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{{Short description|German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer (1523–1593)}}
'''Valentin Naboth''' (also spelled ''Valentine Naibod'' or ''Nabod'') (13 February 1523{{#tag:ref|Giovanni di Strassoldo writes in a letter to [[Giovanni Antonio Magini]] the following: '' << Valentinus Nabodus Exphardiensis matheseos professor doctissimus in Accademia Coloniensi, natus anno 1523, 13 Februarij, Hor. 18, min. 32. Mercurium habuit iunctum Lunae in Aquario domo 12<sup>ma</sup> >> le hore s'intendono P.M. ''<ref>{{cite book |last1= Favaro |first1= Antonio |author-link= w:it:Antonio Favaro |title= Carteggio inedito di Ticone Brahe: Giovanni Keplero e di altri celebri astronomi e matematici dei secoli XVI. e XVII. con Giovanni Antonio Magini, tratto dall'Archivio Malvezzi de' Medici in Bologna |url= https://archive.org/details/carteggioinedito00favauoft |date= 1886 |publisher= Nicola Zanichelli |location= Bologna |language= it |oclc= 559767244 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/carteggioinedito00favauoft/page/314 314]–315 }}</ref> According to [http://wiki.astro.com/astrowiki/de/Valentin_Naibod Astrowiki] ''Hor. 18, min. 32. P.M.'' should be counted from noon February 13, meaning that Naboth was actually born 6:32 A.M. February 14, [[Valentine's Day]].|group=notes}} – 3 March 1593), known by the [[latin]]ized name '''Valentinus Nabodus''', was a [[Germany|German]] [[mathematics|mathematician]], [[astronomy|astronomer]] and [[astrology|astrologer]].
'''Valentin Naboth''' (also spelled ''Valentine Naibod'' or ''Nabod'') (13 February 1523{{#tag:ref|Giovanni di Strassoldo writes in a letter to [[Giovanni Antonio Magini]] the following: '' << Valentinus Nabodus Exphardiensis matheseos professor doctissimus in Accademia Coloniensi, natus anno 1523, 13 Februarij, Hor. 18, min. 32. Mercurium habuit iunctum Lunae in Aquario domo 12<sup>ma</sup> >> le hore s'intendono P.M. ''<ref>{{cite book |last1= Favaro |first1= Antonio |author-link=:it:Antonio Favaro |title= Carteggio inedito di Ticone Brahe: Giovanni Keplero e di altri celebri astronomi e matematici dei secoli XVI. e XVII. con Giovanni Antonio Magini, tratto dall'Archivio Malvezzi de' Medici in Bologna |url= https://archive.org/details/carteggioinedito00favauoft |date= 1886 |publisher= Nicola Zanichelli |location= Bologna |language= it |oclc= 559767244 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/carteggioinedito00favauoft/page/314 314]–315 }}</ref> According to [http://wiki.astro.com/astrowiki/de/Valentin_Naibod Astrowiki] ''Hor. 18, min. 32. P.M.'' should be counted from noon February 13, meaning that Naboth was actually born 6:32 A.M. February 14, [[Valentine's Day]].|group=notes}} – 3 March 1593), known by the [[latin]]ized name '''Valentinus Nabodus''', was a German [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]] and [[astrology|astrologer]].


[[File:Symbolvm Valentini Naibodae.JPG|right|thumb|220px|<center>Symbolum <br> Valentini Naibodae <br> ''Sceptrum Jovis Fulmineum'' <br> Cum Inscriptione: <br> NEC PROCUL A JOVE<ref name="Tomasini">{{cite book |last= Tomasini |first= Giacomo Filippo |author-link= w:it:Giacomo Filippo Tomasini |title= Illustrium virorum elogia |publisher= Padua: Pasquardus |year= 1630 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/iacobiphilippito00toma/page/181 181] | oclc= 181667693 | url= https://archive.org/details/iacobiphilippito00toma }}</ref></center>]]
[[File:Symbolvm Valentini Naibodae.JPG|right|thumb|220px|{{center|Symbolum <br /> Valentini Naibodae <br /> ''Sceptrum Jovis Fulmineum'' <br /> Cum Inscriptione: <br /> NEC PROCUL A JOVE<ref name="Tomasini">{{cite book |last= Tomasini |first= Giacomo Filippo |author-link=:it:Giacomo Filippo Tomasini |title= Illustrium virorum elogia |publisher= Padua: Pasquardus |year= 1630 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/iacobiphilippito00toma/page/181 181] | oclc= 181667693 | url= https://archive.org/details/iacobiphilippito00toma }}</ref>}}]]


