Hazzm Movement: Difference between revisions

Hazzm Movement
Hazzm Movement
حركة حزم; Ḥarakat Ḥazzm
	; Official logo of the Hazzm Movement; ; Hazzm Movement flag
Leaders	Abu Abdullah al-Kholi (POW); Salim Idris; Bilal Atar; Abdullah Awda; Hamza Shamali; Murshid al-Khalid; Mohammed al-Dahik; Sayf Balud;
Dates of operation	25 January 2014 – 1 March 2015
Headquarters	Atarib, Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Active regions	Aleppo Governorate; Idlib Governorate; Hama Governorate; Homs Governorate;
Size	400 (February 2015)
Part of	Free Syrian Army; Levant Front (Since 2015); Syrian Revolutionary Command Council;
Allies	United States; Qatar; Syrian Revolutionaries Front; Ahrar al-Sham; Syrian National Coalition
Opponents	Syria; Al-Nusra Front; Jund al-Aqsa
Battles and wars	Syrian Civil War Siege of Northern Homs; Idlib Governorate clashes (2014); Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016); Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict;
	Succeeded by; * Army of Mujahideen (some members) Levant Front (some members); Army of Revolutionaries (some members);

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The Hazzm Movement (Arabic: حركة حزم, Ḥarakat Ḥazzm, meaning Movement of Steadfastness^[15]) was an alliance of Syrian rebel groups affiliated with the Free Syrian Army in northwestern Syria that existed from 25 January 2014^[16] until 1 March 2015, when many of them dissolved into the Levant Front. Some other members joined the Army of Revolutionaries.

History

In late 2013 the former Supreme Military Council chief of staff Salim Idris planned to form the Hazzm Movement in response him being sacked as the chief of staff.^[2] The Hazzm Movement was established on 25 January 2014 when 12 small rebel factions merged. Several of the factions had been part of the Farouq Brigades.^[17] The groups that became the Army of Mujahedeen were originally going to join the Hazzm Movement.^[18] The previous incarnation of the group, called Harakat Zaman Mohamed (The movement of the time of Muhammad), was supported by the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria.^[18]

The group was supplied with BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles^[17] in a covert CIA program launched in 2014. Scores of the group's fighters also received U.S. military training in Qatar under the same program.^[19]

In October 2014, the al-Nusra Front began attacking positions of the Hazzm Movement in the Idlib Governorate, overrunning bases and seizing weapon stores, due to its perceived closeness to the United States.^[19] Following the loss of men and weapons to Nusra, the Idlib branch of Hazzm stopped receiving funds from the CIA in December 2014, funds to the Aleppo branch continued.^[20] In January 2015, al-Nusra attacked Hazzm Movement positions in the Aleppo Governorate. The Hazzm Movement reacted by joining the Levant Front, a large alliance of prominent Aleppo-based Islamist rebel groups; the alliance urged al Nusra to resolve its dispute with the Hazzm Movement by negotiating with the Levant Front.^[21]

On 3 May 2015, some of the former members of the northern branches of the Hazzm Movement, including the Atarib Martyrs Brigade, and the Syrian Revolutionaries Front along with Jabhat al-Akrad, the Dawn of Freedom Brigades main component group the Northern Sun Battalion (making the Dawn of Freedom Brigades defunct in the process) and smaller FSA groups formed the Army of Revolutionaries.^[22]^[23] Many of the northern members of the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and Hazzm Movement also joined the Levant Front.

During the Turkish military intervention in Syria which started in late August 2016, some former members of the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and the Hazzm Movement in exile from Turkey crossed into Syria through Jarabulus.^[24]

In late December 2016, the Hazzm Movement, the SRF, and the Ansar Brigades in exile reportedly declared their intentions to return to Syria.^[25]^[26]

Component groups and structure

The Hazzm Movement had a northern division, led by Murshid al-Khalid (Abu Mutasim), and a southern division led by Mohammed al-Dahik (Abu Hatem). The Secretary-General was Bilal Atar (Abu Abd al-Sham).^[17] Abdullah Awda (Abu Zeid) was in charge of military operations^[15] and Hamza Shamali (Abu Hashem) in charge of political affairs.^[17]

