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{{Short description|American geneticist}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
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{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Stephen Joseph Elledge<ref name="gairdner">{{cite web |title=Stephen Joseph Elledge |url=https://gairdner.org/award_winners/stephen-joseph-elledge/ |publisher=[[Gairdner Foundation]] |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528031345/https://gairdner.org/award_winners/stephen-joseph-elledge/ |archive-date=May 28, 2022}}</ref>
| name = Stephen J. Elledge
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|08|07}}<ref name="scihist">{{cite web |title=Oral history interview with Stephen J. Elledge |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/sn7ze9i |publisher=[[Science History Institute]] |access-date=March 15, 2023 |date=August 18, 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315142708/https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/sn7ze9i |archive-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| birth_place = [[Paris, Illinois|Paris]], [[Illinois]]<ref name="scihist"/>
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| nationality = American
| fields = [[Genetics]]<br>[[Molecular Biology]]
| fields = [[Genetics]] <br/> [[Molecular biology]]
| workplaces = [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]]
| workplaces = [[Harvard University]] <br/> [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] <br/> [[Baylor College of Medicine]] <br/> [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] <br/> [[Stanford University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Illinois]]<br>[[MIT]]<br>[[Stanford University]]
| education = [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) <br/> [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| thesis_title = Identification and characterization of genes involved in mutagenesis in ''Escherichia coli''
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| thesis_url = https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/67093/11428870-MIT.pdf
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| thesis_year = 1983
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Graham C. Walker]]
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| known_for =
| known_for = [[Cell cycle]] research <br/> [[DNA repair]] research
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| awards = [[NAS Award in Molecular Biology]] {{small|(2002)}}<br>[[Genetics Society of America Medal]] {{small|(2005)}}<br>[[Dickson Prize]] <small>(2010)</small><br>[[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] <small>(2013)</small><br>[[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]{{small|(2015)}}<br>[[Gruber Prize in Genetics]] {{small|(2017)}}
| awards = [[NAS Award in Molecular Biology]] <br/> [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]] <br/> [[Genetics Society of America Medal]] <br/> [[Dickson Prize]] <br/> [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] <br/> [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] <br/> [[Gruber Prize in Genetics]]
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| spouse = [[Mitzi Kuroda]]
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}}


'''Stephen Joseph Elledge''' (born August 7, 1956 in Paris Illinois) is an American [[geneticist]]. He is currently the Gregor Mendel Professor of Genetics and Medicine in the Department of Genetics at [[Harvard Medical School]] and in the Division of Genetics at the [[Brigham and Women's Hospital|Brigham and Women’s Hospital]], and is an Investigator with the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]. He earned his [[B.Sc.]] in [[chemistry]] from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] and his Ph.D. in [[biology]] from [[MIT]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brownlee |first1=Christen |title=Biography of Stephen J. Elledge |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=3336–3337 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0400868101 |pmid=14993590 |pmc=373462 |year=2004 }}</ref> His research is focused on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic response to DNA damage. He is a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and has been a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] (HHMI) investigator since 1993.
'''Stephen Joseph Elledge''' (born August 7, 1956) is an American [[Genetics|geneticist]]. He is the current [[Gregor Mendel]] Professor of [[Genetics]] and of [[Medicine]] at the Department of Genetics of [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]] and in the Division of Genetics of the [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]].<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge, Ph.D |date=February 10, 2023 |url=https://genetics.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/stephen-j-elledge-phd |publisher=[[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]] |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321085043/https://genetics.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/stephen-j-elledge-phd |archive-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People |url=https://elledge.hms.harvard.edu/?page_id=253 |publisher=Harvard Medical School |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151111/https://elledge.hms.harvard.edu/?page_id=253 |archive-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> His research is focused on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic response to [[DNA repair#DNA damage|DNA damage]] and is known as the discoverer of the [[DNA repair|DNA damage response]] (DDR).