== Life and academic career ==
== Life and academic career ==
Valentin Naboth was born in [[Calau]] ([[Niederlausitz]]){{#tag:ref|The student [[Matriculation|Matrikel]] of Wittenberg<ref name="Matrikel Wittenberg">{{cite book |last= Brieger |first= Theodore |title= Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte |publisher= Gotha: F.A. Perthes |date= 1879 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftfurk07briegoog/page/n323 304] | oclc= 949350 | url= https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftfurk07briegoog }}</ref> has the following entry: ''Valentinus Neboth Kalensis. Gratis inscripsi. Anfang 1544'', while the Matrikel of Erfurt<ref name="Matrikel Erfurt">{{cite book |last= Hendel |first= Otto |title= Acten der Universität |publisher= Universität Erfurt |date= 1884 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kUcBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380 |page=380}}</ref> has: ''Valentinus Naboth Callensis''.'' 'Calensis' ''stands for'' 'from Calau'.'' Furthermore, in the introduction to his book ''[http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1018/bsb10186785/images/index.html?l=en&digID=bsb10186785&pimage=00007&v=100&nav=0 De calculatoria numerorumque natura Sectiones quatuor (1556)]'' Naboth identifies himself as ''Valentinus Nabodus Lusitanus'', i.e.'' 'from [[Lusatia]]'.''|group=notes}} to a formerly Jewish family. He was the younger brother of the [[Lutheran]] [[theology|theologian]] and [[author]] [[Alexius Naboth]].<ref>{{BBKL|n/naboth_a|band=29|autor=Heinz Schmitt|artikel=Naboth (Nabod, Nabut, Nobotensis), Alexius|spalten=965-973}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Cremer |first= Hermann |author-link= Hermann Cremer |title= Greifswalder Studien |publisher= Gütersloh: Bertelsmann |date= 1895 | pages= 27 | oclc= 40242148 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bZQAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA27 }}</ref> In 1544, Valentin [[Matriculation|matriculated]]<ref name="Matrikel Wittenberg"/> at the [[University of Wittenberg]]. At that time [[Philipp Melanchthon]], [[Erasmus Reinhold]], [[Johannes Bugenhagen]], [[Paul Eber]], and [[Georg Major]] taught there. In 1550 he transferred to the [[University of Erfurt]].<ref name="Matrikel Erfurt"/>
Valentin Naboth was born in [[Calau]] ([[Niederlausitz]]){{#tag:ref|The student [[Matriculation|Matrikel]] of Wittenberg<ref name="Matrikel Wittenberg">{{cite book |last= Brieger |first= Theodore |title= Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte |publisher= Gotha: F.A. Perthes |date= 1879 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftfurk07briegoog/page/n323 304] | oclc= 949350 | url= https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftfurk07briegoog }}</ref> has the following entry: ''Valentinus Neboth Kalensis. Gratis inscripsi. Anfang 1544'', while the Matrikel of Erfurt<ref name="Matrikel Erfurt">{{cite book |last= Hendel |first= Otto |title= Acten der Universität |publisher= Universität Erfurt |date= 1884 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kUcBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380 |page=380}}</ref> has: ''Valentinus Naboth Callensis''.'' 'Calensis' ''stands for'' 'from Calau'.'' Furthermore, in the introduction to his book ''[http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1018/bsb10186785/images/index.html?l=en&digID=bsb10186785&pimage=00007&v=100&nav=0 De calculatoria numerorumque natura Sectiones quatuor (1556)]'' Naboth identifies himself as ''Valentinus Nabodus Lusitanus'', i.e.'' 'from [[Lusatia]]'.''|group=notes}} to a formerly Jewish family. He was the younger brother of the [[Lutheran]] [[theology|theologian]] and [[author]] [[Alexius Naboth]].<ref>{{BBKL|n/naboth_a|band=29|autor=Heinz Schmitt|artikel=Naboth (Nabod, Nabut, Nobotensis), Alexius|spalten=965-973}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Cremer |first= Hermann |author-link= Hermann Cremer |title= Greifswalder Studien |publisher= Gütersloh: Bertelsmann |date= 1895 | pages= 27 | oclc= 40242148 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bZQAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA27 }}</ref> In 1544, Valentin [[Matriculation|matriculated]]<ref name="Matrikel Wittenberg"/> at the [[University of Wittenberg]]. At that time [[Philipp Melanchthon]], [[Erasmus Reinhold]], [[Johannes Bugenhagen]], [[Paul Eber]], and [[Georg Major]] taught there. In 1550 he transferred to the [[University of Erfurt]].<ref name="Matrikel Erfurt"/>


Valentin Naboth already held the Baccalaureat when he came from Wittenberg to Erfurt, and certainly had outstanding mathematical abilities. The Faculty council risked turning the courses in Mathematics over to this gifted but troubled Renaissance spirit even though he had not yet completed a [[Magister Artium|Magister degree]]. That decision was made at the meeting of 16 August 1551, and from then on Naboth taught Mathematics and the beginning astronomy course, the [[De sphaera mundi|Sphaera materialis]]. He also taught in the summer semester and winter semester of 1552. There was a plague epidemic, and the courses were shortened; [[Liborius Mangold]] taught only rhetoric and Naboth only the Sphaera. The conscientious Liborius Mangold from [[Warburg]], who was Dean, did not seem to get along with the much favored mathematician Naboth, and when the latter even borrowed money from the University for the Magister's examination, Liborius wrote to the Dean's book, that this was "never before seen or heard of" ''(quod prius nunquam nec visum nec auditum fuit)''. Valentin Naboth passed the examination. But right after he had received his Magister’s degree, he wrote an impertinent letter to the Faculty. Shortly afterwards Liborius Mangold gave up after twelve years as rector of [http://www.erfurt-web.de/Georgenburse_Erfurt St. Georgsburse] and as professor of physics and rhetoric, and accepted an administrative position in his native town of Warburg, and Naboth left as well. Naboth went to the University of Cologne and matriculated there with the ambition to teach mathematics at this major University – which he did.
Valentin Naboth already held the Baccalaureat when he came from Wittenberg to Erfurt, and certainly had outstanding mathematical abilities. The Faculty council risked turning the courses in Mathematics over to this gifted but troubled Renaissance spirit even though he had not yet completed a [[Magister Artium|Magister degree]]. That decision was made at the meeting of 16 August 1551, and from then on Naboth taught Mathematics and the beginning astronomy course, the [[De sphaera mundi|Sphaera materialis]]. He also taught in the summer semester and winter semester of 1552. There was a plague epidemic, and the courses were shortened; [[Liborius Mangold]] taught only rhetoric and Naboth only the Sphaera. The conscientious Liborius Mangold from [[Warburg]], who was Dean, did not seem to get along with the much favored mathematician Naboth, and when the latter even borrowed money from the University for the Magister's examination, Liborius wrote to the Dean's book, that this was "never before seen or heard of" ''(quod prius nunquam nec visum nec auditum fuit)''. Valentin Naboth passed the examination. But right after he had received his Magister's degree, he wrote an impertinent letter to the Faculty. Shortly afterwards Liborius Mangold gave up after twelve years as rector of [http://www.erfurt-web.de/Georgenburse_Erfurt St. Georgsburse] and as professor of physics and rhetoric, and accepted an administrative position in his native town of Warburg, and Naboth left as well. Naboth went to the University of Cologne and matriculated there with the ambition to teach mathematics at this major University – which he did.


