyEpFNGIbcC&pg=PA75}}</ref> and was the only time torpedoes were used in the Korean War.<ref>{{cite web|title=The War Stabilizes, 25 January – 30 June 1951 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/kowar/51-stab/51-stab.htm |publisher=Department of The Navy – Naval Historical Center |access-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127212752/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/kowar/51-stab/51-stab.htm |archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Chester G.|title=Carriers in combat: the air war at sea|year=2007|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=Mechanicsburg, PA|isbn=978-0-8117-3398-4|pages=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sg8ivuKMD5cC&pg=PA239}}</ref> |
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==Design== |
==Design== |
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[[File:Hwacheon Dam NASA WorldWind.png|thumbnail|left|View of the dam (center of the image) from LandSat 7.]] |
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The dam is a {{Convert|78|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|435|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long concrete gravity-type.<ref name=hight/> The dam sits at |
The dam is a {{Convert|78|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|435|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long concrete gravity-type.<ref name=hight/> The dam sits at the head of a {{Convert|3901|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} [[drainage area|catchment area]] and its reservoir has a gross capacity of {{Convert|1018000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}}. Of this capacity, 809 million m<sup>3</sup> can be regulated and 213 million m<sup>3</sup> is used for flood control. The reservoir's surface area is {{Convert|38.9|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The dam's [[spillway]] is controlled by 16 [[sluice gate]]s and has a maximum discharge capacity of {{Convert|5428|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Taesoon|date=2006|title=Multireservoir system optimization in the Han River basin using multi-objective genetic algorithms|journal=Hydrological Processes|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|volume=20|issue=9|pages=2057–2075|doi=10.1002/hyp.6047|author2=Jun-Haeng Heo|author3=Chang-Sam Jeong|bibcode=2006HyPr...20.2057K |s2cid=140613009 }}</ref> The dam's power station is located {{Convert|2.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the dam at {{Coord|38|05|56|N|127|45|44|E|name=Hwacheon Dan Power Station}}, just over a ridge. The power station contains four 27 MW [[turbine]]-generators and has an effective [[hydraulic head]] of {{Convert|74.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=plants/><ref name=local/> |
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{{clear}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{stack|{{Portal|South Korea|Water|Renewable energy}}}} |
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*[[List of power stations in South Korea]] |
*[[List of power stations in South Korea]] |
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*[[Sup'ung Dam]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Dams in South Korea]] |
[[Category:Dams in South Korea]] |
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[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in South Korea]] |
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in South Korea]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gangwon Province |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gangwon Province, South Korea]] |
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[[Category:Gravity dams]] |
[[Category:Gravity dams]] |
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[[Category:Military operations of the Korean War]] |
[[Category:Military operations of the Korean War]] |
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[[Category:Dams completed in 1944]] |
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[[Category:Economy of Korea under Japanese rule]] |
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[[ko:화천댐]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures of Korea under Japanese rule]] |
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[[ja:華川ダム]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:39, 12 March 2024
| Hwacheon Dam | |
|---|---|
 Raid on Hwacheon Dam in May 1951 | |
  Location of Hwacheon Dam in South Korea | |
| Official name | 화천댐 |
| Country | South Korea |
| Location | Hwacheon County |
| Coordinates | 38°07′02″N 127°46′44″E / 38.11722°N 127.77889°E |
| Construction began | 1939 |
| Opening date | 1944 |
| Owner(s) | Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 81.5 m (267 ft) |
| Length | 435 m (1,427 ft)[1] |
| Spillway capacity | 5,428 m3/s (191,688 cu ft/s) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 1,018,000,000 m3 (825,306 acre⋅ft) |
| Catchment area | 3,901 km2 (1,506 sq mi) |
| Surface area | 38.9 km2 (15 sq mi) |
| Power Station | |
| Commission date | May 1944 |
| Hydraulic head | 74.5 m (244 ft) (effective) |
| Turbines | 4 x 27 MW |
| Installed capacity | 108 MW[2] |
| Hwacheon Dam | |
| Hangul | 화천댐 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 華川댐 |
| Revised Romanization | hwacheon daem |
| McCune–Reischauer | hwa-ch'ŏn taem |
Hwacheon Dam (Korean: 화천댐) is a concrete gravity dam on the North Han (Pukhan) River in Hwacheon County, Gangwon-do Province, South Korea. The dam was completed in 1944 as a primary source of electricity in southern Korea. It was the focal point of a raid during the Korean War and also provides flood protection from North Korea's Imnam Dam upstream.
