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Coordinates: 36°50′6″N 76°18′4″W / 36.83500°N 76.30111°W / 36.83500; -76.30111
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{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Confederate Monument
| name = Confederate Monument
| nrhp_type =
| nrhp_type =
| designated_other1 = Virginia Landmarks Register
| designated_other1 = Virginia Landmarks Register
| designated_other1_date = December 4, 1996<ref name=register>{{cite web|title=Virginia Landmarks Register|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources|accessdate=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| designated_other1_date = December 4, 1996<ref name=register>{{cite web|title=Virginia Landmarks Register|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources|accessdate=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| designated_other1_number = 124-0183
| designated_other1_number = 124-0183
| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
| image = Portsmouth, Virginia (8596805587).jpg
| image = Portsmouth, Virginia (8596805587).jpg
| caption = Confederate Monument
| caption = Confederate Monument
| location= Jct. of High and Court Sts., [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]
| location = Jct. of High and Court Sts., [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|36|50|6|N|76|18|4|W|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|36|50|6|N|76|18|4|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Virginia#USA
| locmapin = Virginia#USA
| built = 1876-1881
| built = 1876–1881
| architect = Cassell, Charles E.
| architect = [[Charles E. Cassell]]
| architecture =
| architecture =
| added = September 4, 1997
| added = September 4, 1997
| area = less than one acre
| area = less than one acre
⚫
| refnum = 97000956<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
| governing_body = Local
⚫
| refnum = 97000956<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
}}
}}
The '''Confederate Monument''' in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], was built between 1876 and 1881. It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) in 1997.<ref name=nris/>
The '''Confederate Monument''' in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], was built between 1876 and 1881. It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) in 1997.<ref name=nris/>


The monument is a 35-foot [[obelisk]] of North Carolina [[granite]]. It is located at the town square of Portsmouth, on Court Street at the corner of High Street. Also facing on the town square are the [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Portsmouth, Virginia)|Trinity Episcopal Church]] dating from 1828 and the [[Portsmouth Courthouse]] dating from 1846, which are also NRHP-listed.<ref name=nris/><ref name="vaNRHPnom">{{cite web|author=William Blake |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Confederate Monument / 124-183|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Portsmouth/124-0183_Confederate_Monument_1997_Final_Nomination.pdf |date=October 7, 1996 |accessdate=2010-04-24 |publisher=Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission}} and [http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Portsmouth/ConfederateMonument_Photo.htm ''Accompanying photo at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission'']</ref>
The monument is a 35-foot [[obelisk]] of North Carolina [[granite]]. It is located at the town square of Portsmouth, on Court Street at the corner of High Street. Also facing on the town square are the [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Portsmouth, Virginia)|Trinity Episcopal Church]] dating from 1828 and the [[Portsmouth Courthouse]] dating from 1846, which are also NRHP-listed.<ref name=nris/><ref name="vaNRHPnom">{{cite web|author=William Blake |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Confederate Monument / 124–183|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Portsmouth/124-0183_Confederate_Monument_1997_Final_Nomination.pdf |date=October 7, 1996 |accessdate=2010-04-24 |publisher=Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission}} and [http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Portsmouth/ConfederateMonument_Photo.htm ''Accompanying photo at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission'']</ref>


It was erected by the [[Ladies' Memorial Association|Ladies Memorial Aid Association]] of Portsmouth, Virginia, which was founded in 1866 with one purpose "being the erection of a monument to the Confederate dead of Portsmouth and [[Norfolk County, Virginia|Norfolk County]]." The design was by topographical engineer Charles E. Cassell.<ref name=vaNRHPnom/>{{rp|8}}
It was erected by the [[Ladies' Memorial Association|Ladies Memorial Aid Association]] of Portsmouth, Virginia, which was founded in 1866 with one purpose "being the erection of a monument to the Confederate dead of Portsmouth and [[Norfolk County, Virginia|Norfolk County]]." The design was by topographical engineer [[Charles E. Cassell]].<ref name=vaNRHPnom/>