== Early life and education ==
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== Awards ==
Elledge was born in [[Paris, Illinois|Paris]], [[Illinois]] in 1956.<ref name="scihist"/> He also grew in up, graduating from Paris High School in 1974. He has been interested in [[chemistry]] since childhood, thanks to a chemistry set his grandmother gave him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Loughlin |first1=Sue |title=Wabash Valley native honored for pioneering research |url=https://www.tribstar.com/news/local_news/wabash-valley-native-honored-for-pioneering-research/article_94a768f4-cf04-5f89-8dec-1ea8b58b8872.html |access-date=March 16, 2023 |work=[[Tribune-Star]] |date=December 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316155735/https://www.tribstar.com/news/local_news/wabash-valley-native-honored-for-pioneering-research/article_94a768f4-cf04-5f89-8dec-1ea8b58b8872.html |archive-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref>
2002 [[NAS Award in Molecular Biology|National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Award in Molecular Biology]]


He entered the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]], majoring in chemistry and hoping to become an [[Organic chemistry|organic chemist]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Nadis |first1=Steve |title=A Drop of Blood, a History of Viruses |magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |url=http://discovermagazine.com/bonus/dropofblood |access-date=December 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212232312/http://discovermagazine.com/bonus/dropofblood}}</ref> Elledge initially ignored [[Biology|life science]] subjects, until he attended [[biology]] and [[genetics]] courses on exchange to the [[University of Southampton]], [[England]], during his third (or [[Junior (education year)|junior]]) year. He took [[biochemistry]] courses after returning to [[Illinois]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Howard |first1=Joy |title=Stephen J. Elledge, PhD |magazine=Brigham Health |issue=Summer 2017 |publisher=[[Brigham and Women’s Hospital]] |url=https://magazine.brighamandwomens.org/departments/stephen-j-elledge-phd |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325160624/https://magazine.brighamandwomens.org/departments/stephen-j-elledge-phd |archive-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref> which prompted him to study [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in biology at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) after obtaining his [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in 1978.<ref name="pnas">{{cite journal |last1=Brownlee |first1=Christen |title=Biography of Stephen J. Elledge |date=2004 |volume=101 |issue=10 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |pages=3336–3337 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0400868101 |pmid=14993590 |pmc=373462 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Elledge graduated from MIT in 1983.<ref name="scihist"/>
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2005 [[Hans Sigrist Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-03|title=Hans Sigrist Prize Winners|url=https://www.sigrist.unibe.ch/prize/hans_sigrist_prize_winners/index_eng.html|access-date=2020-09-02|website=The Hans Sigrist Foundation}}</ref>


== Career ==
2005 [[Genetics Society of America Medal]]
Elledge started his career as a [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral fellow]] at [[Stanford University]] in 1984 in [[Ronald W. Davis]]'s group.<ref name="pnas"/> In 1989, he moved to the [[Baylor College of Medicine]] as an [[assistant professor]] in [[biochemistry]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=August 3, 2022 |year=2022 |last=Rogers |first=Kara |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-J-Elledge |access-date=March 23, 2023}}</ref> He was promoted to [[associate professor]] in 1993 and [[Professor|full professor]] in 1995.<ref name="scihist"/>


In 2003, Elledge joined the Department of Genetics of [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Azvolinsky |first1=Anna |title=Damage Patroller |magazine=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]] |date=September 30, 2017 |issue=October 2017 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/profile/damage-patroller-30224 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726191801/https://www.the-scientist.com/profile/damage-patroller-30224 |archive-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Doug |title=A Molecular Pathfinder |url=https://las.illinois.edu/news/2013-11-01/molecular-pathfinder |access-date=August 9, 2022 |publisher=College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] |date=November 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809170509/https://las.illinois.edu/news/2013-11-01/molecular-pathfinder |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>
2010 [[Dickson Prize]]