The 12 groups that merged on 25 January 2014 to form the Hazzm Movement were:

Atarib Martyrs Brigade—reportedly the largest faction of the Hazzm Movement before its dissolution, based in Atarib
9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo^[18]
Farouq of the North Battalion
Ayman of God Brigade
Abi Harith Battalion - Farouq Hama
Free Salamiya Battalion - Farouq Hama
Martyr Abdul Ghaffar Hamish Battalion
Martyr Abdullahi Bukar Battalion
Salt of the Right Company
Abu Assad al-Nimr Battalion^[17]

Several other groups joined the Hazzm Movement at a later date.

9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo

The 9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo was a Syrian rebel group formerly affiliated with the Syria Revolutionaries Front^[18] and joined the Hazm Movement in January 2014.^[27] It was headed by Murshid al-Khaled (nom de guerre: Abu Mutasim).^[28]

Furthermore, the group was further composed of several additional subgroups before the merger:^[27]

1st Infantry Brigade
1st Armoured Brigade
60th Infantry Brigade
Rocket Artillery Regiment
Shahba Shield Brigade
Ahbab Allah Brigade

References

^ "Leaders and advocates are demanding the release of the commander of the "movement of packages" from "victory" prisons". Enab Baladi. 21 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b "The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group". The New Arab. 3 March 2015.
^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (1 October 2020). "Factcheck: Was 'Sayf Abu Bakr' an Islamic State Commander?". Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^ "Rebels Worth Supporting: Syria's Harakat Hazm". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ "U.S. Syria strategy falters with collapse of rebel group". Reuters. 5 March 2015.
^ "The new face of the Syrian rebellion". The Arab Chronicle. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ "The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group". 3 March 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor". Reuters. 31 January 2015.
^ Lund, Aron (1 December 2014). "The Revolutionary Command Council: Rebel unity in Syria?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
^ "Syria battle between al Qaeda and Western-backed group spreads". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19.
^ "Syrian army enters Homs neighbourhoods". Al Jazeera English. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ "Reinforcements rush to Aleppo as battles rage". The Daily Star. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "Al-Qaeda attacks Syrian rebels in Aleppo". ARA News. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015.
^ "U.S.-backed Syria rebel group dissolves itself after losses". Reuters Media. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Syrian rebels who received first U.S. missiles of war see shipment as 'an important first step'". Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Lister, Charles (9 April 2014). "Syrian insurgents acquire TOW missiles". Jane's Defence Weekly. 51 (20). Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lister, Charles (9 June 2014). "American anti-tank weapons appear in Syrian rebel hands". Huffington Post (Updated ed.). Retrieved 27 September 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Harakat Hazm: America's new favorite jihadist group". Al Akhbar. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b "U.S.-backed Syria rebels routed by fighters linked to al-Qaeda". Washington Post. 2 November 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ "Rebels in northern Syria say U.S. has stopped paying them". McClatchy Newspapers. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Those cut off include a larger group of Hazm fighters whom Nusra ousted from their bases in the Zawyah mountains in Idlib province in October
^ "Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor". Reuters. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ "#Syria: Seven FSA groups (incl. Jabhat Akrad, Shams Shamal & Homs Revolutionary Union) form "The Revolutionary Army"". Twitter.
^ "#SRO - EXCLUSIVE - Former Hazzm and #SRF forces allied with kurds and some #FSA small units to create Jaysh al-Thuwar (in 4 governorates)". Twitter.
^ "Threatens to exit "Arab factions" him: repercussions Turkish intervention shake Syria's alliance forces of democracy east of the Euphrates". Al-Quds al-Arabi. 3 September 2016.
^ "Four factions that ended the "open-Sham" intend to return to the Syrian arena". Enab Baladi. 16 December 2016.
^ "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
^ ^a ^b "FSA - Ninth Division". Syrian Rebel Obs.
^ "The Syria Revolutionaries' Front". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2014.

