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{{Other uses}}
'''Civic Forum''' ([[Czech language|Czech]]: Občanské fórum - OF) was a political party in the [[Czech Republic]] right after the [[Velvet Revolution]] in [[1989]]. Its purpose was to unify all anti-totalitarian forces and win the free elections in [[1990]], which it did. [[Václav Havel]] and [[Václav Klaus]] were among its leaders. In [[Slovakia]], the corresponding movement was called Public Against Violence ([[Slovak language|Slovak]]: Verejnost proti násiliu - VPN).
{{Infobox political party
|country = Czechoslovakia
|name = Civic Forum
|native_name = {{nowrap|Občanské fórum}}
|colorcode = {{party color|Civic Forum}}
|logo = OF logo vectorized.svg
|logo_size = 180px
|leader1_title = Chairman
|leader1_name = [[Václav Klaus]]
|founder = [[Václav Havel]]
|foundation = 19 November 1989
|successor = [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]]<br>[[Civic Movement]]
|dissolution = 23 February 1991<br />(11 May 1992)
|membership =
|newspaper = ''Občanský deník''
|international =
|european =
|wing1_title =
|wing1 =
|paramilitary_wing =
|colors =
|headquarters = [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
|ideology = [[Liberal democracy]]
|position =
|flag =
}}
The '''Civic Forum''' ([[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Občanské fórum'', OF) was a political movement in the [[Czech Socialist Republic|Czech part]] of [[Czechoslovakia]], established during the [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989. The corresponding movement in [[Slovakia]] was called [[Public Against Violence]] ([[Slovak language|Slovak]]: ''Verejnosť proti násiliu'' - VPN).


The Civic Forum's purpose was to unify the dissident forces in Czechoslovakia and to overthrow the Communist regime. In this, they succeeded when the Communists gave up power in November 1989 after only 10 days of protests. Playwright [[Václav Havel]], its leader and founder, was elected president on December 29, 1989. Although the Forum did not have a clear political strategy beyond the June 1990 elections, it campaigned successfully in March and April 1990 during the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1946. Those elections garnered Civic Forum 36 percent of the vote, the highest that a Czechoslovakian party ever obtained in a free election. This netted it 68 seats in the Chamber of Deputies; combined with Public Against Violence's 19 seats, it commanded a strong majority.
Civic forum covered politicians with very different opinions and it split when the [[Civic Democratic Party]] of [[Václav Klaus]] separated.


The Civic Forum had a very loose structure, and most of its (self-appointed) leaders came from [[Prague]]-based members of the [[Charter 77]] dissident movement. In December 1989, [[Jan Urban (journalist)|Jan Urban]] became the Forum's chairman after Havel's election as president. Urban served until June 1990, when he resigned, stating he did not want a rift between the organization and the president. On October 16, 1990, [[Václav Klaus]] [[1990 Civic Forum leadership election|was elected its new chairman]]. Klaus's policies were opposed by other leading figures within the Forum and party unity soon vanished.
{{poli-stub}}

At the Civic Forum congress in January 1991, the movement divided. The more right wing members, led by Klaus, declared that they would form an independent party, the [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]] (''Občanská demokratická strana''), with a clearer program advocating a [[free market]]. The party elected Klaus as its chairman in February 1991. The more centrist members of Civic Forum, led by federal minister of foreign affairs [[Jiří Dienstbier]], formed the [[Civic Movement]] (''Občanské hnutí''). Klaus stated that the two parties would rule as a coalition until the 1992 elections. However, by July 1991 Klaus declared the inter-party cooperation over. The Civic Democratic Party was victorious in the elections of 1992 while the Civic Movement failed to reach the 5% threshold to enter parliament and eventually disappeared.