From 1555 Naboth taught mathematics at the [[University of Cologne]], first privately, and from 1557 to 1564 as the holder of a "City" Professorship of mathematics.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Meuthen |first1= Erich |title= Kölner Universitätsgeschichte: Die alte Universität |series= Volume 1 of Kölner Universitätsgeschichte |date= 1988 |location= Böhlau |language= de |isbn= 3-412-06287-1 |oclc= 180392627 |pages= 286–287 }}</ref><ref name="Thorndike">{{cite book |last= Thorndike |first= Lynn |author-link= Lynn Thorndike |title= A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Volumes V and VI, the Sixteenth Century |publisher= Columbia University Press |date= 1943 | isbn= 0-231-08795-0 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgKm55wQMGUC&pg=PA119 |pages= 119 |chapter=Chapter XXXIII Astrology after 1550 }}</ref> He succeeded [[Justus Velsius]], who in 1556, on account of teachings deemed heretical by the Church, was obliged to leave Cologne. [[Netherlands|Dutch]] mathematician [[Rudolph Snellius]] was one of his students in [[Cologne]].<ref name="Tomasini"/> In 1556 he published the first book of [[Euclid]] (1556), and then his own mathematical commentary on the [[Arabia|Arab]] astrologer [[Alchabitius]] (1560), in which he opposed magic and superstition. In his mathematical work he followed [[Regiomontanus]]; but later he preferred [[Ptolemy]] – in agreement with [[Cardanus]]. He prepared an edition of Ptolemy’s ''Quadripartitum'', but that was never published. In his commentary, he thanked the City that they had supported him in the early years, when mathematics was the only discipline not yet integrated into the general University curriculum. If this remark is true, then the official Professorship of Mathematics had in fact only just been established. However, in 1563 [[Gymnasium Laurentianum at Cologne|Laurentianer]] Petrus Linner requested that Naboth’s lecture be moved to another time, since he himself taught mathematics at his [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] at the very same time. Furthermore, he argued that Naboth lacked a Magister degree from Cologne. And indeed, the Dean decided that henceforth no one could teach a course in the Schola Artium while a lecture was taking place in one of three Gymnasiums. In March 1564 Naboth resigned from his position at the University of Cologne.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ennen |first= Leonard |author-link= Leonhard Ennen |title= Neuere Geschichte der Stadt Köln |publisher= L. Schwann, Köln |date= 1875 | url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vZEKAAAAIAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vZEKAAAAIAAJ/page/n721 709]}}</ref> He visited [[Paris]], where he met [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] [[Šimon Proxenus ze Sudetu]] (1532–1575),<ref>{{cite book |last= Proxenus ze Sudetu |first= Šimon |editor-first= Dana |editor-last= Martínková |title= Commentarii de itinere Francogallico |series= Bibliotheca scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum, ser. nova, t. 5 |date= 1979 |publisher= Akadémiai Kiadó |location= Budapest |language= la |isbn= 963-05-1843-0 |oclc= 7736635 }}</ref> who introduced him to [[Petrus Ramus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Secret |first= François |title= Postel revisité: nouvelles recherches sur Guillaume Postel et son milieu |date= 1998 |publisher= S.É.H.A.|location= Paris |language= fr |isbn= 88-7252-187-4 |oclc= 123291208 }}</ref> Afterwards Naboth traveled to [[Italy]], eventually settling in [[Padua]], the center of the mathematical studies of that time, where he taught astronomy. Among his students there was a nephew of Prince [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] of [[Transylvania]]. He had always been an eccentric, and became even more so.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JbxPQAACAAJ|title=Universitas Studii Erffordensis: Die Zeit der Reformation und Gegenreformation 1521–1632 ''Erfurter theologische Studien Volume 3 of Universitas Studii Erffordensis: Überblick über die Geschichte der Universität Erfurt''|last=Kleineidam|first=Erich|date=1980|publisher=Leipzig: St. Benno-Verlag|pages=74|oclc=260388|author-link=w:de:Erich Kleineidam}}</ref>
From 1555 Naboth taught mathematics at the [[University of Cologne]], first privately, and from 1557 to 1564 as the holder of a "City" Professorship of mathematics.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Meuthen |first1= Erich |title= Kölner Universitätsgeschichte: Die alte Universität |series= Volume 1 of Kölner Universitätsgeschichte |date= 1988 |location= Böhlau |language= de |isbn= 3-412-06287-1 |oclc= 180392627 |pages= 286–287 }}</ref><ref name="Thorndike">{{cite book |last= Thorndike |first= Lynn |author-link= Lynn Thorndike |title= A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Volumes V and VI, the Sixteenth Century |publisher= Columbia University Press |date= 1943 | isbn= 0-231-08795-0 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgKm55wQMGUC&pg=PA119 |pages= 119 |chapter=Chapter XXXIII Astrology after 1550 }}</ref> He succeeded [[Justus Velsius]], who in 1556, on account of teachings deemed heretical by the Church, was obliged to leave Cologne. [[Netherlands|Dutch]] mathematician [[Rudolph Snellius]] was one of his students in [[Cologne]].<ref name="Tomasini"/> In 1556 he published the first book of [[Euclid]] (1556), and then his own mathematical commentary on the [[Arabia|Arab]] astrologer [[Alchabitius]] (1560), in which he opposed magic and superstition. In his mathematical work he followed [[Regiomontanus]]; but later he preferred [[Ptolemy]] – in agreement with [[Cardanus]]. He prepared an edition of Ptolemy's ''Quadripartitum'', but that was never published. In his commentary, he thanked the City that they had supported him in the early years, when mathematics was the only discipline not yet integrated into the general University curriculum. If this remark is true, then the official Professorship of Mathematics had in fact only just been established. However, in 1563 [[Gymnasium Laurentianum at Cologne|Laurentianer]] Petrus Linner requested that Naboth's lecture be moved to another time, since he himself taught mathematics at his [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] at the very same time. Furthermore, he argued that Naboth lacked a Magister degree from Cologne. And indeed, the Dean decided that henceforth no one could teach a course in the Schola Artium while a lecture was taking place in one of three Gymnasiums. In March 1564 Naboth resigned from his position at the University of Cologne.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ennen |first= Leonard |author-link= Leonhard Ennen |title= Neuere Geschichte der Stadt Köln |publisher= L. Schwann, Köln |date= 1875 | url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vZEKAAAAIAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vZEKAAAAIAAJ/page/n721 709]}}</ref> He visited [[Paris]], where he met [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] [[Šimon Proxenus ze Sudetu]] (1532–1575),<ref>{{cite book |last= Proxenus ze Sudetu |first= Šimon |editor-first= Dana |editor-last= Martínková |title= Commentarii de itinere Francogallico |series= Bibliotheca scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum, ser. nova, t. 5 |date= 1979 |publisher= Akadémiai Kiadó |location= Budapest |language= la |isbn= 963-05-1843-0 |oclc= 7736635 }}</ref> who introduced him to [[Petrus Ramus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Secret |first= François |title= Postel revisité: nouvelles recherches sur Guillaume Postel et son milieu |date= 1998 |publisher= S.É.H.A.|location= Paris |language= fr |isbn= 88-7252-187-4 |oclc= 123291208 }}</ref> Afterwards Naboth traveled to [[Italy]], eventually settling in [[Padua]], the center of the mathematical studies of that time, where he taught astronomy. Among his students there was a nephew of Prince [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] of [[Transylvania]]. He had always been an eccentric, and became even more so.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JbxPQAACAAJ|title=Universitas Studii Erffordensis: Die Zeit der Reformation und Gegenreformation 1521–1632 ''Erfurter theologische Studien Volume 3 of Universitas Studii Erffordensis: Überblick über die Geschichte der Universität Erfurt''|last=Kleineidam|first=Erich|date=1980|publisher=Leipzig: St. Benno-Verlag|pages=74|oclc=260388|author-link=:de:Erich Kleineidam}}</ref>