The cornerstone was laid in 1876. Several artifacts were placed within it, including a Confederate flag; Confederate bonds, currency, and postage stamps; rosters of officers and men in two army units; a photograph of Col. James G. Hodges, commander of the [[14th Virginia Infantry]]; and an array of silver coins. The monument's capstone was not placed until 1881, and the monument as a whole was not completed until 1893.<ref name=vaNRHPnom/>{{rp|9–10}}
The cornerstone was laid in 1876.The monument's capstone was not placed until 1881, and the monument as a whole was not completed until 1893.<ref name=vaNRHPnom/>


The four cast [[white bronze]] figures that surround the obelisk, including their heads and facial features, are largely generic.<ref name="grissom">{{cite web|author=Carol A. Grissom |title=Zinc Sculpture in America, 1850-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY_o8YXKg8QC&lpg=PA536&dq=%22James%20W.%20Nicholson%22%20portsmouth&pg=PA536#v=onepage&q=%22James%20W.%20Nicholson%22%20portsmouth&f=false |date=2009 |accessdate=2016-05-28 |publisher=University of Delaware Press}}</ref>{{rp|536–537}} The sailor figure, for example, also appears outside the [[Grand Army of the Republic|G.A.R.]] Memorial Hall in Wabash, Indiana.
The four cast [[white bronze]] figures that surround the obelisk, including their heads and facial features, are largely generic.<ref name="grissom">{{cite book|author=Carol A. Grissom |title=Zinc Sculpture in America, 1850–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY_o8YXKg8QC&q=%22James+W.+Nicholson%22+portsmouth&pg=PA536 |date=2009 |accessdate=2016-05-28 |publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=9780874130317}}</ref>{{rp|536–537}} The sailor figure, for example, also appears outside the [[Grand Army of the Republic|G.A.R.]] Memorial Hall in Wabash, Indiana.


The city of Portsmouth "gave 1,242 men to the Confederacy of whom 199 were killed or died; Norfolk County gave 1,018 men to the cause of whom 280 were killed or died; and the City of Norfolk gave 1,119 of whom 176 were killed or died."<ref name=vaNRHPnom/>{{rp|10}}
The city of Portsmouth "gave 1,242 men to the Confederacy of whom 199 were killed or died; Norfolk County gave 1,018 men to the cause of whom 280 were killed or died; and the City of Norfolk gave 1,119 of whom 176 were killed or died."<ref name=vaNRHPnom/>


