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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Galician on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Galician in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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H:IPA-GL

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Galician language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters

See Galician phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Galician.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	baixo, vivir, weber	best
β	abaixo, vivir^[1]	between baby and bevy
d	dedo	dice
ð	dedo,^[1] (dialectal) fazer	other
f	faro, nafta, Philip	face
ɡ	galego	ago
ɣ	galego^[1]	between ago and ahold
ɟ	lle, brillo	argue
k	cor, quen, quad, kelvin	scan
l	lúa, ballet	luck
m	ama, lamber	mate
n	urna, pensa	not
ŋ	unha, longo, un, yang, ítem	singer
ɲ	uña	onion
p	pés	spouse
θ	zoo, cea,^[2] theta	thing
r	ría, parra	trilled r
ɾ	fría, para, ar	US atom
s	seu, casa, este	between sip and ship (retracted)^[3]
ʃ	xente, flash, beige, (dialectal) dez, casas	ship
t	tempo	stand
tʃ	chave	catch
v	afgano^[4]	of
z	mesmo,^[4] (dialectal) fazer, casas	between zone and genre (retracted)^[3]
Dialectal consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ħ	ghato, trigho^[5]	hat
ʒ	gente, queijo^[6]	genre

Non-native consonants
dʒ	joule, gin, adagio	budge
h	hippy	hook
ts	tsar, pizza, hertz	between cats and catch (retracted)
x	kharxa, Bach^[7]	loch

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	cadro, má	art
aː	ra, á^[8]	father
ɛ	feltro, café	set
e	selo, télex	they
i	lima, dial, río, oïades	ski
ɔ	ovo, abiótico, ao fin	off
o	avoa, avó	story
u	mula, dual, rúa, argüír	ruler
Unstressed word-final vowels^[9]
ɐ	hora, na	unrest
ɪ	onte, se	kit
ʊ	niño, termonuclear, do	output

Semivowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
j	saia, cilio, pai, spray	yet / boy
w	tenue, bilingüe, pau, watt	switch / cow

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ	Arousa [aˈɾowsɐ]	primary stress
ˌ	Vilamarín [ˌbilɐmaˈɾiŋ]	secondary stress
.	rías [ˈri.ɐs]	syllable break

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕] (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a nasal, or, for /d/, [l], where they are stops [b, d, ɡ].
^ /θ/ merges with /s/ in western dialects.
^ ^a ^b The alveolar sibilants [s, z] are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese as well as the Slavic languages (Regueira (1996:82)).
^ ^a ^b [v], [z] and [ʒ] are allophones of /f/, /s/ and /ʃ/, respectively, before voiced consonants.
^ In some dialects, /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ ~ ʕ] or [h ~ ɦ] in a phonological process known as gheada. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with [ħ] only.
^ Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area. Las consonantes fricativas de la lengua gallega, Figura 1 Mapa de los sistemas del seseo en la lengua gallega. (Fernández Rei 1991:193)
^ /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names like kharxa, Bach, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
^ Freixeiro Mato (2006)
^ There are only three unstressed word-final vowels in Galician: [ɐ, ɪ, ʊ]. The first one is phonemically /a/, whereas the other two vowels are a result of the neutralizations of, respectively, the non-open front vowels /ɛ–e–i/ and the non-open back vowels /ɔ–o–u/. This neutralization also applies to unstressed monosyllabic words; for instance, the article o is pronounced [ʊ]. In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word termonuclear [ˌtɛɾmʊnukleˈaɾ], because the prefix termo- is pronounced [ˈtɛɾmʊ] (Freixeiro Mato (2006:112), Regueira (2010:13–14, 21)).

References

Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006), Gramática da lingua galega (2 ed.), Vigo: Edicións A Nosa Terra, ISBN 9788483410608
Regueira, Xosé Luís (2010), Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega (PDF), A Coruña: Real Academia Galega, ISBN 978-84-87987-77-9

External links

"Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega". Ilg.usc.es.

[lenition-1] /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕] (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a nasal, or, for /d/, [l], where they are stops [b, d, ɡ].

[seseo-2] /θ/ merges with /s/ in western dialects.

[laminalsibilants-3] The alveolar sibilants [s, z] are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese as well as the Slavic languages (Regueira (1996:82)).

[v/z/ʒ-4] [v], [z] and [ʒ] are allophones of /f/, /s/ and /ʃ/, respectively, before voiced consonants.

[5] In some dialects, /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ ~ ʕ] or [h ~ ɦ] in a phonological process known as gheada. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with [ħ] only.

[6] Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area. Las consonantes fricativas de la lengua gallega, Figura 1 Mapa de los sistemas del seseo en la lengua gallega. (Fernández Rei 1991:193)

[7] /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names like kharxa, Bach, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).