== Work ==
== Work ==
Naboth was the author of a general textbook on astrology ''Enarratio elementorum astrologiae''. Renowned for calculating the mean annual motion of the Sun, his writings are chiefly devoted to commenting upon Ptolemy and the Arabian astrologers.<ref name="Thorndike"/> Naboth teaches the calculation of the movement of the planets according to the [[Prutenic Tables]] of Erasmus Reinhold. He advocated a measure of time, by which [http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1004/bsb10049207/images/index.html?digID=bsb10049207&pimage=00226&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en {{nowrap|0° 59' {{frac|8|1|3}}"}} (the mean daily motion of the Sun in longitude) is equated to 1 year of life] in calculating [http://www.babylonianastrology.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=1 primary directions]. This was a refinement of [[Ptolemy]]’s value of exactly 1 degree per year. This book was banned by the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite book |last= Poggendorff |first= Johann Christian | author-link= Johann Christian Poggendorff |title= Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Exacten Wissenschaften |publisher= J.A. Barth, Leipzig |date= 1863 | url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXcJAAAAIAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXcJAAAAIAAJ/page/n134 250]}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Naboth's ''Enarratio elementorum astrologiae'' was actually [[Spanish Inquisition#Censorship|censored]] by the [[Spanish Inquisition]], and appears on a list of prohibited books.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Inquisició |first1= Imprenta de Música |title= Novissimus librorum prohibitorum et expurgandorum index pro Catholicis Hispaniarum Regnis |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DLoa3ABSoyQC&pg=PA302 |date= 1707 |publisher= ex typographia Musicae |language= la |oclc= 433443951 |pages= 302 }}</ref> The [http://fondosdigitales.us.es/fondos/libros/1280/ online copy of the book] at the [[University of Seville]] appears to have been [[expurgated]] following the specific instructions of the Inquisitors.|group=notes}}
Naboth was the author of a general textbook on astrology ''Enarratio elementorum astrologiae''. Renowned for calculating the mean annual motion of the Sun, his writings are chiefly devoted to commenting upon Ptolemy and the Arabian astrologers.<ref name="Thorndike"/> Naboth teaches the calculation of the movement of the planets according to the [[Prutenic Tables]] of Erasmus Reinhold. He advocated a measure of time, by which [http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1004/bsb10049207/images/index.html?digID=bsb10049207&pimage=00226&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en {{nowrap|0° 59' {{frac|8|1|3}}"}} (the mean daily motion of the Sun in longitude) is equated to 1 year of life] in calculating [http://www.babylonianastrology.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=1 primary directions]. This was a refinement of [[Ptolemy]]'s value of exactly 1 degree per year. This book was censored by the spanish inquisition.<ref>{{cite book |last= Poggendorff |first= Johann Christian | author-link= Johann Christian Poggendorff |title= Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Exacten Wissenschaften |publisher= J.A. Barth, Leipzig |date= 1863 | url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXcJAAAAIAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXcJAAAAIAAJ/page/n134 250]}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Naboth's ''Enarratio elementorum astrologiae'' was actually [[Spanish Inquisition#Censorship|censored]] by the [[Spanish Inquisition]], and appears on a list of prohibited books.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Inquisició |first1= Imprenta de Música |title= Novissimus librorum prohibitorum et expurgandorum index pro Catholicis Hispaniarum Regnis |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DLoa3ABSoyQC&pg=PA302 |date= 1707 |publisher= ex typographia Musicae |language= la |oclc= 433443951 |pages= 302 }}</ref> The [http://fondosdigitales.us.es/fondos/libros/1280/ online copy of the book] at the [[University of Seville]] appears to have been [[expurgated]] following the specific instructions of the Inquisitors.|group=notes}}


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| align="center" colspan="3" | Naboth's representation of the conventional view of the solar system (left), [[Martianus Capella]]'s geo-heliocentric astronomical model (center) and [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]' heliocentric model.
| align="center" colspan="3" | Naboth's representation of the conventional view of the solar system (left), [[Martianus Capella]]'s geo-heliocentric astronomical model (center) and [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]' heliocentric model.
|}
|}
In 1573 Naboth published an astronomy textbook for [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] students ''Primarum de coelo et terra'', which was dedicated to Stephen Báthory. There can be no doubt that Naboth was working from [[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]] when he wrote this textbook, since in this book he provides schematics of the conventional model of the solar system, Martianus Capella's geo-heliocentric model, as well as Copernicus' heliocentric model.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westman |first= Robert S. |author-link= Patronage_in_Astronomy#Robert_Westman |title= The Copernican achievement |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sLb6k-62vbQC&pg=PA322 |date= 1975 |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-02877-7 |oclc= 164221945 |page= 322 }}</ref> [[Tycho Brahe]] owned an early copy of this book, and since this book contains the first schematic representation of Capella's geo-heliocentric model it is likely that this book provided the inspiration for Tycho's [[Tychonic system|geo-heliocentric]] model. [[Paul Wittich|Wittich]] may also have been influenced by Naboth's book in adopting the Capellan system to explain the motion of the inferior planets,<ref>Goulding, Robert (1995). "[[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Henry Savile]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/751509 and the Tychonic World-System]". ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'' (The Warburg Institute) '''58''': 152–179. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4390 0075-4390].</ref> and [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] may have used this book as well. In this book Naboth introduced the expression ''world system'' (''systema mundi, mundanum systema, systema universitatis'', and also ''systema coeleste, systema caelorum'' and ''systema aethereum''),<ref>{{cite journal |last= Lerner |first= Michel-Pierre |date= 2005 |title= The origin and meaning of "world system" |journal= Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume= 36 |issue= 125 |pages= 407–441 |doi= 10.1177/002182860503600403 |issn= 0021-8286 |bibcode= 2005JHA....36..407L |s2cid= 126404163 }}</ref> a concept that was later adopted by Tycho, Kepler, and by [[Galileo Galilei|Galilei]] as well.
In 1573 Naboth published an astronomy textbook for [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] students ''Primarum de coelo et terra'', which was dedicated to Stephen Báthory. There can be no doubt that Naboth was working from [[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]] when he wrote this textbook, since in this book he provides schematics of the conventional model of the solar system, Martianus Capella's geo-heliocentric model, as well as Copernicus' heliocentric model.<ref>{{cite book |last= Westman |first= Robert S. |author-link= Patronage in Astronomy#Robert Westman |title= The Copernican achievement |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sLb6k-62vbQC&pg=PA322 |date= 1975 |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-02877-7 |oclc= 164221945 |page= 322 }}</ref> [[Tycho Brahe]] owned an early copy of this book, and since this book contains the first schematic representation of Capella's geo-heliocentric model it is likely that this book provided the inspiration for Tycho's [[Tychonic system|geo-heliocentric]] model. [[Paul Wittich|Wittich]] may also have been influenced by Naboth's book in adopting the Capellan system to explain the motion of the inferior planets,<ref>Goulding, Robert (1995). "[[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Henry Savile]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/751509 and the Tychonic World-System]". ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'' (The Warburg Institute) '''58''': 152–179. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4390 0075-4390].</ref> and [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] may have used this book as well. In this book Naboth introduced the expression ''world system'' (''systema mundi, mundanum systema, systema universitatis'', and also ''systema coeleste, systema caelorum'' and ''systema aethereum''),<ref>{{cite journal |last= Lerner |first= Michel-Pierre |date= 2005 |title= The origin and meaning of "world system" |journal= Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume= 36 |issue= 125 |pages= 407–441 |doi= 10.1177/002182860503600403 |issn= 0021-8286 |bibcode= 2005JHA....36..407L |s2cid= 126404163 }}</ref> a concept that was later adopted by Tycho, Kepler, and by [[Galileo Galilei|Galilei]] as well.
[[File:Horoscope Valentine Naibod according to Kenelm Digby, 1640.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The [[natal chart]] of Valentine Naibod according to [[Kenelm Digby]] (1640).<ref>{{cite book |last= Longueville |first= Thomas |title= The life of Sir Kenelm Digby |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P2jSAAAAMAAJ |page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P2jSAAAAMAAJ/page/n286 246] |date= 1896 |publisher= Longmans, Green, and co. |location= London |oclc= 1013186 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Horoscope Valentine Naibod according to Kenelm Digby, 1640.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The [[natal chart]] of Valentine Naibod according to [[Kenelm Digby]] (1640).<ref>{{cite book |last= Longueville |first= Thomas |title= The life of Sir Kenelm Digby |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P2jSAAAAMAAJ |page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P2jSAAAAMAAJ/page/n286 246] |date= 1896 |publisher= Longmans, Green, and co. |location= London |oclc= 1013186 }}</ref>]]


