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{{Short description|Former castle in Gloucester, England}}
{{Other uses|HMHS Gloucester Castle}}
{{Other uses|HMHS Gloucester Castle}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{coord|51.863|-2.249|display=title|region:GB_scale:10000}}
{{coord|51.863|-2.249|display=title|region:GB_scale:10000}}
[[Image:Gloucester Castle and Gaol, 1819.jpg|thumb|The castle [[keep]] in use as part of the county gaol in the 18th century. (A later work said to be based on a 1819 original)]]
[[Image:Gloucester Castle and Gaol, 1819.jpg|thumb|The castle [[keep]] in use as part of the county gaol (jail) in the 18th century. (A later work said to be based on an 1819 original)]]
'''Gloucester Castle''' was a [[castle]] in the city of [[Gloucester]] in the county of Gloucestershire. The castle was demolished and [[Gloucester Prison]] built on the site.
[[File:Ancient Gloucester from Speed's map of 1610 and Hall & Pinnell, ex Fosbroke.jpg|thumb|1610 map showing position of Gloucester Castle on the [[River Severn]], with [[Gloucester Cathedral]] (centre, until 1541 [[Gloucester Cathedral|Gloucester Abbey]]) to its north-east]]
'''Gloucester Castle''' was a [[House of Normandy|Norman-era]] royal [[castle]] situated in the city of [[Gloucester]] in [[Gloucestershire]], England. It was demolished in 1787 and replaced by [[Gloucester Prison]].


== Early Norman motte and bailey castle ==
== Early Norman motte and bailey castle ==
[[Image:Artifact presentation, Gloucester Tabula Set, June 2019.jpg|thumb|The [[Gloucester tabula set]] was found during an archaeological investigation of the Norman castle in 1983.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Ian |last2=Watkins |first2=Malcolm |date=1984 |title=An 11th-century bone tabula set from Gloucester [preliminary account] |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/details.xhtml?recordId=3188780 |journal=Medieval Archaeology |volume=28 |pages=185–190}}</ref>]]
Probably constructed by [[Roger de Pitres]], who was also the first [[Normans|Norman]] Sheriff of Gloucester. It began as a simple [[motte and bailey]] castle during the reign of [[William the Conqueror]] when sixteen houses were demolished to make way for it.<ref>David Walker, 'Gloucester and Gloucestershire in Domesday Book', ''Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society'', Vol. 94 (1976), pp. 111-12</ref> It was enlarged by [[William Rufus]] who demolished eight more houses. It was placed in the custody of the sheriff of the county, [[Walter of Gloucester]].


It was probably constructed by the [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] [[Roger de Pitres]], the first post-[[Norman Conquest]] [[Sheriff of Gloucestershire]], as a simple [[motte and bailey]] castle during the reign of [[William the Conqueror]] (1066–1087), when sixteen houses were demolished to make way for it.<ref>David Walker, 'Gloucester and Gloucestershire in Domesday Book', ''Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society'', Vol. 94 (1976), pp. 111-12</ref> It was enlarged by King [[William II of England|William II]] (1087–1100) who demolished eight more houses. [[Walter of Gloucester]],<ref name=bho>{{cite web|title='Gloucester: The castle', in A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4, the City of Gloucester|first= N M |last=Herbert |location=London|year= 1988|pages= 245–247|publisher=British History Online |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol4/pp245-247 |access-date= 19 September 2019}}</ref> [[Sheriff of Gloucestershire]], succeeded his father Roger de Pitres as Constable of the castle. Before 1113 Walter built a new castle west of Barbican hill on a former garden of [[Gloucester Abbey]], overlooking the [[River Severn]]. Walter's son, and the next Constable of Gloucester Castle, was [[Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford|Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford]] (d. 1143) (''alias'' Miles of Gloucester),<ref>Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960, p.7</ref> Sheriff of Gloucestershire, a great magnate based in the west of England who became hereditary [[Constable of England]]. He was succeeded as Constable of Gloucester Castle by his eldest son [[Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford]] (d. 1155). Later it was retained by the Crown.<ref name=bho/>
== Improvements ==
Before 1112 Walter built a new castle west of Barbican hill on a former garden of [[Gloucester Abbey]], overlooking the [[River Severn]]. The hereditary [[sheriff]]s of Gloucester held Gloucester castle until 1155 and later it was retained by the Crown.