[8] Freixeiro Mato (2006)

[9] There are only three unstressed word-final vowels in Galician: [ɐ, ɪ, ʊ]. The first one is phonemically /a/, whereas the other two vowels are a result of the neutralizations of, respectively, the non-open front vowels /ɛ–e–i/ and the non-open back vowels /ɔ–o–u/. This neutralization also applies to unstressed monosyllabic words; for instance, the article o is pronounced [ʊ]. In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word termonuclear [ˌtɛɾmʊnukleˈaɾ], because the prefix termo- is pronounced [ˈtɛɾmʊ] (Freixeiro Mato (2006:112), Regueira (2010:13–14, 21)).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{IPA key|H:IPA-GL}}
-The charts below show the way in which the  [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Galician language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-gl}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}
+The charts below show the way in which the  [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Galician language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}
 See [[Galician phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Galician.
+{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}
 {| style="background: none"
 | style="vertical-align:top;" |
 {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
 ! colspan="3" | [[Consonant]]s
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''aixo, '''v'''iver, '''w'''eber
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''aixo, '''v'''ivir, '''w'''eber
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''est
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|β̞|β}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | a'''b'''aixo, vi'''v'''er<ref name="lenition">Voiced stops {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[Lenition|lenited]] to [[Approximant consonant|approximants]] {{IPA|[{{IPA link|β̞}}, {{IPA link|ð̞}}, {{IPA link|ɣ˕}}]}} (frequently represented without the undertacks) of the same [[place of articulation]] except after a pause or a [[nasal vowel]], when they are stops {{IPA|[{{IPA link|b}}, {{IPA link|d̪|d}}, {{IPA link|ɡ}}]}}, like English ''b, d, g''.</ref>
+| style="text-align:left;" | a'''b'''aixo, vi'''v'''ir<ref name="lenition">{{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[approximant]]s {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|β̞}}, {{IPAplink|ð̞}}, {{IPAplink|ɣ˕}}]}} (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a [[Nasal consonant|nasal]], or, for {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|[l]}}, where they are stops {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|b}}, {{IPAplink|d̪|d}}, {{IPAplink|ɡ}}]}}.</ref>
 | style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' ba'''b'''y ''and'' be'''v'''y
 |-
@@ Line 24: / Line 26: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ð̞|ð}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | de'''d'''o<ref name="lenition"/>
+| style="text-align:left;" | de'''d'''o,<ref name="lenition" /> (''dialectal'') fa'''z'''er
 | style="text-align:left;" | o'''th'''er
 |-
@@ Line 36: / Line 38: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɣ̞|ɣ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | gale'''g'''o<ref name="lenition"/>
+| style="text-align:left;" | gale'''g'''o<ref name="lenition" />
 | style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' a'''g'''o ''and'' a'''h'''old
+|-
+| <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''ll'''e, bri'''ll'''o
+| style="text-align:left;" | ar'''g'''ue
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
@@ Line 46: / Line 52: @@
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''úa, ba'''ll'''et
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''uck
-|-
-| <big>{{IPA link|ʎ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''ll'''e, bri'''ll'''o<ref name="yeísmo">Many speakers [[Delateralization|delateralize]] {{IPA|/ʎ/}} to {{IPAblink|ʝ˕}} (normally represented without the undertack).</ref>
-| style="text-align:left;" | bi'''lli'''ards
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | a'''m'''a, la'''m'''ber, i'''n'''ferno
+| style="text-align:left;" | a'''m'''a, la'''m'''ber
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''ate
 |-
@@ Line 72: / Line 74: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|θ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo, '''c'''ea,<ref name="seseo">[[seseo|{{IPA|/θ/}} merges with {{IPA|/s/}}]] in western dialects.</ref> '''th'''eta
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo, '''c'''ea,<ref name="seseo">[[seseo|{{IPA|/θ/|cat=no}} merges with {{IPA|/s/|cat=no}}]] in western dialects.</ref> '''th'''eta
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''th'''ing
 |-
@@ Line 81: / Line 83: @@
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | f'''r'''ía, pa'''r'''a, a'''r'''
-| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' la'''dd'''er
+| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' a'''t'''om
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|s̺|s}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''eu, ca'''s'''a, e'''s'''te
+| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' '''s'''ip ''and'' '''sh'''ip ''([[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]])''<ref name="laminalsibilants">The alveolar sibilants {{IPA|[s, z]}} are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] as well as the [[Slavic languages]] ({{Harvcoltxt|Regueira|1996|p=82}}).</ref>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''un
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''x'''ente, fla'''sh''', bei'''ge'''
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''x'''ente, fla'''sh''', bei'''ge''', (''dialectal'') de'''z''', casa'''s'''