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Naboth came to a bad end. [[Tommaso Campanella]], in a work published in [[Lyon]]s in 1629,<ref>{{cite book |last= Campanella |first= Tommaso | author-link= Tommaso Campanella |title= Astrologicorum libri VI |publisher= Lyons: Iacobi, Andreae & Matthaei Prost |date= 1629 | oclc= 2623749 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XWVcwQGjiGMC&pg=PA283 }} Liber Septimus, page 23</ref> tells the story that Naboth was living in Padua, Italy, when he deduced from his own horoscope that he was about to enter a period of personal danger, so he stockpiled an adequate supply of food and drink, closed his blinds, and locked his doors and windows, intending to stay in hiding until the period of danger had passed. Unfortunately, some robbers, seeing the house closed and the blinds drawn, decided that the resident was absent. They therefore broke into what they thought was an empty house, and, finding Naboth there, murdered him to conceal their identities. Thus he did not escape the fate predicted by his own astrological calculations: "''Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt''".
Naboth came to a bad end. [[Tommaso Campanella]], in a work published in [[Lyon]]s in 1629,<ref>{{cite book |last= Campanella |first= Tommaso | author-link= Tommaso Campanella |title= Astrologicorum libri VI |publisher= Lyons: Iacobi, Andreae & Matthaei Prost |date= 1629 | oclc= 2623749 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XWVcwQGjiGMC&pg=PA283 }} Liber Septimus, page 23</ref> tells the story that Naboth was living in Padua, Italy, when he deduced from his own horoscope that he was about to enter a period of personal danger, so he stockpiled an adequate supply of food and drink, closed his blinds, and locked his doors and windows, intending to stay in hiding until the period of danger had passed. Unfortunately, some robbers, seeing the house closed and the blinds drawn, decided that the resident was absent. They therefore broke into what they thought was an empty house, and, finding Naboth there, murdered him to conceal their identities. Thus he did not escape the fate predicted by his own astrological calculations: "''Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt''".


Abraham Sandeck recorded in the Acts of the German Artistennation 1593 the following event: "On the third of March, there happened a tragic incident involving Valentin Naboth of Silesia, sixty years old, a famous mathematician: he was found dead in his study, some ways away from frequently travelled areas, wounded by five wounds: one in the breast under the left nipple, another on his left side, the third in the right abdomen, the fourth under his navel, and the fifth in the left hand."{{#tag:ref|{{lang|la|III martii accidit casus pertristis Valentini Nabothi Silesii senis sexagenarii, mathematici insignis: inventus is est mortuus in musaeo suo, ab hominum consuetudine et frequentia nonnihil remoto, V vulneribus confixus; uno in pectore sub mammella sinistra, altero in latere sinistr, 3 in hypochondrio dextro, 4 sub umbilico, 5 in mano sinistra.}}<ref>{{cite document | first = Claudia | last = Zonta | title= Schlesier an italienischen Universitäten der Frühen Neuzeit 1526–1740 | publisher = Historisches Institut der Universität Stuttgart | date = 2000 | url= http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961627476&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=961627476.pdf | access-date= 2008-08-09 |page=267}}</ref>|group=notes}}
Abraham Sandeck recorded in the Acts of the German Artistennation 1593 the following event: "On the third of March, there happened a tragic incident involving Valentin Naboth of Silesia, sixty years old, a famous mathematician: he was found dead in his study, some ways away from frequently travelled areas, wounded by five wounds: one in the breast under the left nipple, another on his left side, the third in the right abdomen, the fourth under his navel, and the fifth in the left hand."{{#tag:ref|{{lang|la|III martii accidit casus pertristis Valentini Nabothi Silesii senis sexagenarii, mathematici insignis: inventus is est mortuus in musaeo suo, ab hominum consuetudine et frequentia nonnihil remoto, V vulneribus confixus; uno in pectore sub mammella sinistra, altero in latere sinistr, 3 in hypochondrio dextro, 4 sub umbilico, 5 in mano sinistra.}}<ref>{{cite thesis | degree = PhD | first = Claudia | last = Zonta | title = Schlesier an italienischen Universitäten der Frühen Neuzeit 1526–1740 | publisher = Historisches Institut der Universität Stuttgart | date = 2000 | url = http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961627476&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=961627476.pdf | access-date = 2008-08-09 | page = 267 | archive-date = 2011-05-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522081305/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961627476&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=961627476.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>|group=notes}}


