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{{IPA key|H:IPA-GL}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-GL}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Galician language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-gl}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Galician language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}


See [[Galician phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Galician.
See [[Galician phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Galician.

{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}


{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | [[Consonant]]s
! colspan="3" | [[Consonant]]s
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|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''aixo, '''v'''iver, '''w'''eber
| style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''aixo, '''v'''ivir, '''w'''eber
| style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''est
| style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''est
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|β̞|β}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|β̞|β}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''b'''aixo, vi'''v'''er<ref name="lenition">Voiced stops {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[Lenition|lenited]] to [[Approximant consonant|approximants]] {{IPA|[{{IPA link|β̞}}, {{IPA link|ð̞}}, {{IPA link|ɣ˕}}]}} (frequently represented without the undertacks) of the same [[place of articulation]] except after a pause or a [[nasal vowel]], when they are stops {{IPA|[{{IPA link|b}}, {{IPA link|d̪|d}}, {{IPA link|ɡ}}]}}, like English ''b, d, g''.</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''b'''aixo, vi'''v'''ir<ref name="lenition">{{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[approximant]]s {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|β̞}}, {{IPAplink|ð̞}}, {{IPAplink|ɣ˕}}]}} (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a [[Nasal consonant|nasal]], or, for {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|[l]}}, where they are stops {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|b}}, {{IPAplink|d̪|d}}, {{IPAplink|ɡ}}]}}.</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' ba'''b'''y ''and'' be'''v'''y
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' ba'''b'''y ''and'' be'''v'''y
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ð̞|ð}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ð̞|ð}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | de'''d'''o<ref name="lenition"/>
| style="text-align:left;" | de'''d'''o,<ref name="lenition" /> (''dialectal'') fa'''z'''er
| style="text-align:left;" | o'''th'''er
| style="text-align:left;" | o'''th'''er
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɣ̞|ɣ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɣ̞|ɣ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | gale'''g'''o<ref name="lenition"/>
| style="text-align:left;" | gale'''g'''o<ref name="lenition" />
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' a'''g'''o ''and'' a'''h'''old
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' a'''g'''o ''and'' a'''h'''old
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ll'''e, bri'''ll'''o
| style="text-align:left;" | ar'''g'''ue
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
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| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''úa, ba'''ll'''et
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''úa, ba'''ll'''et
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''uck
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''uck
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʎ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ll'''e, bri'''ll'''o<ref name="yeísmo">Many speakers [[Delateralization|delateralize]] {{IPA|/ʎ/}} to {{IPAblink|ʝ˕}} (normally represented without the undertack).</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | bi'''lli'''ards
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''m'''a, la'''m'''ber, i'''n'''ferno
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''m'''a, la'''m'''ber
| style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''ate
| style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''ate
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|θ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|θ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo, '''c'''ea,<ref name="seseo">[[seseo|{{IPA|/θ/}} merges with {{IPA|/s/}}]] in western dialects.</ref> '''th'''eta
| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo, '''c'''ea,<ref name="seseo">[[seseo|{{IPA|/θ/|cat=no}} merges with {{IPA|/s/|cat=no}}]] in western dialects.</ref> '''th'''eta
| style="text-align:left;" | '''th'''ing
| style="text-align:left;" | '''th'''ing
|-
|-
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | f'''r'''ía, pa'''r'''a, a'''r'''
| style="text-align:left;" | f'''r'''ía, pa'''r'''a, a'''r'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' la'''dd'''er
| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' a'''t'''om
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|s̺|s}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|s̺|s}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''eu, ca'''s'''a, e'''s'''te
| style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''eu, ca'''s'''a, e'''s'''te