External links

Hazzm Movement on Twitter (in Arabic)
Hazzm Movement's YouTube Channel

[1] "Leaders and advocates are demanding the release of the commander of the "movement of packages" from "victory" prisons". Enab Baladi. 21 February 2017.

[rise-2] "The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group". The New Arab. 3 March 2015.

[3] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (1 October 2020). "Factcheck: Was 'Sayf Abu Bakr' an Islamic State Commander?". Retrieved 3 October 2020.

[winep28april-4] "Rebels Worth Supporting: Syria's Harakat Hazm". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.

[5] "U.S. Syria strategy falters with collapse of rebel group". Reuters. 5 March 2015.

[6] "The new face of the Syrian rebellion". The Arab Chronicle. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.

[7] "The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group". 3 March 2015.

[reuters31jan-8] "Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor". Reuters. 31 January 2015.

[9] Lund, Aron (1 December 2014). "The Revolutionary Command Council: Rebel unity in Syria?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 27 September 2015.

[10] "Syria battle between al Qaeda and Western-backed group spreads". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19.

[aje15april-11] "Syrian army enters Homs neighbourhoods". Al Jazeera English. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.

[12] "Reinforcements rush to Aleppo as battles rage". The Daily Star. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

[13] "Al-Qaeda attacks Syrian rebels in Aleppo". ARA News. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015.

[dissolves-14] "U.S.-backed Syria rebel group dissolves itself after losses". Reuters Media. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

[wapo28april-15] "Syrian rebels who received first U.S. missiles of war see shipment as 'an important first step'". Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.

[IHS-16] Lister, Charles (9 April 2014). "Syrian insurgents acquire TOW missiles". Jane's Defence Weekly. 51 (20). Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.

[hp11april-17] Lister, Charles (9 June 2014). "American anti-tank weapons appear in Syrian rebel hands". Huffington Post (Updated ed.). Retrieved 27 September 2015.

[aa25may-18] "Harakat Hazm: America's new favorite jihadist group". Al Akhbar. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

[hazzmwapo-19] "U.S.-backed Syria rebels routed by fighters linked to al-Qaeda". Washington Post. 2 November 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2015.

[20] "Rebels in northern Syria say U.S. has stopped paying them". McClatchy Newspapers. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Those cut off include a larger group of Hazm fighters whom Nusra ousted from their bases in the Zawyah mountains in Idlib province in October

[21] "Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor". Reuters. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.

[22] "#Syria: Seven FSA groups (incl. Jabhat Akrad, Shams Shamal & Homs Revolutionary Union) form "The Revolutionary Army"". Twitter.

[23] "#SRO - EXCLUSIVE - Former Hazzm and #SRF forces allied with kurds and some #FSA small units to create Jaysh al-Thuwar (in 4 governorates)". Twitter.

[24] "Threatens to exit "Arab factions" him: repercussions Turkish intervention shake Syria's alliance forces of democracy east of the Euphrates". Al-Quds al-Arabi. 3 September 2016.

[25] "Four factions that ended the "open-Sham" intend to return to the Syrian arena". Enab Baladi. 16 December 2016.

[26] "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-12-26.

[sro-27] "FSA - Ninth Division". Syrian Rebel Obs.