== Selected works ==
== Selected works ==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Tomasini |first= Giacomo Filippo |author-link= w:it:Giacomo Filippo Tomasini |title= Gymnasium Patavinum Jacobi Philippi Tomasini Libris V comprehensum |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nFEVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA432 |year= 1654 |publisher= Nicolai Schiratti |location= Utini |language= la |oclc= 601343447 |page= 432 }}
* {{cite book |last= Tomasini |first= Giacomo Filippo |author-link=:it:Giacomo Filippo Tomasini |title= Gymnasium Patavinum Jacobi Philippi Tomasini Libris V comprehensum |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nFEVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA432 |year= 1654 |publisher= Nicolai Schiratti |location= Utini |language= la |oclc= 601343447 |page= 432 }}
* {{cite book |last= di Fieschi |first= Maurizio |title= Comitis de Flisco Decas de fato, annisque fatalibus tam hominibus quam regnis mundi |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1000/bsb10008160/images/index.html?digID=bsb10008160&pimage=00082&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |date= 1665 |publisher= J. B. Schönwetter |location= Frankfurt am Main |language= la |oclc= 7538271 |pages= 63–64 }}
* {{cite book |last= di Fieschi |first= Maurizio |title= Comitis de Flisco Decas de fato, annisque fatalibus tam hominibus quam regnis mundi |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1000/bsb10008160/images/index.html?digID=bsb10008160&pimage=00082&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |date= 1665 |publisher= J. B. Schönwetter |location= Frankfurt am Main |language= la |oclc= 7538271 |pages= 63–64 }}
* {{cite book |last= Happel |first= Eberhard Werner |author-link= Eberhard Werner Happel |title= Mundus Mirabilis Tripartitus, Oder Wunderbare Welt, in einer kurtzen Cosmographia fürgestellet ... |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1035/bsb10358891/images/index.html?digID=bsb10358891&pimage=00092&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |volume= 1 |date= 1687 |publisher= Wagner |location= Ulm |language= de |oclc= 457634736 |page= 62 }}
* {{cite book |last= Happel |first= Eberhard Werner |author-link= Eberhard Werner Happel |title= Mundus Mirabilis Tripartitus, Oder Wunderbare Welt, in einer kurtzen Cosmographia fürgestellet ... |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1035/bsb10358891/images/index.html?digID=bsb10358891&pimage=00092&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |volume= 1 |date= 1687 |publisher= Wagner |location= Ulm |language= de |oclc= 457634736 |page= 62 }}
* {{cite book |last= Hartzheim |first= Josephus |author-link= w:de:Hermann Joseph Hartzheim |title= Bibliotheca Coloniensis; in qua vita et libri typo vulgati et manuscripti recensentur omnium Archi-dioeceseos Coloniensis, ducatuum Westphaliae, Angariae ... indigenarum et incolarum scriptorum. Praemittitur chorographica descriptio omnium parochiarum ad Archi-dioeceseos Coloniensis hierarchiam pertinentium |publisher= Gregg Press |date= 1747 |language= la | oclc= 222764557 | url= https://archive.org/details/bibliothecacolo00hartgoog |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bibliothecacolo00hartgoog/page/n341 312] }}
* {{cite book |last= Hartzheim |first= Josephus |author-link=:de:Hermann Joseph Hartzheim |title= Bibliotheca Coloniensis; in qua vita et libri typo vulgati et manuscripti recensentur omnium Archi-dioeceseos Coloniensis, ducatuum Westphaliae, Angariae ... indigenarum et incolarum scriptorum. Praemittitur chorographica descriptio omnium parochiarum ad Archi-dioeceseos Coloniensis hierarchiam pertinentium |publisher= Gregg Press |date= 1747 |language= la | oclc= 222764557 | url= https://archive.org/details/bibliothecacolo00hartgoog |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bibliothecacolo00hartgoog/page/n341 312] }}
* {{cite book |last= Iselin |first= Jacob Christoff |title= Neu-vermehrtes Historisch- und Geographisches Allgemeines Lexicon. Dritter Theil |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA610 |volume= 3 |date= 1747 |publisher= Johann Ludwig Brandmüller |location= Basel |language= de |oclc= 60699357 |page= 610 }}
* {{cite book |last= Iselin |first= Jacob Christoff |title= Neu-vermehrtes Historisch- und Geographisches Allgemeines Lexicon. Dritter Theil |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA610 |volume= 3 |date= 1747 |publisher= Johann Ludwig Brandmüller |location= Basel |language= de |oclc= 60699357 |page= 610 }}
* {{cite book |last= Jöcher |first= Christian Gottlieb | author-link= Christian Gottlieb Jöcher |title= Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon. Dritter Theil, M–R |publisher= Johann Friedrich Gleditschens Buchhandlung (Leipzig) |date= 1751 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTU-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA807 |language= de }}
* {{cite book |last= Jöcher |first= Christian Gottlieb | author-link= Christian Gottlieb Jöcher |title= Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon. Dritter Theil, M–R |publisher= Johann Friedrich Gleditschens Buchhandlung (Leipzig) |date= 1751 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTU-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA807 |language= de }}
* {{cite journal |editor1-first= William |editor1-last= Locke |date=January 1792 |title= The nativity of Valatine Naibod, astrologer |journal= The Conjuror's Magazine |pages= 171–172 |location= London |oclc= 1518483 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_iIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA171 }}
* {{cite journal |editor1-first= William |editor1-last= Locke |date=January 1792 |title= The nativity of Valatine Naibod, astrologer |journal= The Conjuror's Magazine |pages= 171–172 |location= London |oclc= 1518483 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_iIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA171 }}
* {{cite book |last= Smith |first= Robert Cross |author-link= Robert Cross Smith |title= A manual of astrology, or The book of the stars, by Raphael |publisher= C.S. Arnold (London) |date= 1828 | url= https://archive.org/details/amanualastrolog00smitgoog |page= [https://archive.org/details/amanualastrolog00smitgoog/page/n41 32] }} page 32
* {{cite book |last= Smith |first= Robert Cross |author-link= Robert Cross Smith |title= A manual of astrology, or The book of the stars, by Raphael |publisher= C.S. Arnold (London) |date= 1828 | url= https://archive.org/details/amanualastrolog00smitgoog |page= [https://archive.org/details/amanualastrolog00smitgoog/page/n41 32] }}
* [[w:de:Johann Jakob Merlo|Merlo, J. J.]], [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelADB_pnd128685549.html Naibod, Valentin], in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 23 (1886), S. 242–243
* [[w:de:Johann Jakob Merlo|Merlo, J. J.]], " [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelADB_pnd128685549.html Naibod, Valentin]", in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 23 (1886), S. 242–243
* {{cite book |last= Zinner |first= Ernst |author-link= Ernst Zinner |title= Geschichte und Bibliographie der astronomischen Literatur in Deutschland zur Zeit der Renaissance |url= http://www.gbv.de/dms/hebis-mainz/toc/082234841.pdf |date= 1941 |publisher= Hiersemann |location= Leipzig |language= de |oclc= 504420102 }}
* {{cite book |last= Zinner |first= Ernst |author-link= Ernst Zinner |title= Geschichte und Bibliographie der astronomischen Literatur in Deutschland zur Zeit der Renaissance |url= http://www.gbv.de/dms/hebis-mainz/toc/082234841.pdf |date= 1941 |publisher= Hiersemann |location= Leipzig |language= de |oclc= 504420102 }}
* {{cite book |last= Holden |first= James H. |title= History of Horoscopic Astrology |publisher= American Federation of Astr |date= 2006 | isbn= 0-86690-463-8 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p1igGF3gpUC&pg=RA1-PA168 | chapter=Early Modern Astrology }} page 168
* {{cite book |last= Holden |first= James H. |title= History of Horoscopic Astrology |publisher= American Federation of Astr |date= 2006 | isbn= 0-86690-463-8 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p1igGF3gpUC&pg=RA1-PA168 | chapter=Early Modern Astrology }} page 168
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{{Portal|Astronomy}}
{{Portal|Astronomy}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=125160}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=125160}}