Currently, Elledge is the [[Gregor Mendel]] Professor of Genetics and of [[Medicine]] at the Department of Genetics of Harvard Medical School and in the Division of Genetics of the [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]].<ref name="harvard"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Genetics Researchers & Staff |url=https://www.brighamandwomens.org/research/departments/genetics/research-team |publisher=Brigham and Women's Hospital |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319140711/https://www.brighamandwomens.org/research/departments/genetics/research-team |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref> He also sits on the Board of Advisory Scientists of the [[Whitehead Institute]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Advisory Scientists |url=https://wi.mit.edu/board-advisory-scientists |publisher=[[Whitehead Institute]] |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327140839/https://wi.mit.edu/board-advisory-scientists |archive-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref> and the advisory board of ''[[Molecular Cell]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advisory board |url=https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/advisory-board |publisher=[[Molecular Cell]] |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327141124/https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/advisory-board |archive-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
2012 Lewis S. [[Rosenstiel Award]] for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Science from [[Brandeis University]].<ref>[http://www.brandeis.edu/rosenstiel/rosenstielaward/past.html Rosenstiel Award]</ref>


Elledge has been an investigator at the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] since 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge, PhD |url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/stephen-j-elledge |publisher=[[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] |access-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315140908/https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/stephen-j-elledge |archive-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>
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2013 [[Canada Gairdner International Award|Gairdner Foundation International Award]]


== Research ==
2015 [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] alongside [[Evelyn Witkin]] "for discoveries concerning the DNA-damage response—a fundamental mechanism that protects the genomes of all living organisms".<ref>[http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2015_b_description.htm Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award 2015]</ref>
Elledge's research spans multiple areas, including [[cell cycle]], [[DNA repair]], and detection of [[virus]] from [[blood]].


He began studying DNA repair during his years at [[Stanford University]] as a [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral fellow]]. Elledge accidentally<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elledge |first1=Stephen J. |title=Accidents and Damage Control |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |date=2015 |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=1196–1200 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.042 |pmid=26359977 |doi-access=free}}</ref> discovered the RNR2 [[gene]] and [[protein]] in [[yeast]], which belongs to the family of [[ribonucleotide reductase]], and found that its expression increases when DNA is damaged.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elledge |first1=S. J. |last2=Davis |first2=R. W. |title=Identification and isolation of the gene encoding the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: DNA damage-inducible gene required for mitotic viability |journal=[[Molecular and Cellular Biology]] |date=1987 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2783–2793 |doi=10.1128/mcb.7.8.2783-2793.1987 |pmid=3313004 |pmc=367895 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[human]] counterparts of RNR2, or [[Homology (biology)|homologs]], are [[RRM2]] and [[RRM2B]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RNR2 ribonucleotide-diphosphate reductase subunit RNR2 [ Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C ] |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/853427 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |access-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230329090321/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/853427 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>
2016 [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]]


Over the next decade, he continued the search for genes and proteins involved in the DNA damage response [[Signal transduction|pathway]] in yeasts and humans. Examples include DUN1,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Zheng |last1=Zhou |first2=Stephen J. |last2=Elledge |title=''DUN1'' encodes a protein kinase that controls the DNA damage response in yeast |journal=Cell |date=1993 |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=1119–1127 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(93)90321-g |pmid=8261511 |s2cid=6606697 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/009286749390321G |access-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref> MEC1, and TEL1 in yeasts,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Yolanda |last1=Sanchez |first2=Brian A. |last2=Desany |first3=William J. |last3=Jones |first4=Qinghua |last4=Liu |first5=Bin |last5=Wang |first6=Stephen J. |last6=Elledge |title=Regulation of ''RAD53'' by the ''ATM''-like kinases ''MEC1'' and ''TEL1'' in yeast cell cycle checkpoint pathways |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=1996 |volume=271 |issue=5247 |pages=357–360 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5247.357 |pmid=8553072 |bibcode=1996Sci...271..357S |s2cid=21223989 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.271.5247.357 |access-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref> (respective human homologs are [[CHEK2]], [[Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related|ATR]], and [[ATM serine/threonine kinase|ATM]]) and [[CHEK1]]<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Yolanda |last1=Sanchez |first2=Calvin |last2=Wong |first3=Richard S. |last3=Thoma |first4=Ron |last4=Richman |first5=Zhiqi |last5=Wu |first6=Helen |last6=Piwnica-Worms |first7=Stephen J. |last7=Elledge |title=Conservation of the Chk1 Checkpoint Pathway in Mammals: Linkage of DNA Damage to Cdk Regulation Through Cdc25 |journal=Science |date=1997 |volume=277 |issue=5331 |pages=1497–1501 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5331.1497 |pmid=9278511 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.277.5331.1497 |access-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref> and CHEK2<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Shuhei |last1=Matsuoka |first2=Mingxia |last2=Huang |first3=Stephen J. |last3=Elledge |title=Linkage of ATM to Cell Cycle Regulation by the Chk2 Protein Kinase |journal=Science |date=1998 |volume=282 |issue=5395 |pages=1893–1897 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5395.1893 |pmid=9836640 |bibcode=1998Sci...282.1893M |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.282.5395.1893 |access-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref> in humans.
2017 [[Gruber Prize in Genetics]].<ref>[http://gruber.yale.edu/genetics/press/2017-gruber-genetics-prize-press-release 2017 Gruber Prize in Genetics]</ref>