[aleppodivision-28] "The Syria Revolutionaries' Front". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Alliance of Syrian rebel groups}}
 {{infobox war faction
 |name=Hazzm Movement
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 |caption=
 |active=25 January 2014 – 1 March 2015
-|leaders= *[[Salim Idris]]<ref name=rise>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2015/3/3/the-rise-and-fall-of-syrias-hazzm-rebel-group|title=The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group|work=The New Arab|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
+|leaders= *Abu Abdullah al-Kholi{{POW}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/132653|title=Leaders and advocates are demanding the release of the commander of the "movement of packages" from "victory" prisons|work=[[Enab Baladi]]|date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
+*[[Salim Idris]]<ref name=rise>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2015/3/3/the-rise-and-fall-of-syrias-hazzm-rebel-group|title=The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group|work=The New Arab|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
 *Bilal Atar
 *Abdullah Awda
@@ Line 13: / Line 15: @@
 *Murshid al-Khalid
 *Mohammed al-Dahik
+*[[Sayf Balud]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/10/factcheck-was-sayf-abu-bakr-an-islamic-state |title=Factcheck: Was 'Sayf Abu Bakr' an Islamic State Commander? |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=1 October 2020 |accessdate=3 October 2020 |author-link=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi }}</ref>
 |ideology=
 |religion=
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 *[[Hama Governorate]]
 *[[Homs Governorate]]<ref name=winep28april>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rebels-worth-supporting-syrias-harakat-hazm|title=Rebels Worth Supporting: Syria's Harakat Hazm|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=28 April 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>
-|strength=400<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/05/us-mideast-crisis-syria-hazzm-idUSKBN0M10GV20150305|title=U.S. Syria strategy falters with collapse of rebel group |publisher=Reuters|date=5 March 2015}}</ref> <small>(February 2015)</small>
+|size=400<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-hazzm-idUSKBN0M10GV20150305|title=U.S. Syria strategy falters with collapse of rebel group |publisher=Reuters|date=5 March 2015}}</ref> <small>(February 2015)</small>
-|partof= *[[Free Syrian Army]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/#|title=The new face of the Syrian rebellion|publisher=The Arab Chronicle|date=5 March 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104506/http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/#|archivedate=26 March 2014}}</ref><br>[[Levant Front]]<ref name=reuters31jan>{{Cite news|title=Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/01/31/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKBN0L408E20150131|date=31 January 2015|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
+|partof= *[[Free Syrian Army]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/#|title=The new face of the Syrian rebellion|publisher=The Arab Chronicle|date=5 March 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104506/http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/|archive-date=26 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+*[[Levant Front]] (Since 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2015/3/3/the-rise-and-fall-of-syrias-hazzm-rebel-group|title=The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group|date=3 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=reuters31jan>{{Cite news|title=Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKBN0L408E20150131|date=31 January 2015|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
 *[[Syrian Revolutionary Command Council]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=57350 |title=The Revolutionary Command Council: Rebel unity in Syria? |first=Aron |last=Lund |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>
+|predecessor=
-|previous=
+|successor= *{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} [[Army of Mujahideen]] (some members)
-|next= *[[Levant Front]] (some members)<ref name=dissolves>{{Cite news|title=U.S.-backed Syria rebel group dissolves itself after losses |url= http://www.jamestownsun.com/news/nation-and-world/3690163-us-backed-syria-rebel-group-dissolves-itself-after-losses |date=1 March 2015|accessdate=1 March 2015 |publisher=Reuters Media}}</ref><br>