{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1523 births]]
[[Category:1523 births]]
[[Category:1593 deaths]]
[[Category:1593 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century German people]]
[[Category:16th-century German astronomers]]
[[Category:16th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:16th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:16th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:16th-century German writers]]
[[Category:16th-century German writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Latin-language writers]]
[[Category:16th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Cologne]]
[[Category:Christian astrologers]]
[[Category:German astrologers]]
[[Category:German astrological writers]]
[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:German Renaissance humanists]]
[[Category:German Renaissance humanists]]
[[Category:German astronomers]]
[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People from Calau]]
[[Category:People from Calau]]
[[Category:University of Cologne faculty]]

Latest revision as of 23:11, 22 February 2024

Valentin Naboth (also spelled Valentine Naibod or Nabod) (13 February 1523[notes 1] – 3 March 1593), known by the latinized name Valentinus Nabodus, was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer.

Symbolum
Valentini Naibodae
Sceptrum Jovis Fulmineum
Cum Inscriptione:
NEC PROCUL A JOVE[2]

Life and academic career

[edit]

Valentin Naboth was born in Calau (Niederlausitz)[notes 2] to a formerly Jewish family. He was the younger brother of the Lutheran theologian and author Alexius Naboth.[5][6] In 1544, Valentin matriculated[3] at the University of Wittenberg. At that time Philipp Melanchthon, Erasmus Reinhold, Johannes Bugenhagen, Paul Eber, and Georg Major taught there. In 1550 he transferred to the University of Erfurt.[4]

Valentin Naboth already held the Baccalaureat when he came from Wittenberg to Erfurt, and certainly had outstanding mathematical abilities. The Faculty council risked turning the courses in Mathematics over to this gifted but troubled Renaissance spirit even though he had not yet completed a Magister degree. That decision was made at the meeting of 16 August 1551, and from then on Naboth taught Mathematics and the beginning astronomy course, the Sphaera materialis. He also taught in the summer semester and winter semester of 1552. There was a plague epidemic, and the courses were shortened; Liborius Mangold taught only rhetoric and Naboth only the Sphaera. The conscientious Liborius Mangold from Warburg, who was Dean, did not seem to get along with the much favored mathematician Naboth, and when the latter even borrowed money from the University for the Magister's examination, Liborius wrote to the Dean's book, that this was "never before seen or heard of" (quod prius nunquam nec visum nec auditum fuit). Valentin Naboth passed the examination. But right after he had received his Magister's degree, he wrote an impertinent letter to the Faculty. Shortly afterwards Liborius Mangold gave up after twelve years as rector of St. Georgsburse and as professor of physics and rhetoric, and accepted an administrative position in his native town of Warburg, and Naboth left as well. Naboth went to the University of Cologne and matriculated there with the ambition to teach mathematics at this major University – which he did.

From 1555 Naboth taught mathematics at the University of Cologne, first privately, and from 1557 to 1564 as the holder of a "City" Professorship of mathematics.[7][8] He succeeded Justus Velsius, who in 1556, on account of teachings deemed heretical by the Church, was obliged to leave Cologne. Dutch mathematician Rudolph Snellius was one of his students in Cologne.[2] In 1556 he published the first book of Euclid (1556), and then his own mathematical commentary on the Arab astrologer Alchabitius (1560), in which he opposed magic and superstition. In his mathematical work he followed Regiomontanus; but later he preferred Ptolemy – in agreement with Cardanus. He prepared an edition of Ptolemy's Quadripartitum, but that was never published. In his commentary, he thanked the City that they had supported him in the early years, when mathematics was the only discipline not yet integrated into the general University curriculum. If this remark is true, then the official Professorship of Mathematics had in fact only just been established. However, in 1563 Laurentianer Petrus Linner requested that Naboth's lecture be moved to another time, since he himself taught mathematics at his Gymnasium at the very same time. Furthermore, he argued that Naboth lacked a Magister degree from Cologne. And indeed, the Dean decided that henceforth no one could teach a course in the Schola Artium while a lecture was taking place in one of three Gymnasiums. In March 1564 Naboth resigned from his position at the University of Cologne.[9] He visited Paris, where he met Czech humanist Šimon Proxenus ze Sudetu (1532–1575),[10] who introduced him to Petrus Ramus.[11] Afterwards Naboth traveled to Italy, eventually settling in Padua, the center of the mathematical studies of that time, where he taught astronomy. Among his students there was a nephew of Prince Stephen Báthory of Transylvania. He had always been an eccentric, and became even more so.[12]

Work

[edit]

Naboth was the author of a general textbook on astrology Enarratio elementorum astrologiae. Renowned for calculating the mean annual motion of the Sun, his writings are chiefly devoted to commenting upon Ptolemy and the Arabian astrologers.[8] Naboth teaches the calculation of the movement of the planets according to the Prutenic Tables of Erasmus Reinhold. He advocated a measure of time, by which 0° 59' 8+13" (the mean daily motion of the Sun in longitude) is equated to 1 year of life in calculating primary directions. This was a refinement of Ptolemy's value of exactly 1 degree per year. This book was censored by the spanish inquisition.[13][notes 3]


Naboth's representation of the conventional view of the solar system (left), Martianus Capella's geo-heliocentric astronomical model (center) and Copernicus' heliocentric model.

In 1573 Naboth published an astronomy textbook for gymnasium students Primarum de coelo et terra, which was dedicated to Stephen Báthory. There can be no doubt that Naboth was working from De revolutionibus orbium coelestium when he wrote this textbook, since in this book he provides schematics of the conventional model of the solar system, Martianus Capella's geo-heliocentric model, as well as Copernicus' heliocentric model.[15] Tycho Brahe owned an early copy of this book, and since this book contains the first schematic representation of Capella's geo-heliocentric model it is likely that this book provided the inspiration for Tycho's geo-heliocentric model. Wittich may also have been influenced by Naboth's book in adopting the Capellan system to explain the motion of the inferior planets,[16] and Kepler may have used this book as well. In this book Naboth introduced the expression world system (systema mundi, mundanum systema, systema universitatis, and also systema coeleste, systema caelorum and systema aethereum),[17] a concept that was later adopted by Tycho, Kepler, and by Galilei as well.