In [[cell cycle]] research, his group published two important papers on [[cell cycle checkpoint]]s in 1993. In parallel and independently from [[Bert Vogelstein]]'s group, he discovered and characterized [[p21]], a [[cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein]] that blocks [[G1/S transition]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Wade |last1=Harper |first2=Guy R. |last2=Adami |first3=Nan |last3=Wei |first4=Khandan |last4=Keyomarsi |first5=Stephen J. |last5=Elledge |title=The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases |journal=Cell |date=1993 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=805–816 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(93)90499-g |pmid=8242751 |s2cid=13614794 |url=https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/0092-8674(93)90499-G.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401151447/https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/0092-8674%2893%2990499-G.pdf |archive-date=April 1, 2023}}</ref> He also showed that the [[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb]] protein physically associates with [[PPP1CA|PP1a]] from [[mitosis]] until mid-G1 phase in yeasts.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Tim |last1=Durfee |first2=Kathleen |last2=Becherer |first3=Phang-Lang |last3=Chen |first4=Shiou-Hwei |last4=Yeh |first5=Yanzhu |last5=Yang |first6=April E. |last6=Kilburn |first7=Wen-Hwa |last7=Lee |first8=Stephen J. |last8=Elledge |title=The retinoblastoma protein associates with the protein phosphatase type 1 catalytic subunit |journal=Genes & Development |date=1993 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=555–569 |doi=10.1101/gad.7.4.555 |pmid=8384581 |s2cid=23631016 |url=https://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/7/4/555.full.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401154528/https://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/7/4/555.full.pdf}}</ref> After moving to the [[Baylor College of Medicine]], Elledge reported his identification of [[Cyclin-dependent kinase 2|CDK2]], a protein whose activation allows [[Cell (biology)|cells]] to [[G1/S transition|transit]] from the [[G1 phase]] into the [[S phase]] of the cell cycle.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A new human p34 protein kinase, CDK2, identified by complementation of a cdc28 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a homolog of Xenopus Eg1 |journal=[[EMBO Journal]] |date=1991 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2653–2659 |doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07808.x |pmid=1714386 |pmc=452966 |doi-access=free |last1=Elledge |first1=S.J. |last2=Spottswood |first2=M.R. }}</ref>
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==References==