+*{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} [[Levant Front]] (some members)<ref name=dissolves>{{Cite news |title=U.S.-backed Syria rebel group dissolves itself after losses |url=http://www.jamestownsun.com/news/nation-and-world/3690163-us-backed-syria-rebel-group-dissolves-itself-after-losses |date=1 March 2015 |accessdate=1 March 2015 |publisher=Reuters Media |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165425/https://www.jamestownsun.com/news/nation-and-world/3690163-us-backed-syria-rebel-group-dissolves-itself-after-losses |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-*[[Army of Revolutionaries]] (some members)
+*{{flagicon image|Flag of Jaysh al-Thuwar.svg}} [[Army of Revolutionaries]] (some members)
-|allies=
+|allies= {{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|Qatar}}<br>{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} [[Syrian Revolutionaries Front]]<br>{{flagicon image|}} [[Ahrar al-Sham]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Syria battle between al Qaeda and Western-backed group spreads |website=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919222907/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syria-battle-between-al-qaeda-and-western-backed-group-spreads-idUSKBN0L311Z20150130 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |url-status=live |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syria-battle-between-al-qaeda-and-western-backed-group-spreads-idUSKBN0L311Z20150130}}</ref><br>{{flagicon image|SyrianNationalCoalitionOfficialLogo.svg}} [[Syrian National Coalition]]
-|opponents= *[[Syrian Armed Forces]]
+|opponents= {{flag|Syria}}<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}} [[Al-Nusra Front]]<ref name=reuters31jan/><br>
-*[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iswsyria.blogspot.com/2015/01/syria-update-january-6-12-2015.html?utm_source=Syria+Update%3A+January+6-12%2C+2015&utm_campaign=ISW+New+Iraq+update&utm_medium=email|title=Syria Update: January 6-12, 2015 |publisher=Institute for the Study of War|date=13 January 2015}}</ref>
+{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jund al-Aqsa.svg}} [[Jund al-Aqsa]]
-*[[Al-Nusra Front]]<ref name=reuters31jan/>
 |battles=[[Syrian Civil War]]
+*[[Siege of Northern Homs]]
 * [[Idlib Governorate clashes (2014)]]<ref name=aje15april>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/04/syria-army-enters-homs-neighbourhoods-2014415171150902911.html|title=Syrian army enters Homs neighbourhoods|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=15 April 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>
-* [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–present)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jul-09/263183-reinforcements-rush-to-aleppo-as-battles-rage.ashx#axzz36N8qKwvx|title=Reinforcements rush to Aleppo as battles rage|publisher=The Daily Star|accessdate=9 July 2014|date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
+* [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jul-09/263183-reinforcements-rush-to-aleppo-as-battles-rage.ashx#axzz36N8qKwvx|title=Reinforcements rush to Aleppo as battles rage|journal=The Daily Star|accessdate=9 July 2014|date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
-* [[Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Al-Qaeda attacks Syrian rebels in Aleppo|url=http://aranews.net/2015/01/al-qaeda-attacks-syrian-rebels-aleppo/|date=31 January 2015|publisher=ARA News}}</ref>
+* [[Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Al-Qaeda attacks Syrian rebels in Aleppo|url=http://aranews.net/2015/01/al-qaeda-attacks-syrian-rebels-aleppo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209094304/http://aranews.net/2015/01/al-qaeda-attacks-syrian-rebels-aleppo/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 9, 2015|date=31 January 2015|publisher=ARA News}}</ref>
 }}
-The '''Hazzm Movement''' ({{lang-ar|حركة حزم}}, ''Ḥarakat Ḥazzm'', meaning ''Movement of Steadfastness''<ref name=wapo28april>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-who-received-first-us-missiles-of-war-see-shipment-as-an-important-first-step/2014/04/27/61ec84d8-0f53-4c9f-bf0a-c3395819c540_story.html |title=Syrian rebels who received first U.S. missiles of war see shipment as ‘an important first step’ |publisher=Washington Post|date=28 April 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>) was an alliance of [[Syrian rebel]] groups affiliated with the [[Free Syrian Army]] in northwestern Syria that existed from 25 January 2014<ref name=IHS>{{cite journal |last=Lister |first=Charles |title=Syrian insurgents acquire TOW missiles |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |volume=51 |issue=20 |date=9 April 2014 |url= http://www.janes.com/article/36499/syrian-insurgents-acquire-tow-missiles |accessdate=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412003818/http://www.janes.com/article/36499/syrian-insurgents-acquire-tow-missiles |archive-date=12 April 2014 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> until 1 March 2015, when many of them dissolved into the [[Levant Front]]. Some other members joined the [[Army of Revolutionaries]].