== Calls for removal and relocation ==
== Calls for removal and relocation ==
In August 2017, in the wake of the [[Unite the Right rally|"Unite the Right" rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville Virginia]] where many [[White Supremacist|white supremacist]] groups protested the removal of Confederate monuments,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/far-right-groups-blaze-into-national-view-in-charlottesville.html|title=Far-Right Groups Surge Into National View in Charlottesville|last=Fausset|first=Richard|date=2017-08-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-28|last2=Feuer|first2=Alan|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> mayor of Portsmouth John Rowe called for the movement of the monument from its current location. Mayor Rowe's proposed new site for the monument is nearby [[Cedar Grove Cemetery (Portsmouth, Virginia)|Cedar Grove Cemetery]] where many Confederate soldiers are buried.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pilotonline.com/news/government/politics/local/portsmouth-mayor-calls-for-moving-confederate-monument-from-olde-towne/article_60e6d3a8-5333-5fb8-a39c-f507c98c83df.html|title=Portsmouth mayor calls for moving Confederate monument from Olde Towne to cemetery|last=Ley|first=Ana|work=Virginian-Pilot|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en}}</ref> Shortly after the mayor's announcement, a [[Change.org]] petition amassing over 30,000 signatures went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] started by a local Virginia man named Nathan Coflin to have the current monument replaced by a statue of Portsmouth native [[Rapping|rap]] artist and [[businesswoman]], [[Missy 'Misdemeanor' Elliott|Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pilotonline.com/news/local/sign-petition-for-missy-elliott-statue-to-replace-portsmouth-confederate/article_59a9c13f-5461-5ac9-9922-fd1451b77ae2.html|title=30,000 sign petition for Missy Elliott statue to replace Portsmouth Confederate monument|last=Ollison|first=Rashod|work=Virginian-Pilot|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en}}</ref> This petition received national attention in many publications such as [[Newsweek]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/petitioners-want-replace-confederate-statue-one-missy-elliott-652635|title=Could Missy Elliott replace a Confederate statue in Virginia?|date=2017-08-21|work=Newsweek|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en}}</ref> [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/21/entertainment/missy-elliott-confederate-statue/index.html|title=Missy Elliott statue instead of Confederate monument?|author=Lisa Respers France|website=CNN|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref> [[People (magazine)|People]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/music/missy-elliott-confederate-statue/|title=Virginia Resident Wants to Remove Confederate Statue and Replace It — with a Statue of Missy Elliott!|date=2017-08-19|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/4910939/missy-elliott-confederate-statue/|title=Thousands Petition to Replace Statue With Missy Elliott|last=Lang|first=Cady|website=Time|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>
In August 2017, in the wake of the [[Unite the Right rally|"Unite the Right" rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville Virginia]] where many [[White Supremacist]] groups protested the removal of Confederate monuments,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/far-right-groups-blaze-into-national-view-in-charlottesville.html|title=Far-Right Groups Surge Into National View in Charlottesville|last1=Fausset|first1=Richard|date=2017-08-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-08-28|last2=Feuer|first2=Alan|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> mayor of Portsmouth John Rowe called for the movement of the monument from its current location. Mayor Rowe's proposed new site for the monument is nearby [[Cedar Grove Cemetery (Portsmouth, Virginia)|Cedar Grove Cemetery]] where many Confederate soldiers are buried.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pilotonline.com/news/government/politics/local/portsmouth-mayor-calls-for-moving-confederate-monument-from-olde-towne/article_60e6d3a8-5333-5fb8-a39c-f507c98c83df.html|title=Portsmouth mayor calls for moving Confederate monument from Olde Towne to cemetery|last=Ley|first=Ana|work=Virginian-Pilot|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828103132/https://pilotonline.com/news/government/politics/local/portsmouth-mayor-calls-for-moving-confederate-monument-from-olde-towne/article_60e6d3a8-5333-5fb8-a39c-f507c98c83df.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortly after the mayor's announcement, a [[Change.org]] petition amassing over 30,000 signatures went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] started by a local Virginia man named Nathan Coflin to have the current monument replaced by a statue of Portsmouth native [[Rapping|rap]] artist and businesswoman, [[Missy 'Misdemeanor' Elliott|Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pilotonline.com/news/local/sign-petition-for-missy-elliott-statue-to-replace-portsmouth-confederate/article_59a9c13f-5461-5ac9-9922-fd1451b77ae2.html|title=30,000 sign petition for Missy Elliott statue to replace Portsmouth Confederate monument|last=Ollison|first=Rashod|work=Virginian-Pilot|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en|archive-date=2017-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826073232/https://pilotonline.com/news/local/sign-petition-for-missy-elliott-statue-to-replace-portsmouth-confederate/article_59a9c13f-5461-5ac9-9922-fd1451b77ae2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This petition received national attention in many publications such as ''[[Newsweek]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/petitioners-want-replace-confederate-statue-one-missy-elliott-652635|title=Could Missy Elliott replace a Confederate statue in Virginia?|date=2017-08-21|work=Newsweek|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en}}</ref> [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/21/entertainment/missy-elliott-confederate-statue/index.html|title=Missy Elliott statue instead of Confederate monument?|author=Lisa Respers France|website=CNN|date=21 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref> ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/music/missy-elliott-confederate-statue/|title=Virginia Resident Wants to Remove Confederate Statue and Replace It — with a Statue of Missy Elliott!|date=2017-08-19|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4910939/missy-elliott-confederate-statue/|title=Thousands Petition to Replace Statue With Missy Elliott|last=Lang|first=Cady|magazine=Time|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>