Elledge's group also discovered the F-box protein [[structural motif]], and found that it recognizes specific protein sequences and tags the proteins with [[ubiquitin]] for [[Proteolysis#Protein degradation|degradation]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Chang |last1=Bai |first2=Partha |last2=Sen |first3=Kay |last3=Hofmann |first4=Lei |last4=Ma |first5=Mark |last5=Goebl |first6=J. Wade |last6=Harper |first7=Stephen J. |last7=Elledge |title=SKP1 Connects Cell Cycle Regulators to the Ubiquitin Proteolysis Machinery through a Novel Motif, the F-Box |journal=Cell |date=1996 |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=263–274 |doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80098-7 |pmid=8706131 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He correctly predicted the central role of F-Box in protein degradation due to the large number of proteins having this motif.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kipreos |first1=Edward T. |last2=Pagano |first2=Michele |title=The F-box protein family |journal=[[Genome Biology]] |date=2000 |volume=1 |issue=5 |page=reviews3002.1 |doi=10.1186/gb-2000-1-5-reviews3002 |pmid=11178263 |pmc=138887 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2015, Elledge's group developed VirScan, a platform that detects [[Viral disease|viral infection]] in patients from a small amount of blood.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=George J. |last1=Xu |first2=Tomasz |last2=Kula |first3=Qikai |last3=Xu |first4=Mamie Z. |last4=Li |first5=Suzanne D. |last5=Vernon |first6=Thumbi |last6=Ndung’u |first7=Kiat |last7=Ruxrungtham |first8=Jorge |last8=Sanchez |first9=Christian |last9=Brander |first10=Raymond T. |last10=Chung |first11=Kevin C. |last11=O’Connor |first12=Bruce |last12=Walker |first13=H. Benjamin |last13=Larman |first14=Stephen J. |last14=Elledge |title=Comprehensive serological profiling of human populations using a synthetic human virome |journal=Science |date=2015 |volume=348 |issue=6299 |page=aaa0698 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa0698 |pmid=26045439 |pmc=4844011 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Abbas |first1=Anzar |title=A Test Tells the Tale |magazine=HHMI Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=3 |url=https://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/fall-2015/test-tells-tale |access-date=April 5, 2023 |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403140443/https://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/fall-2015/test-tells-tale |archive-date=April 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bridger |first1=Haley |title=Viral History in a Drop of Blood |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/news/viral-history-drop-blood |access-date=April 5, 2023 |publisher=Harvard Medical School |date=June 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045504/https://hms.harvard.edu/news/viral-history-drop-blood |archive-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref>

In recent years, Elledge has continued to expand his research area. For instance, his group reported a computational model that predicted the likelihood of regions on the [[chromosome]] to be [[Aneuploidy|abnormally amplified]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Teresa |last1=Davoli |first2=Andrew Wei |last2=Xu |first3=Kristen E. |last3=Mengwasser |first4=Laura M. |last4=Sack |first5=John C. |last5=Yoon |first6=Peter J. |last6=Park |first7=Stephen J. |last7=Elledge |title=Cumulative haploinsufficiency and triplosensitivity drive aneuploidy patterns and shape the cancer genome |journal=Cell |date=2013 |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=948–962 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.011 |pmid=24183448 |pmc=3891052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with 2017 Breakthrough Prize winner Steve Elledge |url=https://www.pnas.org/post/podcast/interview-2017-breakthrough-prize-winner-steve-elledge |publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406142131/https://www.pnas.org/post/podcast/interview-2017-breakthrough-prize-winner-steve-elledge |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |date=January 30, 2017 |last1=Null }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Elledge estimated that [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|United States]] has [[Life-years lost|lost]] a total of 2.5 million years of life.<ref>{{Cite medRxiv |last1=Elledge |first1=Stephen J. |date=October 27, 2020 |title=2.5 Million Person-Years of Life Have Been Lost Due to COVID-19 in the United States |medrxiv=10.1101/2020.10.18.20214783}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weintraub |first1=Karen |title=The 'shocking' impact of COVID-19: Americans, young and old, have lost 2.5 million years of life, Harvard researcher says |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/10/20/covid-america-2-5-million-life-years-harvard-stephen-elledge/5994363002/ |access-date=March 23, 2023 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325162558/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/10/20/covid-america-2-5-million-life-years-harvard-stephen-elledge/5994363002/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deese |first1=Kaelan |title=Harvard researcher estimates COVID-19 has cost US 2.5 million years of life |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/522082-covid-19-has-shortened-americans-lives-by-25-million-years-harvard-researchers/ |access-date=March 23, 2023 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325162512/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/522082-covid-19-has-shortened-americans-lives-by-25-million-years-harvard-researchers/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Katherine J. |title=The Coronavirus Has Claimed 2.5 Million Years of Potential Life in the U.S., Study Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/health/coronavirus-statistics-deaths.html |access-date=December 31, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231161408/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/health/coronavirus-statistics-deaths.html |archive-date=December 31, 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Elledge was married to [[Mitzi Kuroda]],<ref name="gruber">{{cite web |title=Stephen Elledge |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/genetics/stephen-elledge |publisher=[[Gruber Foundation]] |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317150859/https://gruber.yale.edu/genetics/stephen-elledge |archive-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> herself a [[professor]] at the Department of [[Genetics]] at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitzi I. Kuroda, Ph.D. |date=November 2021 |url=https://genetics.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/mitzi-i-kuroda |publisher=Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151345/https://genetics.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/mitzi-i-kuroda |archive-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> They both moved from [[Baylor College of Medicine]] to Harvard Medical School in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Movers |journal=Nature |date=2003 |volume=423 |issue=6938 |page=464 |doi=10.1038/nj6938-464a |bibcode=2003Natur.423..464. |doi-access=free}}</ref>