+The '''Hazzm Movement''' ({{lang-ar|حركة حزم}}, ''Ḥarakat Ḥazzm'', meaning ''Movement of Steadfastness''<ref name=wapo28april>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-who-received-first-us-missiles-of-war-see-shipment-as-an-important-first-step/2014/04/27/61ec84d8-0f53-4c9f-bf0a-c3395819c540_story.html |title=Syrian rebels who received first U.S. missiles of war see shipment as 'an important first step' |newspaper=Washington Post|date=28 April 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref>) was an alliance of [[Syrian rebel]] groups affiliated with the [[Free Syrian Army]] in northwestern Syria that existed from 25 January 2014<ref name=IHS>{{cite journal |last=Lister |first=Charles |title=Syrian insurgents acquire TOW missiles |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |volume=51 |issue=20 |date=9 April 2014 |url= http://www.janes.com/article/36499/syrian-insurgents-acquire-tow-missiles |accessdate=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412003818/http://www.janes.com/article/36499/syrian-insurgents-acquire-tow-missiles |archive-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> until 1 March 2015, when many of them dissolved into the [[Levant Front]]. Some other members joined the [[Army of Revolutionaries]].
 ==History==
 {{see also|al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict}}
 [[File:Hazzm Movement convoy in Mare'.jpg|250px|left|thumb|A convoy of Hazzm Movement fighters in the town of [[Mare']] on 18 August 2014.]]
-In late 2013 the former [[Supreme Military Council (Syria)|Supreme Military Council]] chief of staff [[Salim Idris]] planned to form the Hazzm Movement in response him being sacked as the chief of staff.<ref name=rise/> The Hazzm Movement was established on 25 January 2014 when 12 small rebel factions merged. Several of the factions had been part of the [[Farouq Brigades]].<ref name=hp11april/> The groups that became the [[Army of Mujahedeen]] were originally going to join the Hazzm Movement.<ref name=aa25may>{{cite web|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19874|title=Harakat Hazm: America’s new favorite jihadist group|publisher=Al Akhbar|date=25 May 2014|accessdate=14 September 2014}}</ref> The previous incarnation of the group, called Harakat Zaman Mohamed (''The movement of the time of [[Muhammad]]''), was supported by the [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]].<ref name=aa25may/>
+In late 2013 the former [[Supreme Military Council (Syria)|Supreme Military Council]] chief of staff [[Salim Idris]] planned to form the Hazzm Movement in response him being sacked as the chief of staff.<ref name=rise/> The Hazzm Movement was established on 25 January 2014 when 12 small rebel factions merged. Several of the factions had been part of the [[Farouq Brigades]].<ref name=hp11april/> The groups that became the [[Army of Mujahedeen]] were originally going to join the Hazzm Movement.<ref name=aa25may>{{cite web|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19874|title=Harakat Hazm: America's new favorite jihadist group|publisher=Al Akhbar|date=25 May 2014|accessdate=14 September 2014}}</ref> The previous incarnation of the group, called Harakat Zaman Mohamed (''The movement of the time of [[Muhammad]]''), was supported by the [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]].<ref name=aa25may/>
 The group was supplied with [[BGM-71 TOW]] anti-tank missiles<ref name=hp11april>{{cite web |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-lister/american-anti-tank-weapon_b_5119255.html |title=American anti-tank weapons appear in Syrian rebel hands |first=Charles |last=Lister |work=Huffington Post |date=9 June 2014 |edition=Updated |accessdate=27 September 2015}}</ref> in a covert [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] program launched in 2014. Scores of the group's fighters also received U.S. military training in [[Qatar]] under the same program.<ref name=hazzmwapo/>