== King's residence ==
== King's residence ==
It was further extended by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] and [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]. More improvements and some repairs were carried out by [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], these improvements including a bridge across the River Severn leading to a [[barbican]] in the outer wall. Henry III often used it as a residence, and it played an important role in the [[Second Barons' War|barons' war]] when it was [[siege|besieged]] twice in 1264-5. Part of the castle had been being used as a gaol by 1185 and it was probably then the official county gaol, as it certainly was by 1228, and [[Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany|Eleanor of Brittany]], niece of King John and cousin of Henry III with a better claim to the throne according to primogeniture and thus becoming a state prisoner, had been briefly imprisoned there during the reign of John, from 1222 to 1223, and from 1237 to 1238, and for the second time its prisoners had to be transferred to accommodate her.
More improvements and some repairs were carried out by [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], these improvements included a bridge across the River Severn leading to a [[barbican]] in the outer wall. Henry III often used it as a residence, and it played an important role in the [[Second Barons' War|barons' war]] when it was [[siege|besieged]] twice in 1264–1265.<ref name=bho/> Part of the castle had been being used as a gaol by 1185 and it was probably then the official county gaol, as it certainly was by 1228,<ref name=bho/> and [[Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany|Eleanor of Brittany]], niece of King John and cousin of Henry III with a better claim to the throne according to primogeniture and thus becoming a state prisoner, had been briefly imprisoned there during the reign of John, from 1222 to 1223, and from 1237 to 1238,<ref>Seabourne, Gwen. Imprisoning Medieval Women (2013) pp. 67, 70, 79, 81-83</ref> while in 1222 to accommodate her the castle temporarily moved all its prisoners elsewhere.<ref>Ralph B. Pugh, ''Imprisonment in Medieval England'' (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 78-79.</ref>

More work was done on the castle during the reigns of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] and [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].


== Decline ==
== Decline ==
The defences were kept in full repair until the mid 15th century. It is likely that in the reign of [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] the castle ceased to be maintained as a fortress, continuing in use only as the county gaol. Much of the stonework of the castle was taken to construct roads and other buildings and by the mid 17th century all the buildings around the [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] had apparently gone, leaving only the [[keep]], used as the gaol, and the main [[gatehouse]] standing.
The defences were kept in full repair until the mid-15th century. It is likely that in the reign of [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], the castle ceased to be maintained as a fortress, continuing in use only as the county gaol. Much of the stonework of the castle was taken to construct roads and other buildings<ref name=bho/> and by the mid-17th century all the buildings around the [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] had apparently gone, leaving only the [[keep]], used as the gaol, and the main [[gatehouse]] standing. In time the keep was considered to be unsuitable for use as a gaol and its demolition began in 1787.<ref name=bho/> The new gaol was finished in 1791 leaving no visible remains of the castle.<ref name=bho/>

== Gaol ==
In time the keep was considered to be unsuitable for use as a gaol and its demolition began in 1787. The new gaol was finished in 1791 leaving no visible remains of the castle.


==Modern times==
==Conservation==
The Castle was rediscovered in December 2015 by Archaeologists who are investigating the [[Gloucester Prison]] site ahead of a new development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/castle-Gloucester-prison-s-basketball-court/story-28313010-detail/story.html|title=A castle has been found under Gloucester prison's basketball court|publisher=Gloucester Citizen|date=7 November 2015|accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref> Since being rediscovered there have been calls to make the site open to the public. The owners of the site, are currently considering how they will include parts of the castle in their plans for the site's future.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/Calls-Gloucester-Castle-public-site/story-28321372-detail/story.html|title=Calls made to keep Gloucester Castle a public site|publisher=Gloucester Citizen|date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
In December 2015, the castle's foundations were uncovered by archaeologists who were investigating the [[Gloucester Prison]] site ahead of a new development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/castle-Gloucester-prison-s-basketball-court/story-28313010-detail/story.html|title=A castle has been found under Gloucester prison's basketball court|publisher=Gloucester Citizen|date=7 November 2015|access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Since being rediscovered there have been calls to make the site open to the public. The owners of the site are currently considering how they will include parts of the castle in their plans for the site's future.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/Calls-Gloucester-Castle-public-site/story-28321372-detail/story.html|title=Calls made to keep Gloucester Castle a public site|publisher=Gloucester Citizen|date=8 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211091007/http://www.gloucestercitizen.co.uk/Calls-Gloucester-Castle-public-site/story-28321372-detail/story.html|archive-date=11 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 33: Line 29:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[[Plantagenet Somerset Fry|Fry, Plantagenet Somerset]]. (1980) ''The David & Charles Book of Castles''. London: [[David & Charles]]. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3
*[[Plantagenet Somerset Fry|Fry, Plantagenet Somerset]]. (1980) ''The David & Charles Book of Castles''. London: [[David & Charles]]. {{ISBN|0-7153-7976-3}}
*{{cite journal |last=Howes |first=Russell |title=Gloucester Castle as a prison |journal=Glevensis |volume=43 |year=2010 |pages=16−23 |url=http://www.glosarch.org.uk/Glev%2043.pdf}} {{open access}}
*{{citation |first=Henry |last=Hurst |title=The Archaeology of Gloucester Castle: An Introduction |journal=Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society |url=http://www.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v102/bg102073.pdf |format=PDF |year=1984 |volume=102 |pages=73&ndash;128 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225806/http://www.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v102/bg102073.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 |ref=none }} {{openaccess}}