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== Awards ==
* [[Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research]] (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Prize Winners |url=https://www.mskcc.org/research-advantage/impact/paul-marks-prize-research/2001-prize-winners |publisher=[[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319143319/https://www.mskcc.org/research-advantage/impact/paul-marks-prize-research/2001-prize-winners |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[NAS Award in Molecular Biology|National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology]] (2002)<ref>{{cite web |title=NAS Award in Molecular Biology |url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/molecular-biology.html |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318143648/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/molecular-biology.html |archive-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref>
* Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3001995.html |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318143701/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3001995.html |archive-date=March 18, 2023}}</ref>
* Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen Elledge |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/stephen-elledge |publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319143515/https://www.amacad.org/person/stephen-elledge |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
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* [[Hans Sigrist Prize]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hans Sigrist Prize Winners |date=October 15, 2021 |url=https://www.sigrist.unibe.ch/prize/hans_sigrist_prize_winners/index_eng.html|access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=Hans Sigrist Foundation |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144032/https://www.sigrist.unibe.ch/prize/hans_sigrist_prize_winners/index_eng.html}}</ref>
* [[Genetics Society of America Medal]] (2005)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=James E. |title=The 2005 Genetics Society of America Medal |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |date=2005 |volume=169 |issue=2 |pages=506–507 |doi=10.1093/genetics/169.2.506 |pmid=15731513 |url=https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/169/2/506/6060280 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |pmc=1449134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318154151/https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/169/2/506/6060280 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[American Society for Microbiology#American Academy of Microbiology|American Academy of Microbiology]] (2005)<ref name="aacr">{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge, PhD |url=https://www.aacr.org/professionals/membership/aacr-academy/fellows/stephen-j-elledge-phd/ |publisher=[[American Association for Cancer Research]] |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319144226/https://www.aacr.org/professionals/membership/aacr-academy/fellows/stephen-j-elledge-phd/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
* Member of the [[National Academy of Medicine|Institute of Medicine]]) (now [[National Academy of Medicine]]) (2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge, Ph.D. |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=p6xGe%2F%2BUte8J1wVYjRL7rg%3D%3D |publisher=[[National Academy of Medicine]] |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320142614/https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=p6xGe%2F%2BUte8J1wVYjRL7rg%3D%3D |archive-date=March 20, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Dickson Prize]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Dickson Prize Winner |url=http://www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu/recipients/2010-elledge.php |publisher=[[Dickson Prize|Dickson Prize in Medicine]] |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319140216/http://www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu/recipients/2010-elledge.php |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Rosenstiel Award|Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award]] (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brandeis.edu/rosenstiel/rosenstiel-award/past.html |title=Past Winners |publisher=[[Brandeis University]] |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319140436/https://www.brandeis.edu/rosenstiel/rosenstiel-award/past.html |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
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* [[Canada Gairdner International Award]] (2013)<ref name="gairdner"/>
* [[List of fellows of the AACR Academy|Fellow]] of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] Academy (2014)<ref name="aacr"/>
* [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/discoveries-concerning-the-dna-damage-response/ |title=2015 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |access-date=March 19, 2023 |publisher=[[Lasker Award]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319141557/https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/discoveries-concerning-the-dna-damage-response/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen J. Elledge |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/2/L3790 |publisher=[[Breakthrough Prize]] |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317150807/https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/2/L3790 |archive-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Gruber Prize in Genetics]] (2017)<ref name="gruber"/>
* Alumni Award, [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] Alumni Association (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=2017 Alumni Award recipient, Stephen Elledge, '78 LAS |date=June 22, 2017 |url=https://uiaa.org/2017/06/22/2017-alumni-award-recipient-stephen-elledge-78-las/ |publisher=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] Alumni Association |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323074038/https://uiaa.org/2017/06/22/2017-alumni-award-recipient-stephen-elledge-78-las/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science|Fellow]] of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Elected Fellows |url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/listing?field_last_name_value=&name_combine=&field_institutional_affiliation_value=&field_address_city=&field_address_administrative_area=All&field_address_country_code=All&field_year_elected=&field_primary_aaas_section=&field_status_value=All&field_year_status_changed_value=&page=89 |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320143418/https://www.aaas.org/fellows/listing?field_last_name_value=&name_combine=&field_institutional_affiliation_value=&field_address_city=&field_address_administrative_area=All&field_address_country_code=All&field_year_elected=&field_primary_aaas_section=&field_status_value=All&field_year_status_changed_value=&page=89 |archive-date=March 20, 2023}}</ref>