-In October 2014, the [[al-Nusra Front]] began attacking positions of the Hazzm Movement in the [[Idlib Governorate]], overrunning bases and seizing weapon stores, due to its perceived closeness to the United States.<ref name=hazzmwapo>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-backed-syria-rebels-routed-by-fighters-linked-to-al-qaeda/2014/11/02/7a8b1351-8fb7-4f7e-a477-66ec0a0aaf34_story.html|title=U.S.-backed Syria rebels routed by fighters linked to al-Qaeda|date=2 November 2014|accessdate=9 February 2015|agency=Washington Post |last= |first=}}</ref> Following the loss of men and weapons to Nusra, the Idlib branch of Hazzm stopped receiving funds from the CIA in December 2014, funds to the [[Aleppo]] branch continued.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/12/09/249556_rebels-in-northern-syria-say-us.html?rh=1 |title=Rebels in northern Syria say U.S. has stopped paying them|date=9 December 2014 |accessdate=9 February 2015 |agency=McClatchy Newspapers|last=|first=|quote=Those cut off include a larger group of Hazm fighters whom Nusra ousted from their bases in the Zawyah mountains in Idlib province in October}}</ref> In January 2015, al-Nusra attacked Hazzm Movement positions in the [[Aleppo Governorate]]. The Hazzm Movement reacted by joining the [[Levant Front]], a large alliance of prominent Aleppo-based [[Islamist]] rebel groups; the alliance urged al Nusra to resolve its dispute with the Hazzm Movement by negotiating with the Levant Front.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/01/31/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKBN0L408E20150131 |title=Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor |date=31 January 2015 |accessdate=9 February 2015 |agency=Reuters|last=|first=}}</ref>
+In October 2014, the [[al-Nusra Front]] began attacking positions of the Hazzm Movement in the [[Idlib Governorate]], overrunning bases and seizing weapon stores, due to its perceived closeness to the United States.<ref name=hazzmwapo>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-backed-syria-rebels-routed-by-fighters-linked-to-al-qaeda/2014/11/02/7a8b1351-8fb7-4f7e-a477-66ec0a0aaf34_story.html|title=U.S.-backed Syria rebels routed by fighters linked to al-Qaeda|date=2 November 2014|accessdate=9 February 2015|agency=Washington Post }}</ref> Following the loss of men and weapons to Nusra, the Idlib branch of Hazzm stopped receiving funds from the CIA in December 2014, funds to the [[Aleppo]] branch continued.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/12/09/249556_rebels-in-northern-syria-say-us.html?rh=1|title=Rebels in northern Syria say U.S. has stopped paying them|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=9 February 2015|agency=McClatchy Newspapers|quote=Those cut off include a larger group of Hazm fighters whom Nusra ousted from their bases in the Zawyah mountains in Idlib province in October|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209070350/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/12/09/249556_rebels-in-northern-syria-say-us.html?rh=1|archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> In January 2015, al-Nusra attacked Hazzm Movement positions in the [[Aleppo Governorate]]. The Hazzm Movement reacted by joining the [[Levant Front]], a large alliance of prominent Aleppo-based [[Islamist]] rebel groups; the alliance urged al Nusra to resolve its dispute with the Hazzm Movement by negotiating with the Levant Front.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKBN0L408E20150131 |title=Western-backed rebels join Aleppo alliance - Syria monitor |date=31 January 2015 |accessdate=9 February 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref>
-On 3 May 2015, some of the former members of the northern branches of the Hazzm Movement, (including ''Atarib Martyrs Brigade'') and the [[Syria Revolutionaries Front]] along with [[Jabhat al-Akrad]], the [[Dawn of Freedom Brigades]] main component group the [[Northern Sun Battalion]] (making the [[Dawn of Freedom Brigades]] defunct in the process) and smaller FSA groups formed the [[Army of Revolutionaries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/archicivilians/status/594842226057814016|title=#Syria: Seven FSA groups (incl. Jabhat Akrad, Shams Shamal & Homs Revolutionary Union) form "The Revolutionary Army". |work=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Syria_Rebel_Obs/status/594833226851610624|title=#SRO - EXCLUSIVE - Former Hazzm and #SRF forces allied with kurds and some #FSA small units to create Jaysh al-Thuwar (in 4 governorates).|work=Twitter}}</ref> Many of the northern members of the [[Syrian Revolutionaries Front]] and Hazzm Movement also joined the [[Levant Front]].
+On 3 May 2015, some of the former members of the northern branches of the Hazzm Movement, including the Atarib Martyrs Brigade, and the [[Syrian Revolutionaries Front]] along with [[Jabhat al-Akrad]], the [[Dawn of Freedom Brigades]] main component group the [[Northern Sun Battalion]] (making the [[Dawn of Freedom Brigades]] defunct in the process) and smaller FSA groups formed the [[Army of Revolutionaries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/archicivilians/status/594842226057814016|title=#Syria: Seven FSA groups (incl. Jabhat Akrad, Shams Shamal & Homs Revolutionary Union) form "The Revolutionary Army". |work=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Syria_Rebel_Obs/status/594833226851610624|title=#SRO - EXCLUSIVE - Former Hazzm and #SRF forces allied with kurds and some #FSA small units to create Jaysh al-Thuwar (in 4 governorates).|work=Twitter}}</ref> Many of the northern members of the [[Syrian Revolutionaries Front]] and Hazzm Movement also joined the [[Levant Front]].