Background
[edit]The dam was constructed by the Japanese during their occupation of Korea in World War II. The Han River Hydroelectric Company began construction in July 1939 and the dam was complete in October 1944. Several months prior in May, the first generator of the power plant was operational, the second that October.[2] The third generator was operational in 1957 and the last of the four generators was installed in 1968.[2][3][4] Before the upstream Peace Dam was completed in 2005, the Hwacheon Dam served as the first line-of-defense for a collapse or excess discharge from the Imnam Dam in North Korea.[5]
Korean War raid
[edit]At midnight 8 April 1951, North Korean and Chinese forces released excess water from the dam's spillway which disabled five floating bridges of the United Nations Command downstream.[6] The dam was previously assessed as a problem and key facility in the area due to its hydroelectric power and ability to cause floods and droughts downstream areas. Capturing or disabling it became key.[7] On 9 April, the 7th Cavalry Regiment, already executing Operation Rugged in the area, were charged with capturing the dam but were unsuccessful after encountering stiff defense.[8][9] Between 16 and 21 April, Allies had secured the dam but were repelled by Chinese counterattack before being able to destroy the dam's floodgates. After B-29s failed to neutralize the dam, on 30 April, Skyraiders fired Tiny Tim rockets at and dropped a pair of 2,000-pound bombs on the dam, puncturing one spillway gate.[10] On 1 May, Air Group 19 assaulted the dam with eight Skyraiders that were equipped with Mk 13 torpedoes and escorted by twelve Corsairs. Seven of eight torpedoes struck the dam and six exploded. The attack alleviated the dam as a flood threat, destroying one sluice gate and damaging several others.[11] One of the participating U.S. Navy squadrons, VA-195 was renamed from Tigers to Dambusters.[7] This raid constitutes the last time globally[update] that an aerial torpedo was used against a surface target,[12][13] and was the only time torpedoes were used in the Korean War.[14][15]
Design
[edit]
The dam is a 78 m (256 ft) tall and 435 m (1,427 ft) long concrete gravity-type.[1] The dam sits at the head of a 3,901 km2 (1,506 sq mi) catchment area and its reservoir has a gross capacity of 1,018,000,000 m3 (825,306 acre⋅ft). Of this capacity, 809 million m3 can be regulated and 213 million m3 is used for flood control. The reservoir's surface area is 38.9 km2 (15 sq mi). The dam's spillway is controlled by 16 sluice gates and has a maximum discharge capacity of 5,428 m3/s (191,688 cu ft/s).[16] The dam's power station is located 2.5 km (2 mi) southwest of the dam at 38°05′56″N 127°45′44″E / 38.09889°N 127.76222°E, just over a ridge. The power station contains four 27 MW turbine-generators and has an effective hydraulic head of 74.5 m (244 ft).[2][3]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kehoekkwansil, Kyōngje (1959). Korea's continuing development. Korea (South). Puhŭngbu: Ministry of Reconstruction, Republic of Korea. p. 122.
- ^ a b c d "Hydroelectric Plants". Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Hwacheon Dam" (in Korean). Hawcheon-gun. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Hwacheon" (in Korean). Damu. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Hyŏn, In-tʻaek; Miranda Alice Schreurs (2007). The environmental dimension of Asian security: conflict and cooperation over energy, resources, and pollution. US Institute of Peace Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-1-929223-73-2. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Gleick, Peter H. (2000). The world's water: the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. p. 185. ISBN 1-55963-792-7. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Hwachon dam meter.
- ^ a b Sears, David (2010). Such men as these: the story of the Navy pilots who flew the deadly skies over Korea. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-306-81851-6.
- ^ Daily, Edward L. (1992). "Skirmish" red, white and blue: the history of the 7th U.S. Cavalry, 1945–1953. Turner Publishing Company. pp. 96–98. ISBN 1-56311-088-1.
- ^ Boose, Donald W. Jr. (2008). Over the beach: US Army amphibious operations in the Korean War. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 271–275. ISBN 978-0-9801236-7-8.
- ^ Edwards, Paul M. (2006). Korean War almanac (1. ed.). New York: Facts on File. pp. 191–200. ISBN 0-8160-6037-1.
Hwa chon Dam capture.
- ^ Hallion, Richard P. (2011). The naval air war in Korea. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-8173-5658-3.
- ^ Polmar, Norman; Bell, Dana (2004). One hundred years of world military aircraft. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 293. ISBN 1-59114-686-0.
hwachon dam surface target.
- ^ Thompson, Robert F. Dorr, Warren (2003). Korean air war. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks International. p. 75. ISBN 0-7603-1511-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The War Stabilizes, 25 January – 30 June 1951". Department of The Navy – Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Carriers in combat: the air war at sea. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-8117-3398-4.
- ^ Kim, Taesoon; Jun-Haeng Heo; Chang-Sam Jeong (2006). "Multireservoir system optimization in the Han River basin using multi-objective genetic algorithms". Hydrological Processes. 20 (9). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 2057–2075. Bibcode:2006HyPr...20.2057K. doi:10.1002/hyp.6047. S2CID 140613009.