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== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:American molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]]
[[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Baylor College of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Stanford University staff]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the AACR Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the AACR Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]

[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]

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Revision as of 12:07, 21 February 2024

Stephen Joseph Elledge[1]
Born (1956-08-07) August 7, 1956 (age 68)[2]
Paris, Illinois[2]
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (BSc)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
Known forCell cycle research
DNA repair research
SpouseMitzi Kuroda
AwardsNAS Award in Molecular Biology
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
Genetics Society of America Medal
Dickson Prize
Canada Gairdner International Award
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Gruber Prize in Genetics
Scientific career
FieldsGenetics
Molecular biology
InstitutionsHarvard University
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Baylor College of Medicine
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Stanford University
ThesisIdentification and characterization of genes involved in mutagenesis in Escherichia coli (1983)
Doctoral advisorGraham C. Walker

Stephen Joseph Elledge (born August 7, 1956) is an American geneticist. He is the current Gregor Mendel Professor of Genetics and of Medicine at the Department of Genetics of Harvard Medical School and in the Division of Genetics of the Brigham and Women's Hospital.[3][4] His research is focused on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic response to DNA damage and is known as the discoverer of the DNA damage response (DDR).

Early life and education

Elledge was born in Paris, Illinois in 1956.[2] He also grew in up, graduating from Paris High School in 1974. He has been interested in chemistry since childhood, thanks to a chemistry set his grandmother gave him.[5]

He entered the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, majoring in chemistry and hoping to become an organic chemist.[6] Elledge initially ignored life science subjects, until he attended biology and genetics courses on exchange to the University of Southampton, England, during his third (or junior) year. He took biochemistry courses after returning to Illinois,[7] which prompted him to study PhD in biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) after obtaining his BSc in 1978.[8] Elledge graduated from MIT in 1983.[2]

Career

Elledge started his career as a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University in 1984 in Ronald W. Davis's group.[8] In 1989, he moved to the Baylor College of Medicine as an assistant professor in biochemistry,[9] He was promoted to associate professor in 1993 and full professor in 1995.[2]

In 2003, Elledge joined the Department of Genetics of Harvard Medical School.[10][11]

Currently, Elledge is the Gregor Mendel Professor of Genetics and of Medicine at the Department of Genetics of Harvard Medical School and in the Division of Genetics of the Brigham and Women's Hospital.[3][12] He also sits on the Board of Advisory Scientists of the Whitehead Institute[13] and the advisory board of Molecular Cell.[14]

Elledge has been an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1993.[15]

Research

Elledge's research spans multiple areas, including cell cycle, DNA repair, and detection of virus from blood.