-During the [[Turkish military intervention in Syria]] which started in late August 2016, some former members of the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and the Hazzm Movement in exile from Turkey crossed into Syria through [[Jarabulus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.co.uk/?p=592205|title=Threatens to exit "Arab factions" him: repercussions Turkish intervention shake Syria's alliance forces of democracy east of the Euphrates|work=Al-Quds al-Arabi|date=3 September 2016}}</ref>
+During the [[Turkish military intervention in Syria (August 2016 – March 2017)|Turkish military intervention in Syria]] which started in late August 2016, some former members of the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and the Hazzm Movement in exile from Turkey crossed into Syria through [[Jarabulus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.co.uk/?p=592205|title=Threatens to exit "Arab factions" him: repercussions Turkish intervention shake Syria's alliance forces of democracy east of the Euphrates|work=Al-Quds al-Arabi|date=3 September 2016}}</ref>
 In late December 2016, the Hazzm Movement, the SRF, and the Ansar Brigades in exile reportedly declared their intentions to return to Syria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/119683|title=Four factions that ended the "open-Sham" intend to return to the Syrian arena|work=Enab Baladi|date=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/Syria_Rebel_Obs/status/813135865090371590|title=Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter|newspaper=Twitter|access-date=2016-12-26}}</ref>
@@ Line 72: / Line 77: @@
 ===9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo===
-The 9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo was a Syrian rebel group formerly affiliated with the [[Syria Revolutionaries Front]]<ref name=aa25may>{{cite web|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/19874|title=Harakat Hazm: America’s new favorite jihadist group|publisher=Al Akhbar|date=25 May 2014|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> and joined the Hazm Movement in January 2014.<ref name=sro>{{cite web|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ctt0EIUW8AA9jNf.jpg:large|title=FSA - Ninth Division|work=Syrian Rebel Obs}}</ref> It was headed by Murshid al-Khaled (''[[nom de guerre]]'': Abu Mutasim).<ref name="aleppodivision">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=53910|date=13 December 2013|accessdate=4 December 2014|title=The Syria Revolutionaries’ Front|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>
+The 9th Special Forces Division of Aleppo was a Syrian rebel group formerly affiliated with the [[Syria Revolutionaries Front]]<ref name=aa25may/> and joined the Hazm Movement in January 2014.<ref name=sro>{{cite web|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ctt0EIUW8AA9jNf.jpg:large|title=FSA - Ninth Division|work=Syrian Rebel Obs}}</ref> It was headed by Murshid al-Khaled (''[[nom de guerre]]'': Abu Mutasim).<ref name="aleppodivision">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=53910|date=13 December 2013|accessdate=4 December 2014|title=The Syria Revolutionaries' Front|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>
 Furthermore, the group was further composed of several additional subgroups before the merger:<ref name=sro/>
+* 1st Infantry Brigade
-* 1st Infantry Brigade — At one point it was part of the [[5th Corps (Syria)|5th Corps]] and received [[BGM-71 TOW]] missiles from the US-backed “[[Friends of Syria]]” alliance.<ref name="1stbrigade">{{cite web|url=http://notgeorgesabra.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups/|title=The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups|work=Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style|date=21 October 2014|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref>
 * 1st Armoured Brigade
 * 60th Infantry Brigade
@@ Line 83: / Line 88: @@
 ==See also==
+*[[Timber Sycamore]]
 *[[Syrian Train and Equip Program]]
 *[[List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War]]
@@ Line 90: / Line 96: @@
 ==External links==
-*{{Twitter}} {{Ar icon}}
+*{{Twitter}} {{in lang|ar}}
 * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkW-mUVUAkBx6CptDA183UQ Hazzm Movement's YouTube Channel]
 {{2011 Syrian uprising}}
-[[Category:Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War]]
+[[Category:Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war]]