On June 10, 2020 the Confederate soldier statues were beheaded by sledgehammer and one was toppled by [[Black Lives Matter]] protesters as the Police Department watched<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/vp-nw-portsmouth-confederate-monument-20200610-65p7wr3nkvcrneaotwycjygcqu-story.html#rt=chartbeat-flt|title=Portsmouth Confederate statues beheaded, partially pulled down by protesters|website=The Virginian-Pilot}}</ref>. During the toppling of the statue, a man was murdered when the statue fell on him<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man injured in toppling of Confederate statue in Virginia|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/man-injured-toppling-confederate-statue-virginia-n1229706|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref>.
On June 10, 2020 the Confederate soldier statues were beheaded by sledgehammer and one was toppled by [[Black Lives Matter]] rioters as the Police Department watched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/vp-nw-portsmouth-confederate-monument-20200610-65p7wr3nkvcrneaotwycjygcqu-story.html#rt=chartbeat-flt|title=Portsmouth Confederate statues beheaded, partially pulled down by rioters|website=The Virginian-Pilot|date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> A brass band played.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Confederate statues: In 2020, a renewed battle in America's enduring Civil War
|first=Marc
|last=Fisher
|date=June 11, 2020
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/11/confederate-statues-attacked-protesters-george-floyd/}}</ref> One protester, Chris Green, was hit by the falling statue and sustained life-threatening injuries while standing near other people below it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/vp-nw-man-injured-20200611-3mp5z4smffanni7qr4dxkpja34-story.html|title=Man injured when Portsmouth Confederate statue fell on him is fighting for his life|last=Sidersky|first=Robyn|date=2020-06-11|work=The Virginian-Pilot|access-date=2020-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Removal ==
On July 28, 2020, the Portsmouth City Council voted unanimously to remove the monument. On August 26, 2020, crews officially began removing the monument from Olde Towne and moving it to a undisclosed storage area.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Albiges, Ley |first1=Marie, Ana |title=Portsmouth begins taking down Confederate monument |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/government/local/vp-nw-portsmouth-removes-confederate-monument-20200826-q57r5l2k3vcwvnl2wn7il6l2au-story.html |website=Pilot Online |date=26 August 2020 |publisher=The Virginian-Pilot |access-date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> The monument has since been removed.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 44: Line 53:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306025849/http://www.conservationsolution.com/docs/Portsmouth%20Confederate%20Monument%201pager%20-%20final.pdf Conservation of the Portsmouth Confederate Monument]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306025849/http://www.conservationsolution.com/docs/Portsmouth%20Confederate%20Monument%201pager%20-%20final.pdf Conservation of the Portsmouth Confederate Monument]


{{Monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Virginia}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Virginia}}


[[Category:Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia]]
[[Category:1870s establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, Virginia]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1876]]
⚫
[[Category:Obelisks in the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Portsmouth, Virginia]]
[[Category:1876 sculptures]]
[[Category:1876 sculptures]]
[[Category:American Civil War sites]]
[[Category:American Civil War sites]]
[[Category:Granite sculptures in Virginia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1876]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Portsmouth, Virginia]]
⚫
[[Category:1870s establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Virginia]]
[[Category:Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Virginia]]
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[[Category:Granite sculptures in Virginia]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia]]
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[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, Virginia]]
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[[Category:Obelisks in the United States]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in Virginia]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in Virginia]]
[[Category:Statues removed in 2020]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Virginia removed during the George Floyd protests]]

Latest revision as of 07:08, 19 February 2024

Confederate Monument
Confederate Monument
Confederate Monument (Portsmouth, Virginia) is located in Virginia
Confederate Monument (Portsmouth, Virginia)
Confederate Monument (Portsmouth, Virginia) is located in the United States
Confederate Monument (Portsmouth, Virginia)
LocationJct. of High and Court Sts., Portsmouth, Virginia
Coordinates36°50′6″N 76°18′4″W / 36.83500°N 76.30111°W / 36.83500; -76.30111
Arealess than one acre
Built1876–1881
ArchitectCharles E. Cassell
NRHP reference No.97000956[1]
VLR No.124-0183
Significant dates
Added to NRHPSeptember 4, 1997
Designated VLRDecember 4, 1996[2]

The Confederate Monument in Portsmouth, Virginia, was built between 1876 and 1881. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1997.[1]

