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{{Short description|Ancient Roman festival of Apollo}} |
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{{For|the fly genus|Actia (fly)}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Actia''' ({{lang-grc|Ἄκτια}}) was a festival of [[Apollo]] Actius, celebrated at [[Nicopolis]] in [[Epirus]], with [[wrestling]], musical contests, [[horse racing]], and sea battles. It was reestablished by [[Augustus]], in commemoration of his [[Battle of Actium|victory]] over [[Mark Antony]] off [[Actium]] in 31 BC;<ref>{{Citation |last=Lee |first=Hugh M. |title=Greek Sports in Rome |date=2013-11-08 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118609965.ch36 |work=A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity |page=536 |editor-last=Christesen |editor-first=Paul |place=Oxford |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118609965.ch36 |isbn=978-1-118-60996-5 |access-date=2022-10-18 |editor2-last=Kyle |editor2-first=Donald G.}}</ref> that it was probably the revival of an ancient festival is suggested by the celebrated temple of Apollo at Actium, which is mentioned by [[Thucydides]],<ref>''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'', i.29</ref> and [[Strabo]],<ref>''[[Geographica (Strabo)|The Geography]]'', vii p325</ref> and which was enlarged by Augustus. The games instituted by Augustus were celebrated every five years (''{{lang|grc|πενταετηρίς}}'', ''[[ludi]] quinquennales''); they received the title of a sacred ''[[agon]]'' and were also called [[Ancient Olympics in various places|Olympia]],<ref>Strabo, ''The Geography'' l.c.; [[Dio Cassius]], ''Roman History'', li.1; [[Suetonius]], ''[[Lives of the Twelve Caesars]]'', "Life of Augustus", 18; [[Philipp August Böckh|Böckh]], ''Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum'', No. 1720, p. 845; J.H. Krause, ''Olympia'', p. 221.</ref> and ranked next after the four great games of Greece.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities-Actia">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dactia-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Actia]</ref> |
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Actia were also celebrated at the same time at Rome by the orders of the senate and were also celebrated in other parts of the Roman empire.<ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities-Actia"/> |
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This ancient stadium was located in the so-called 'Proasteion' (sacred grove) of the Graeco-Roman city of Nikopolis. Together with the nearby gymnasion, theatre and hippodrome it was the location of the famous Actian Games. These games, which featured athletic, equestrian and musical events, were first held in 27 B.C. to celebrate the victory of the first Roman emperor Augustus over his adversaries, Marc Antony and his Egyptian wife Cleopatra. They were held every four years up to the mid-third century A.D. |
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[[File:Remains of the stadium at Nikopolis.JPG|thumb|Remains of the stadium at Nikopolis]]This ancient stadium was located in the so-called 'Proasteion' ([[sacred grove]]) of the Graeco-Roman city of Nikopolis. Together with the nearby gymnasium, theatre and hippodrome it was the location of the famous Actian Games.<ref>{{Citation |page=103 |last=Pleket |first=H. W. |title=Inscriptions as Evidence for Greek Sport |date=2013-11-08 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118609965.ch6 |work=A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity |editor-last=Christesen |editor-first=Paul |place=Oxford |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118609965.ch6 |isbn=978-1-118-60996-5 |access-date=2022-10-18 |editor2-last=Kyle |editor2-first=Donald G.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowersock |first=G. W. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781474467964-025/html |title=The Cities of the Greek World under Augustus |page=476 |date=2022-03-02 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-6796-4 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781474467964-025}}</ref> These games, which featured athletic, equestrian and musical events,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mouratidis |first=Georgios E. |date=2021-11-30 |title=Athletes, Citizenships and Hellenic Identity during the Imperial Period |journal=Klio |language=en |volume=103 |issue=2 |page=676 |doi=10.1515/klio-2021-0008 |issn=2192-7669|doi-access=free |hdl=10023/26402 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> were first held in 27 BCE to celebrate the victory of the first Roman emperor Augustus over his adversaries, Marc Antony and his Egyptian wife [[Cleopatra]]. They were held every four years up to the mid-3rd century CE. Dating from just after the city's foundation, the ancient stadium of Nikopolis has two semicircular ends (''sphendones''), typical of the amphitheatre type that was in use during the first 200 years of the principate. The stadiums of ancient [[Laodicea Combusta|Laodikeia]] (near Pamukkale, Turkey) and [[Aphrodisias]] (Geyre, Turkey) have a similar architecture. |
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| ⚫ | The north side of the stadium, which must have held a capacity of at least 10,000 spectators, was built on the side of a hill, while artificial deposits were used for the other sides. The walls were made of a rubble core faced with several courses of bricks. On the west side of the stadium were three apsidal entrances leading to the gymnasium, the central one larger than the others. The entrances in the ''sphendone'' at the east led to the theatre nearby. On the ''sphendone'' at the south side there were residential rooms and facilities for athletes and spectators (inns, shops, lodgings etc.) |