{{Buildings and structures in Gloucester}}
==External links==
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42304 Gloucester Castle]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225806/http://www.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v102/bg102073.pdf The Archaeology of Gloucester Castle]


[[Category:Castles in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Castles in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gloucester]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gloucester]]
[[Category:History of Gloucester]]
[[Category:History of Gloucester]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1787]]

Revision as of 23:45, 11 February 2024

For other uses, see HMHS Gloucester Castle.

51°51′47″N 2°14′56″W / 51.863°N 2.249°W / 51.863; -2.249

The castle keep in use as part of the county gaol (jail) in the 18th century. (A later work said to be based on an 1819 original)
1610 map showing position of Gloucester Castle on the River Severn, with Gloucester Cathedral (centre, until 1541 Gloucester Abbey) to its north-east

Gloucester Castle was a Norman-era royal castle situated in the city of Gloucester in Gloucestershire, England. It was demolished in 1787 and replaced by Gloucester Prison.

Early Norman motte and bailey castle

The Gloucester tabula set was found during an archaeological investigation of the Norman castle in 1983.[1]

It was probably constructed by the Anglo-Norman Roger de Pitres, the first post-Norman Conquest Sheriff of Gloucestershire, as a simple motte and bailey castle during the reign of William the Conqueror (1066–1087), when sixteen houses were demolished to make way for it.[2] It was enlarged by King William II (1087–1100) who demolished eight more houses. Walter of Gloucester,[3] Sheriff of Gloucestershire, succeeded his father Roger de Pitres as Constable of the castle. Before 1113 Walter built a new castle west of Barbican hill on a former garden of Gloucester Abbey, overlooking the River Severn. Walter's son, and the next Constable of Gloucester Castle, was Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford (d. 1143) (alias Miles of Gloucester),[4] Sheriff of Gloucestershire, a great magnate based in the west of England who became hereditary Constable of England. He was succeeded as Constable of Gloucester Castle by his eldest son Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford (d. 1155). Later it was retained by the Crown.[3]

King's residence

More improvements and some repairs were carried out by Henry III, these improvements included a bridge across the River Severn leading to a barbican in the outer wall. Henry III often used it as a residence, and it played an important role in the barons' war when it was besieged twice in 1264–1265.[3] Part of the castle had been being used as a gaol by 1185 and it was probably then the official county gaol, as it certainly was by 1228,[3] and Eleanor of Brittany, niece of King John and cousin of Henry III with a better claim to the throne according to primogeniture and thus becoming a state prisoner, had been briefly imprisoned there during the reign of John, from 1222 to 1223, and from 1237 to 1238,[5] while in 1222 to accommodate her the castle temporarily moved all its prisoners elsewhere.[6]

Decline

The defences were kept in full repair until the mid-15th century. It is likely that in the reign of Richard III, the castle ceased to be maintained as a fortress, continuing in use only as the county gaol. Much of the stonework of the castle was taken to construct roads and other buildings[3] and by the mid-17th century all the buildings around the curtain wall had apparently gone, leaving only the keep, used as the gaol, and the main gatehouse standing. In time the keep was considered to be unsuitable for use as a gaol and its demolition began in 1787.[3] The new gaol was finished in 1791 leaving no visible remains of the castle.[3]

Conservation

In December 2015, the castle's foundations were uncovered by archaeologists who were investigating the Gloucester Prison site ahead of a new development.[7] Since being rediscovered there have been calls to make the site open to the public. The owners of the site are currently considering how they will include parts of the castle in their plans for the site's future.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Stewart, Ian; Watkins, Malcolm (1984). "An 11th-century bone tabula set from Gloucester [preliminary account]". Medieval Archaeology. 28: 185–190.
  2. ^ David Walker, 'Gloucester and Gloucestershire in Domesday Book', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Vol. 94 (1976), pp. 111-12
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Herbert, N M (1988). "'Gloucester: The castle', in A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4, the City of Gloucester". London: British History Online. pp. 245–247. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  4. ^ Sanders, I.J. English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960, p.7
  5. ^ Seabourne, Gwen. Imprisoning Medieval Women (2013) pp. 67, 70, 79, 81-83
  6. ^ Ralph B. Pugh, Imprisonment in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 78-79.
  7. ^ "A castle has been found under Gloucester prison's basketball court". Gloucester Citizen. 7 November 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  8. ^ "Calls made to keep Gloucester Castle a public site". Gloucester Citizen. 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

Further reading

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