The monument is a 35-foot obelisk of North Carolina granite. It is located at the town square of Portsmouth, on Court Street at the corner of High Street. Also facing on the town square are the Trinity Episcopal Church dating from 1828 and the Portsmouth Courthouse dating from 1846, which are also NRHP-listed.[1][3]

It was erected by the Ladies Memorial Aid Association of Portsmouth, Virginia, which was founded in 1866 with one purpose "being the erection of a monument to the Confederate dead of Portsmouth and Norfolk County." The design was by topographical engineer Charles E. Cassell.[3]

The cornerstone was laid in 1876.The monument's capstone was not placed until 1881, and the monument as a whole was not completed until 1893.[3]

The four cast white bronze figures that surround the obelisk, including their heads and facial features, are largely generic.[4]: 536–537  The sailor figure, for example, also appears outside the G.A.R. Memorial Hall in Wabash, Indiana.

The city of Portsmouth "gave 1,242 men to the Confederacy of whom 199 were killed or died; Norfolk County gave 1,018 men to the cause of whom 280 were killed or died; and the City of Norfolk gave 1,119 of whom 176 were killed or died."[3]

Calls for removal and relocation

[edit]

In August 2017, in the wake of the "Unite the Right" rally in Charlottesville Virginia where many White Supremacist groups protested the removal of Confederate monuments,[5] mayor of Portsmouth John Rowe called for the movement of the monument from its current location. Mayor Rowe's proposed new site for the monument is nearby Cedar Grove Cemetery where many Confederate soldiers are buried.[6] Shortly after the mayor's announcement, a Change.org petition amassing over 30,000 signatures went viral started by a local Virginia man named Nathan Coflin to have the current monument replaced by a statue of Portsmouth native rap artist and businesswoman, Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott.[7] This petition received national attention in many publications such as Newsweek,[8] CNN,[9] People[10] and Time magazine.[11]

On June 10, 2020 the Confederate soldier statues were beheaded by sledgehammer and one was toppled by Black Lives Matter rioters as the Police Department watched.[12] A brass band played.[13] One protester, Chris Green, was hit by the falling statue and sustained life-threatening injuries while standing near other people below it.[14]

Removal

[edit]

On July 28, 2020, the Portsmouth City Council voted unanimously to remove the monument. On August 26, 2020, crews officially began removing the monument from Olde Towne and moving it to a undisclosed storage area.[15] The monument has since been removed.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d William Blake (October 7, 1996). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Confederate Monument / 124–183" (PDF). Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. Retrieved 2010-04-24. and Accompanying photo at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission
  4. ^ Carol A. Grissom (2009). Zinc Sculpture in America, 1850–1950. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 9780874130317. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  5. ^ Fausset, Richard; Feuer, Alan (2017-08-13). "Far-Right Groups Surge Into National View in Charlottesville". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  6. ^ Ley, Ana. "Portsmouth mayor calls for moving Confederate monument from Olde Towne to cemetery". Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  7. ^ Ollison, Rashod. "30,000 sign petition for Missy Elliott statue to replace Portsmouth Confederate monument". Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  8. ^ "Could Missy Elliott replace a Confederate statue in Virginia?". Newsweek. 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  9. ^ Lisa Respers France (21 August 2017). "Missy Elliott statue instead of Confederate monument?". CNN. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  10. ^ "Virginia Resident Wants to Remove Confederate Statue and Replace It — with a Statue of Missy Elliott!". PEOPLE.com. 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  11. ^ Lang, Cady. "Thousands Petition to Replace Statue With Missy Elliott". Time. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  12. ^ "Portsmouth Confederate statues beheaded, partially pulled down by rioters". The Virginian-Pilot. 11 June 2020.
  13. ^ Fisher, Marc (June 11, 2020). "Confederate statues: In 2020, a renewed battle in America's enduring Civil War". The Washington Post.
  14. ^ Sidersky, Robyn (2020-06-11). "Man injured when Portsmouth Confederate statue fell on him is fighting for his life". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  15. ^ Albiges, Ley, Marie, Ana (26 August 2020). "Portsmouth begins taking down Confederate monument". Pilot Online. The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved May 21, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[edit]
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