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' '''s'''ip ''and'' '''sh'''ip ''([[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]])''<ref name="laminalsibilants">The alveolar sibilants {{IPA|[s, z]}} are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] as well as the [[Slavic languages]] ({{Harvcoltxt|Regueira|1996|p=82}}).</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''un
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''x'''ente, fla'''sh''', bei'''ge'''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''x'''ente, fla'''sh''', bei'''ge''', (''dialectal'') de'''z''', casa'''s'''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''op
| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''ip
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
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| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''ave
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''ave
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''eck
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
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|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|z̺|z}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|z̺|z}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | me'''s'''mo<ref name="v/z/ʒ"/>
| style="text-align:left;" | me'''s'''mo,<ref name="v/z/ʒ"/> (''dialectal'') fa'''z'''er, ca'''s'''as
| style="text-align:left;" | qui'''z'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' '''z'''one ''and'' '''g'''enre ''([[Voiced alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]])''<ref name="laminalsibilants"/>
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Dialectal consonants
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ħ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''gh'''ato, tri'''gh'''o<ref>In some dialects, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is [[Lenition|spirantized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|ħ}} ~ {{IPAlink|ʕ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|h}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɦ}}]}} in a phonological process known as ''[[gheada]]''. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with {{IPA|[ħ]}} only.</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''at
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
|'''g'''ente, quei'''j'''o<ref>Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area. [https://www.ub.edu/journalofexperimentalphonetics/pdf-articles/XVIII-16.pdf Las consonantes fricativas de la lengua gallega, Figura 1] Mapa de los sistemas del seseo en la lengua gallega. (Fernández Rei 1991:193)</ref>
|'''g'''enre
|}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Non-native consonants
! colspan="3" | Non-native consonants
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''oule, '''g'''in, ada'''gi'''o
| style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''oule, '''g'''in, ada'''gi'''o
| style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''et
| style="text-align:left;" | bu'''dge'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
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| <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ts'''ar, pi'''zz'''a, her'''tz'''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ts'''ar, pi'''zz'''a, her'''tz'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''ts'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' ca'''ts''' ''and'' ca'''tch''' ''(retracted)''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''kh'''arxa, Ba'''ch'''<ref>{{IPA|/x/}} may be used in loanwords, foreign names and [[Castilianization|hispanicized]] names like '''''kh'''arxa'', ''Ba'''ch''''', ''Araú'''j'''o'' (instead of ''Araúxo'', pron. with {{IPAblink|ʃ}}) and ''Fa'''g'''ilde'' or ''Fa'''j'''ilde'' (instead of ''Faxilde'', pron. with {{IPAblink|ʃ}}).</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''kh'''arxa, Ba'''ch'''<ref>{{IPA|/x/}} may be used in loanwords, foreign names and [[Castilianization|hispanicized]] names like '''''kh'''arxa'', ''Ba'''ch''''', ''Araú'''j'''o'' (instead of ''Araúxo'', pron. with {{IPAblink|ʃ}}) and ''Fa'''g'''ilde'' or ''Fa'''j'''ilde'' (instead of ''Faxilde'', pron. with {{IPAblink|ʃ}}).</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | lo'''ch'''
| style="text-align:left;" | lo'''ch'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | fla'''sh'''back<ref name="v/z/ʒ"/>
| style="text-align:left;" | vi'''si'''on
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
| colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-<!---------- Vowels ---------->
|-
! colspan="3" | Dialectal consonants
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʝ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''ll'''e, ve'''ll'''o<ref name="yeísmo"/>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''ou
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ħ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''gh'''ato, tri'''gh'''o<ref>In some dialects, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is [[Lenition|spirantized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|ħ}} ~ {{IPAlink|ʕ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|h}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɦ}}]}} in a phonological process known as ''[[gheada]]''. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with {{IPA|[ħ]}} only.</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''at
|}