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Dating from just after the city's foundation, the ancient stadium of Nikopolis has two semicircular ends (sphendones), typical of the amphitheatre type that was in use during the first two centuries of the principate. The stadiums of ancient Laodikeia (near Pamukkale, Turkey) and Aphrodisias (Geyre, Turkey) have a similar architecture. |
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| ⚫ | The north side of the stadium, which must have held a capacity of at least 10,000 spectators, was built on the side of a hill, while artificial deposits were used for the other sides. The walls were made of a rubble core faced with several courses of bricks. On the west side of the stadium were three apsidal entrances leading to the |
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* {{Cite DGRA|title=Actia|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dactia-cn}} |
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*{{GRA}} |
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[[Category:Ancient Roman festivals]] |
[[Category:Ancient Roman festivals]] |
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[[Category:Roman Epirus]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Greek athletic festivals]] |
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[[fr:Actia]] |
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[[Category:Festivals of Apollo]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Roman leisure]] |
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Revision as of 21:33, 24 February 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Actia (Ancient Greek: Ἄκτια) was a festival of Apollo Actius, celebrated at Nicopolis in Epirus, with wrestling, musical contests, horse racing, and sea battles. It was reestablished by Augustus, in commemoration of his victory over Mark Antony off Actium in 31 BC;[1] that it was probably the revival of an ancient festival is suggested by the celebrated temple of Apollo at Actium, which is mentioned by Thucydides,[2] and Strabo,[3] and which was enlarged by Augustus. The games instituted by Augustus were celebrated every five years (πενταετηρίς, ludi quinquennales); they received the title of a sacred agon and were also called Olympia,[4] and ranked next after the four great games of Greece.[5]
Actia were also celebrated at the same time at Rome by the orders of the senate and were also celebrated in other parts of the Roman empire.[5]
Stadium of Nikopolis
This ancient stadium was located in the so-called 'Proasteion' (sacred grove) of the Graeco-Roman city of Nikopolis. Together with the nearby gymnasium, theatre and hippodrome it was the location of the famous Actian Games.[6][7] These games, which featured athletic, equestrian and musical events,[8] were first held in 27 BCE to celebrate the victory of the first Roman emperor Augustus over his adversaries, Marc Antony and his Egyptian wife Cleopatra. They were held every four years up to the mid-3rd century CE. Dating from just after the city's foundation, the ancient stadium of Nikopolis has two semicircular ends (sphendones), typical of the amphitheatre type that was in use during the first 200 years of the principate. The stadiums of ancient Laodikeia (near Pamukkale, Turkey) and Aphrodisias (Geyre, Turkey) have a similar architecture.
The north side of the stadium, which must have held a capacity of at least 10,000 spectators, was built on the side of a hill, while artificial deposits were used for the other sides. The walls were made of a rubble core faced with several courses of bricks. On the west side of the stadium were three apsidal entrances leading to the gymnasium, the central one larger than the others. The entrances in the sphendone at the east led to the theatre nearby. On the sphendone at the south side there were residential rooms and facilities for athletes and spectators (inns, shops, lodgings etc.)
Locals call this stadium to karavi, meaning 'the ship', which of course relates to the structure's shape. Archaeological investigations are still regularly undertaken in and around the stadium today.
Notes
- ^ Lee, Hugh M. (2013-11-08), Christesen, Paul; Kyle, Donald G. (eds.), "Greek Sports in Rome", A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p. 536, doi:10.1002/9781118609965.ch36, ISBN 978-1-118-60996-5, retrieved 2022-10-18
- ^ History of the Peloponnesian War, i.29
- ^ The Geography, vii p325
- ^ Strabo, The Geography l.c.; Dio Cassius, Roman History, li.1; Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, "Life of Augustus", 18; Böckh, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, No. 1720, p. 845; J.H. Krause, Olympia, p. 221.
- ^ a b A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Actia
- ^ Pleket, H. W. (2013-11-08), Christesen, Paul; Kyle, Donald G. (eds.), "Inscriptions as Evidence for Greek Sport", A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p. 103, doi:10.1002/9781118609965.ch6, ISBN 978-1-118-60996-5, retrieved 2022-10-18
- ^ Bowersock, G. W. (2022-03-02). The Cities of the Greek World under Augustus. Edinburgh University Press. p. 476. doi:10.1515/9781474467964-025. ISBN 978-1-4744-6796-4.
- ^ Mouratidis, Georgios E. (2021-11-30). "Athletes, Citizenships and Hellenic Identity during the Imperial Period". Klio. 103 (2): 676. doi:10.1515/klio-2021-0008. hdl:10023/26402. ISSN 2192-7669.
References
Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Actia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray.