==Ideologic platforms==
*[[Interparliamentary Club of the Democratic Right]] - rightist wing in the party. It was led by [[Václav Klaus]]. It transformed into the [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]].<ref name="The new right in the new Europe Czech transformation and right-wing politics">{{cite book|last1=Hanley|first1=Seán|title=The new right in the new Europe Czech transformation and right-wing politics, 1989-2006|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-47935-3|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdZ-AgAAQBAJ&q=Inter-Parliamentary+Club+of+Democratic+Right&pg=PA82}}</ref><ref name="The politics of greed : how privatization structured politics in Central and Eastern Europe">{{cite book|last1=Schwartz|first1=Andrew Harrison|title=The politics of greed : how privatization structured politics in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-7425-5307-1|pages=137–138}}</ref><ref name="Konzervativní strana: Dvakrát se nevstupuje do stejné řeky špinavýma nohama">{{cite web|title=Konzervativní strana: Dvakrát se nevstupuje do stejné řeky špinavýma nohama|url=http://www.konzervativnistrana.cz/nazory/nase-nazory/nazor/select_category/4/article/dvakrat-se-nevstupuje-do-stejne-reky-spinavyma-nohama.html|website=www.konzervativnistrana.cz|access-date=21 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nepolitická politika Občanského fóra předznamenala jeho úspěch i pád">{{cite web|title=Nepolitická politika Občanského fóra předznamenala jeho úspěch i pád|url=http://www.denik.cz/praha/nepoliticka-politika-obcanskeho-fora-predznamenala-jeho-uspech-i-pad-20141119-hgxh.html|website=Deník.cz|access-date=21 July 2017|language=cs|date=19 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[Liberal Club of the Civic Forum]] - centrist wing of the party. Opposition to Klaus. It transformed into [[Civic Movement]]
*[[Social Democratic Club of Civic Forum]] - [[Social democracy|Social democratic]] wing led by [[Rudolf Battěk]]. It became [[Association of Social Democrats]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coppieters|first1=Bruno|last2=Deschouwer|first2=Kris|last3=Waller|first3=Michael|title=Social Democracy in a Post-communist Europe|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135200411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChMCAwAAQBAJ&q=association+of+social+democrats+batt%C4%9Bk+civic+forum&pg=PT108|access-date=23 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Election results==
===Federal Assembly===
====House of the People====
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Vote
! Vote %
! Seats
! Place
! Position
|-
| [[1990 Czechoslovak parliamentary election|1990]]
| 3,851,172
| 36,2
| {{Composition bar|68|150|hex={{party color|Civic Forum}}}}
| 1st
| {{yes2|Majority Government}}
|}

====House of Nations====
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Vote
! Vote %
! Seats
! Places
! Position
|-
| [[1990 Czechoslovak parliamentary election|1990]]
| 3,613,513
| 34,0
| {{Composition bar|50|150|hex={{party color|Civic Forum}}}}
| 1st
| {{yes2|Majority Government}}
|}

===Czech National Council===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Vote
! Vote %
! Seats
! Place
! Cabinet
|-
| [[1990 Czech legislative election|1990]]
| 3,569,201
| 49,50
| {{Composition bar|124|200|hex={{party color|Civic Forum}}}}
| 1st
| [[Petr Pithart's First Cabinet|Pithart I]], [[Petr Pithart's Second Cabinet|Pithart II]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*[[Timothy Garton Ash]], ''We the People: The Revolution of ’89, Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague'' (Cambridge 1990).
*Bernard Wheaton and Zdeněk Kavan, ''The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988-1991'' (Boulder 1992).
*Paal Sigurd Hilde, "Slovak Nationalism and the Break-Up of Czechoslovakia." ''[[Europe-Asia Studies]]'', Vol. 51, No. 4 (Jun., 1999): 647-665.