The natal chart of Valentine Naibod according to Kenelm Digby (1640).[18]

Final years

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Naboth came to a bad end. Tommaso Campanella, in a work published in Lyons in 1629,[19] tells the story that Naboth was living in Padua, Italy, when he deduced from his own horoscope that he was about to enter a period of personal danger, so he stockpiled an adequate supply of food and drink, closed his blinds, and locked his doors and windows, intending to stay in hiding until the period of danger had passed. Unfortunately, some robbers, seeing the house closed and the blinds drawn, decided that the resident was absent. They therefore broke into what they thought was an empty house, and, finding Naboth there, murdered him to conceal their identities. Thus he did not escape the fate predicted by his own astrological calculations: "Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt".

Abraham Sandeck recorded in the Acts of the German Artistennation 1593 the following event: "On the third of March, there happened a tragic incident involving Valentin Naboth of Silesia, sixty years old, a famous mathematician: he was found dead in his study, some ways away from frequently travelled areas, wounded by five wounds: one in the breast under the left nipple, another on his left side, the third in the right abdomen, the fourth under his navel, and the fifth in the left hand."[notes 4]

Selected works

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Notes

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  1. ^ Giovanni di Strassoldo writes in a letter to Giovanni Antonio Magini the following: << Valentinus Nabodus Exphardiensis matheseos professor doctissimus in Accademia Coloniensi, natus anno 1523, 13 Februarij, Hor. 18, min. 32. Mercurium habuit iunctum Lunae in Aquario domo 12ma >> le hore s'intendono P.M. [1] According to Astrowiki Hor. 18, min. 32. P.M. should be counted from noon February 13, meaning that Naboth was actually born 6:32 A.M. February 14, Valentine's Day.
  2. ^ The student Matrikel of Wittenberg[3] has the following entry: Valentinus Neboth Kalensis. Gratis inscripsi. Anfang 1544, while the Matrikel of Erfurt[4] has: Valentinus Naboth Callensis. 'Calensis' stands for 'from Calau'. Furthermore, in the introduction to his book De calculatoria numerorumque natura Sectiones quatuor (1556) Naboth identifies himself as Valentinus Nabodus Lusitanus, i.e. 'from Lusatia'.
  3. ^ Naboth's Enarratio elementorum astrologiae was actually censored by the Spanish Inquisition, and appears on a list of prohibited books.[14] The online copy of the book at the University of Seville appears to have been expurgated following the specific instructions of the Inquisitors.
  4. ^ III martii accidit casus pertristis Valentini Nabothi Silesii senis sexagenarii, mathematici insignis: inventus is est mortuus in musaeo suo, ab hominum consuetudine et frequentia nonnihil remoto, V vulneribus confixus; uno in pectore sub mammella sinistra, altero in latere sinistr, 3 in hypochondrio dextro, 4 sub umbilico, 5 in mano sinistra.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Favaro, Antonio [in Italian] (1886). Carteggio inedito di Ticone Brahe: Giovanni Keplero e di altri celebri astronomi e matematici dei secoli XVI. e XVII. con Giovanni Antonio Magini, tratto dall'Archivio Malvezzi de' Medici in Bologna (in Italian). Bologna: Nicola Zanichelli. pp. 314–315. OCLC 559767244.
  2. ^ a b Tomasini, Giacomo Filippo [in Italian] (1630). Illustrium virorum elogia. Padua: Pasquardus. pp. 181. OCLC 181667693.
  3. ^ a b Brieger, Theodore (1879). Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte. Gotha: F.A. Perthes. pp. 304. OCLC 949350.
  4. ^ a b Hendel, Otto (1884). Acten der Universität. Universität Erfurt. p. 380.
  5. ^ Heinz Schmitt (2008). "Naboth (Nabod, Nabut, Nobotensis), Alexius". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 29. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 965–973. ISBN 978-3-88309-452-6.
  6. ^ Cremer, Hermann (1895). Greifswalder Studien. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann. p. 27. OCLC 40242148.
  7. ^ Meuthen, Erich (1988). Kölner Universitätsgeschichte: Die alte Universität. Volume 1 of Kölner Universitätsgeschichte (in German). Böhlau. pp. 286–287. ISBN 3-412-06287-1. OCLC 180392627.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b Thorndike, Lynn (1943). "Chapter XXXIII Astrology after 1550". A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Volumes V and VI, the Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-231-08795-0.
  9. ^ Ennen, Leonard (1875). Neuere Geschichte der Stadt Köln. L. Schwann, Köln. p. 709.
  10. ^ Proxenus ze Sudetu, Šimon (1979). Martínková, Dana (ed.). Commentarii de itinere Francogallico. Bibliotheca scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum, ser. nova, t. 5 (in Latin). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1843-0. OCLC 7736635.
  11. ^ Secret, François (1998). Postel revisité: nouvelles recherches sur Guillaume Postel et son milieu (in French). Paris: S.É.H.A. ISBN 88-7252-187-4. OCLC 123291208.
  12. ^ Kleineidam, Erich [in German] (1980). Universitas Studii Erffordensis: Die Zeit der Reformation und Gegenreformation 1521–1632 Erfurter theologische Studien Volume 3 of Universitas Studii Erffordensis: Überblick über die Geschichte der Universität Erfurt. Leipzig: St. Benno-Verlag. p. 74. OCLC 260388.
  13. ^ Poggendorff, Johann Christian (1863). Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Exacten Wissenschaften. J.A. Barth, Leipzig. p. 250.
  14. ^ Inquisició, Imprenta de Música (1707). Novissimus librorum prohibitorum et expurgandorum index pro Catholicis Hispaniarum Regnis (in Latin). ex typographia Musicae. p. 302. OCLC 433443951.
  15. ^ Westman, Robert S. (1975). The Copernican achievement. University of California Press. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-520-02877-7. OCLC 164221945.
  16. ^ Goulding, Robert (1995). "Henry Savile and the Tychonic World-System". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (The Warburg Institute) 58: 152–179. ISSN 0075-4390.
  17. ^ Lerner, Michel-Pierre (2005). "The origin and meaning of "world system"". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 36 (125): 407–441. Bibcode:2005JHA....36..407L. doi:10.1177/002182860503600403. ISSN 0021-8286. S2CID 126404163.
  18. ^ Longueville, Thomas (1896). The life of Sir Kenelm Digby. London: Longmans, Green, and co. p. 246. OCLC 1013186.
  19. ^ Campanella, Tommaso (1629). Astrologicorum libri VI. Lyons: Iacobi, Andreae & Matthaei Prost. OCLC 2623749. Liber Septimus, page 23
  20. ^ Zonta, Claudia (2000). Schlesier an italienischen Universitäten der Frühen Neuzeit 1526–1740 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Historisches Institut der Universität Stuttgart. p. 267. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2008-08-09.

Further reading

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