He began studying DNA repair during his years at Stanford University as a postdoctoral fellow. Elledge accidentally[16] discovered the RNR2 gene and protein in yeast, which belongs to the family of ribonucleotide reductase, and found that its expression increases when DNA is damaged.[17] The human counterparts of RNR2, or homologs, are RRM2 and RRM2B.[18]

Over the next decade, he continued the search for genes and proteins involved in the DNA damage response pathway in yeasts and humans. Examples include DUN1,[19] MEC1, and TEL1 in yeasts,[20] (respective human homologs are CHEK2, ATR, and ATM) and CHEK1[21] and CHEK2[22] in humans.

In cell cycle research, his group published two important papers on cell cycle checkpoints in 1993. In parallel and independently from Bert Vogelstein's group, he discovered and characterized p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein that blocks G1/S transition.[23] He also showed that the Rb protein physically associates with PP1a from mitosis until mid-G1 phase in yeasts.[24] After moving to the Baylor College of Medicine, Elledge reported his identification of CDK2, a protein whose activation allows cells to transit from the G1 phase into the S phase of the cell cycle.[25]

Elledge's group also discovered the F-box protein structural motif, and found that it recognizes specific protein sequences and tags the proteins with ubiquitin for degradation.[26] He correctly predicted the central role of F-Box in protein degradation due to the large number of proteins having this motif.[27]

In 2015, Elledge's group developed VirScan, a platform that detects viral infection in patients from a small amount of blood.[28][29][30]

In recent years, Elledge has continued to expand his research area. For instance, his group reported a computational model that predicted the likelihood of regions on the chromosome to be abnormally amplified.[31][32]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Elledge estimated that United States has lost a total of 2.5 million years of life.[33][34][35][36]

Personal life

Elledge was married to Mitzi Kuroda,[37] herself a professor at the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School.[38] They both moved from Baylor College of Medicine to Harvard Medical School in 2003.[39]

Awards

References

  1. ^ a b "Stephen Joseph Elledge". Gairdner Foundation. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Oral history interview with Stephen J. Elledge". Science History Institute. August 18, 1995. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Stephen J. Elledge, Ph.D". Harvard Medical School. February 10, 2023. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  4. ^ "People". Harvard Medical School. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  5. ^ Loughlin, Sue (December 23, 2016). "Wabash Valley native honored for pioneering research". Tribune-Star. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  6. ^ Nadis, Steve. "A Drop of Blood, a History of Viruses". Discover. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  7. ^ Howard, Joy. "Stephen J. Elledge, PhD". Brigham Health. No. Summer 2017. Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  8. ^ a b Brownlee, Christen (2004). "Biography of Stephen J. Elledge". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (10): 3336–3337. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400868101. PMC 373462. PMID 14993590.
  9. ^ Rogers, Kara (August 3, 2022). "Stephen J. Elledge". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ Azvolinsky, Anna (September 30, 2017). "Damage Patroller". The Scientist. No. October 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  11. ^ Peterson, Doug (November 1, 2013). "A Molecular Pathfinder". College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  12. ^ "Genetics Researchers & Staff". Brigham and Women's Hospital. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  13. ^ "Board of Advisory Scientists". Whitehead Institute. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  14. ^ "Advisory board". Molecular Cell. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  15. ^ "Stephen J. Elledge, PhD". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  16. ^ Elledge, Stephen J. (2015). "Accidents and Damage Control". Cell. 162 (6): 1196–1200. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.042. PMID 26359977.
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