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''op
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''ip
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
@@ Line 97: / Line 99: @@
 | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''ave
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''ch'''eck
+| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
@@ Line 104: / Line 106: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|z̺|z}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | me'''s'''mo<ref name="v/z/ʒ"/>
+| style="text-align:left;" | me'''s'''mo,<ref name="v/z/ʒ"/> (''dialectal'') fa'''z'''er, ca'''s'''as
-| style="text-align:left;" | qui'''z'''
+| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' '''z'''one ''and'' '''g'''enre ''([[Voiced alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]])''<ref name="laminalsibilants"/>
 |-
+! colspan="3" | Dialectal consonants
+|-
+! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
+|-
+| <big>{{IPA link|ħ}}</big>
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''gh'''ato, tri'''gh'''o<ref>In some dialects, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is [[Lenition|spirantized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|ħ}} ~ {{IPAlink|ʕ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|h}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɦ}}]}} in a phonological process known as ''[[gheada]]''. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with {{IPA|[ħ]}} only.</ref>
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''at
+|-
+|<big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
+|'''g'''ente, quei'''j'''o<ref>Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area. [https://www.ub.edu/journalofexperimentalphonetics/pdf-articles/XVIII-16.pdf Las consonantes fricativas de la lengua gallega, Figura 1] Mapa de los sistemas del seseo en la lengua gallega. (Fernández Rei 1991:193)</ref>
+|'''g'''enre
+|}
+| style="vertical-align:top;" |
+{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
 ! colspan="3" | Non-native consonants
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''oule, '''g'''in, ada'''gi'''o
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''j'''et
+| style="text-align:left;" | bu'''dge'''
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
@@ Line 119: / Line 135: @@
 | <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''ts'''ar, pi'''zz'''a, her'''tz'''
-| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''ts'''
+| style="text-align:left;" | ''between'' ca'''ts''' ''and'' ca'''tch''' ''(retracted)''
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''kh'''arxa, Ba'''ch'''<ref>{{IPA|/x/}} may be used in loanwords, foreign names and [[Castilianization|hispanicized]] names like '''''kh'''arxa'', ''Ba'''ch''''', ''Araú'''j'''o'' (instead of ''Araúxo'', pron. with {{IPAblink|ʃ}}) and ''Fa'''g'''ilde'' or ''Fa'''j'''ilde'' (instead of ''Faxilde'', pron. with {{IPAblink|ʃ}}).</ref>
 | style="text-align:left;" | lo'''ch'''
-|-
-| <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | fla'''sh'''back<ref name="v/z/ʒ"/>
-| style="text-align:left;" | vi'''si'''on
 |-
 | colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
+|-<!---------- Vowels ---------->
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Dialectal consonants
-|-
-! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
-|-
-| <big>{{IPA link|ʝ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''ll'''e, ve'''ll'''o<ref name="yeísmo"/>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''ou
-|-
-| <big>{{IPA link|ħ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''gh'''ato, tri'''gh'''o<ref>In some dialects, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is [[Lenition|spirantized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|ħ}} ~ {{IPAlink|ʕ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|h}} ~ {{IPAlink|ɦ}}]}} in a phonological process known as ''[[gheada]]''. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with {{IPA|[ħ]}} only.</ref>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''at
-|}
-<!---------- Vowels ---------->
-| style="vertical-align:top;" |
-{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
 ! colspan="3" | [[Vowel]]s
 |-
@@ Line 173: / Line 169: @@
 | style="text-align:center;" |<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''vo, abi'''ó'''tico, '''ao''' fin
-| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' b'''a'''ll / ''UK''  l'''o'''t
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''ff
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|o̞|o}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | av'''o'''a, av'''ó'''
-| style="text-align:left;" | ''US'' s'''o'''le  / ''UK'' s'''o'''re
+| style="text-align:left;" | st'''o'''ry
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
@@ Line 191: / Line 187: @@
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
 | style="text-align:left;" | ont'''e''', s'''e'''
-| style="text-align:left;" | hobb'''i'''t
+| style="text-align:left;" | k'''i'''t
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
@@ Line 218: / Line 214: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | A'''rou'''sa {{IPA|[aˈɾow.sɐ]}}
+| style="text-align:left;" | A'''rou'''sa {{IPA|[aˈɾowsɐ]}}
 | style="text-align:left;" | primary stress
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>
-| style="text-align:left;" | '''Vi'''lamarín {{IPA|[ˌbi.lɐ.maˈɾiŋ]}}
+| style="text-align:left;" | '''Vi'''lamarín {{IPA|[ˌbilɐmaˈɾiŋ]}}
 | style="text-align:left;" | secondary stress
 |-
@@ Line 257: / Line 253: @@
 }}
 {{Refend}}
+==See also==
+*{{clc|Pages with Galician IPA|pages}}
 ==External links==

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet keys
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