<!---------- Vowels ---------->
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | [[Vowel]]s
! colspan="3" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
|-
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| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''vo, abi'''ó'''tico, '''ao''' fin
| style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''vo, abi'''ó'''tico, '''ao''' fin
| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' b'''a'''ll / ''UK'' l'''o'''t
| style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''ff
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | av'''o'''a, av'''ó'''
| style="text-align:left;" | av'''o'''a, av'''ó'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' s'''o'''le / ''UK'' s'''o'''re
| style="text-align:left;" | st'''o'''ry
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | ont'''e''', s'''e'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ont'''e''', s'''e'''
| style="text-align:left;" | hobb'''i'''t
| style="text-align:left;" | k'''i'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
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|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | A'''rou'''sa {{IPA|[aˈɾow.sɐ]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | A'''rou'''sa {{IPA|[aˈɾowsɐ]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | primary stress
| style="text-align:left;" | primary stress
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Vi'''lamarín {{IPA|[ˌbi.lɐ.maˈɾiŋ]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Vi'''lamarín {{IPA|[ˌbilɐmaˈɾiŋ]}}
| style="text-align:left;" | secondary stress
| style="text-align:left;" | secondary stress
|-
|-
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}}
}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Galician IPA|pages}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 06:40, 4 February 2024

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Galician language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters

See Galician phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Galician.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b baixo, vivir, weber best
β abaixo, vivir[1] between baby and bevy
d dedo dice
ð dedo,[1] (dialectal) fazer other
f faro, nafta, Philip face
ɡ galego ago
ɣ galego[1] between ago and ahold
ɟ lle, brillo argue
k cor, quen, quad, kelvin scan
l lúa, ballet luck
m ama, lamber mate
n urna, pensa not
ŋ unha, longo, un, yang, ítem singer
ɲ uña onion
p pés spouse
θ zoo, cea,[2] theta thing
r ría, parra trilled r
ɾ fría, para, ar US atom
s seu, casa, este between sip and ship (retracted)[3]
ʃ xente, flash, beige, (dialectal) dez, casas ship
t tempo stand
chave catch
v afgano[4] of
z mesmo,[4] (dialectal) fazer, casas between zone and genre (retracted)[3]
Dialectal consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
ħ ghato, trigho[5] hat
ʒ gente, queijo[6] genre
Non-native consonants
joule, gin, adagio budge
h hippy hook
ts tsar, pizza, hertz between cats and catch (retracted)
x kharxa, Bach[7] loch
 
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
a cadro, má art
ra, á[8] father
ɛ feltro, café set
e selo, télex they
i lima, dial, río, oïades ski
ɔ ovo, abiótico, ao fin off
o avoa, avó story
u mula, dual, rúa, argüír ruler
Unstressed word-final vowels[9]
ɐ hora, na unrest
ɪ onte, se kit
ʊ niño, termonuclear, do output
 
Semivowels
IPA Examples English approximation
j saia, cilio, pai, spray yet / boy
w tenue, bilingüe, pau, watt switch / cow
 
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples Explanation
ˈ Arousa [aˈɾowsɐ] primary stress
ˌ Vilamarín [ˌbilɐmaˈɾiŋ] secondary stress
. as [ˈri.ɐs] syllable break

Notes

  1. ^ a b c /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕] (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a nasal, or, for /d/, [l], where they are stops [b, d, ɡ].
  2. ^ /θ/ merges with /s/ in western dialects.
  3. ^ a b The alveolar sibilants [s, z] are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese as well as the Slavic languages (Regueira (1996:82)).
  4. ^ a b [v], [z] and [ʒ] are allophones of /f/, /s/ and /ʃ/, respectively, before voiced consonants.
  5. ^ In some dialects, /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ ~ ʕ] or [h ~ ɦ] in a phonological process known as gheada. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with [ħ] only.
  6. ^ Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area. Las consonantes fricativas de la lengua gallega, Figura 1 Mapa de los sistemas del seseo en la lengua gallega. (Fernández Rei 1991:193)
  7. ^ /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names like kharxa, Bach, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
  8. ^ Freixeiro Mato (2006)
  9. ^ There are only three unstressed word-final vowels in Galician: [ɐ, ɪ, ʊ]. The first one is phonemically /a/, whereas the other two vowels are a result of the neutralizations of, respectively, the non-open front vowels /ɛ–e–i/ and the non-open back vowels /ɔ–o–u/. This neutralization also applies to unstressed monosyllabic words; for instance, the article o is pronounced [ʊ]. In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word termonuclear [ˌtɛɾmʊnukleˈaɾ], because the prefix termo- is pronounced [ˈtɛɾmʊ] (Freixeiro Mato (2006:112), Regueira (2010:13–14, 21)).

References

  • Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006), Gramática da lingua galega (2 ed.), Vigo: Edicións A Nosa Terra, ISBN 9788483410608
  • Regueira, Xosé Luís (2010), Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega (PDF), A Coruña: Real Academia Galega, ISBN 978-84-87987-77-9

See also