{{Civic Forum |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Civic Forum| ]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Political parties in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Velvet Revolution]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Anti-communist parties in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Centrist political parties in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Anti-communist parties]]

Latest revision as of 13:54, 17 February 2024

For other uses, see Civic Forum (disambiguation).
Civic Forum
Občanské fórum
ChairmanVáclav Klaus
FounderVáclav Havel
Founded19 November 1989
Dissolved23 February 1991
(11 May 1992)
Succeeded byCivic Democratic Party
Civic Movement
HeadquartersPrague, Czechoslovakia
NewspaperObčanský deník
IdeologyLiberal democracy

The Civic Forum (Czech: Občanské fórum, OF) was a political movement in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, established during the Velvet Revolution in 1989. The corresponding movement in Slovakia was called Public Against Violence (Slovak: Verejnosť proti násiliu - VPN).

The Civic Forum's purpose was to unify the dissident forces in Czechoslovakia and to overthrow the Communist regime. In this, they succeeded when the Communists gave up power in November 1989 after only 10 days of protests. Playwright Václav Havel, its leader and founder, was elected president on December 29, 1989. Although the Forum did not have a clear political strategy beyond the June 1990 elections, it campaigned successfully in March and April 1990 during the first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1946. Those elections garnered Civic Forum 36 percent of the vote, the highest that a Czechoslovakian party ever obtained in a free election. This netted it 68 seats in the Chamber of Deputies; combined with Public Against Violence's 19 seats, it commanded a strong majority.

The Civic Forum had a very loose structure, and most of its (self-appointed) leaders came from Prague-based members of the Charter 77 dissident movement. In December 1989, Jan Urban became the Forum's chairman after Havel's election as president. Urban served until June 1990, when he resigned, stating he did not want a rift between the organization and the president. On October 16, 1990, Václav Klaus was elected its new chairman. Klaus's policies were opposed by other leading figures within the Forum and party unity soon vanished.

At the Civic Forum congress in January 1991, the movement divided. The more right wing members, led by Klaus, declared that they would form an independent party, the Civic Democratic Party (Občanská demokratická strana), with a clearer program advocating a free market. The party elected Klaus as its chairman in February 1991. The more centrist members of Civic Forum, led by federal minister of foreign affairs Jiří Dienstbier, formed the Civic Movement (Občanské hnutí). Klaus stated that the two parties would rule as a coalition until the 1992 elections. However, by July 1991 Klaus declared the inter-party cooperation over. The Civic Democratic Party was victorious in the elections of 1992 while the Civic Movement failed to reach the 5% threshold to enter parliament and eventually disappeared.

Ideologic platforms

[edit]

Election results

[edit]

Federal Assembly

[edit]

House of the People

[edit]
Year Vote Vote % Seats Place Position
1990 3,851,172 36,2
68 / 150
 1st Majority Government

House of Nations

[edit]
Year Vote Vote % Seats Places Position
1990 3,613,513 34,0
50 / 150
 1st Majority Government

Czech National Council

[edit]
Year Vote Vote % Seats Place Cabinet
1990 3,569,201 49,50
124 / 200
 1st Pithart I, Pithart II

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hanley, Seán (2008). The new right in the new Europe Czech transformation and right-wing politics, 1989-2006. London: Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-203-47935-3.
  2. ^ Schwartz, Andrew Harrison (2006). The politics of greed : how privatization structured politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-0-7425-5307-1.
  3. ^ "Konzervativní strana: Dvakrát se nevstupuje do stejné řeky špinavýma nohama". www.konzervativnistrana.cz. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  4. ^ "Nepolitická politika Občanského fóra předznamenala jeho úspěch i pád". Deník.cz (in Czech). 19 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  5. ^ Coppieters, Bruno; Deschouwer, Kris; Waller, Michael (2014). Social Democracy in a Post-communist Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781135200411. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  • Timothy Garton Ash, We the People: The Revolution of ’89, Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague (Cambridge 1990).
  • Bernard Wheaton and Zdeněk Kavan, The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988-1991 (Boulder 1992).
  • Paal Sigurd Hilde, "Slovak Nationalism and the Break-Up of Czechoslovakia." Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Jun., 1999): 647-665.
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