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{{Short description|9th-century Buddhist site in Indonesia}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox historic site |
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| caption= |
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|native_name={{jav|ꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦠ꧀}} |
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|native_language=jv |
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| map_type=Java Topography |
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| map_size=258 |
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|locmapin=Indonesia Java#Indonesia |
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| latitude=-7.6055 |
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|map_caption=Location within Java |
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| longitude=110.229 |
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|coordinates={{coord|-7.6055|110.229|display=inline}} |
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|location=[[Magelang]], [[Central Java]] |
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| location_country=[[Indonesia]] |
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|built=Originally built in the 9th century during the reign of the [[Sailendra Dynasty]] |
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|restored=1925 |
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| client=[[Sailendra]] |
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|restored_by={{ill|Theodoor van Erp|nl}} |
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| engineer= |
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| construction_start_date= |
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|designation1=WHS |
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| completion_date= circa early 9th century |
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|designation1_type=Cultural |
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| date_demolished= |
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|designation1_criteria=i, ii, vi |
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| cost= |
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|designation1_date=1991 <small>(15th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> |
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| structural_system= |
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|designation1_partof=[[Borobudur Temple Compounds]] |
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| style=Buddhist [[candi of Indonesia|candi]] |
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|designation1_number=[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] |
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| size= |
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|designation1_free1name=Region |
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|designation1_free1value=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]] |
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}} |
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'''Mendut''' is a ninth-century [[ |
'''Mendut''' is a ninth-century [[Buddhist temple]], located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, [[Magelang]] Regency, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. The temple is located about three kilometres east of [[Borobudur]]. Mendut, Borobudur, and [[Pawon]], all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.<ref name="moens">{{cite journal|title=Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang (''Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship'') |author=J. L. Moens |date=1951 |quote=trans. by Mark Long |url=http://www.borobudur.tv/Barabudur_Mendut_Pawon.pdf |journal=Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde |publisher=Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen |pages=326–386 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810210020/http://www.borobudur.tv/Barabudur_Mendut_Pawon.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Candi Mendut TMnr 10015974.jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of Mendut temple before restoration, 1880.]] |
[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Candi Mendut TMnr 10015974.jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of Mendut temple before restoration, 1880.]] |
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Built around early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The [[Karangtengah inscription]], the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of [[Sailendra]] dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that [[Dharanindra|King Indra]] of Sailendra |
Built around the early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The [[Karangtengah inscription]], the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of [[Sailendra|the Sailendra]] dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that [[Dharanindra|King Indra]] of Sailendra had built a sacred building named ''Venuvana'' which means "bamboo forest". Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in the Karangtengah inscription with the Mendut temple.<ref>{{Cite book |
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| url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC&q=Venuvana+Mendut&pg=PA125 |
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| title = Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia |
| title = Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia |
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| accessdate = 2011-12-04 |
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| author = Daigorō Chihara |
| author = Daigorō Chihara |
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| last = |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| date = 1996 |
| date = 1996 |
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| year = |
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| work = |
| work = |
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| publisher = |
| publisher = |
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| pages = 125 |
| pages = 125 |
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| isbn = 9004105123 |
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| format = |
| format = |
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| quote = |
| quote = |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had |
In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had researched this temple were JG de Casparis, {{ill|Theodoor van Erp|nl}}, and Arisatya Yogaswara. |
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== Architecture == |
== Architecture == |
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[[Image:Buddha Mendut.jpg|thumb|left|The statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]], [[Avalokitesvara]], and [[Vajrapani]] inside the Mendut temple]] |
[[Image:Buddha Mendut.jpg|thumb|left|The statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]], [[Avalokitesvara]], and [[Vajrapani]] inside the Mendut temple]] |
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The plan of temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground |
The plan of the temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground.<ref name="KabMagelang">{{cite web|title=Candi Mendut |website=magelangkab.go.id|publisher=Magelang Regency Government|url=http://www.magelangkab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165:candimendut&catid=80:beritapariwisata|language=Indonesian|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}</ref> The 26.4-metre tall temple is facing northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base is adorned with [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|a Makara]] statue on each side, the side of the stairwell is carved with bas-relief of [[Jataka]] [[fable]] narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for ''pradakshina'' or [[circumambulating]] ritual, walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls are adorned with bas-reliefs of [[Boddhisattva]]s (Buddhist divinities), such as [[Avalokitesvara]], [[Maitreya]], [[Cunda (Buddhism)|Cunda]], [[Ksitigarbha]], [[Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)|Samantabhadra]], Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, [[Vajrapani]], [[Manjusri]], [[Akasagarbha]], and Boddhisattvadevi [[Prajnaparamita]] among other Buddhist figures. Originally the temple had two chambers, a small chamber in the front, and a large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing, it is supposed to have a [[stupa]] pinnacle with size and style probably just like the one in [[Sojiwan]] temple. The inner wall of the front chamber is adorned with a bas-relief of [[Hariti]] surrounded by children, Atavaka on the other side, [[Kalpataru]], also groups of [[devatas]] divinities flying in heaven. |
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[[Image:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Location three Buddhist temples, Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut, in one straight line across [[Progo River]].]] |
[[Image:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Location three Buddhist temples, Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut, in one straight line across [[Progo River]].]] |
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The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]] was meant to liberate the devotees from |
The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]] was meant to liberate the devotees from bodily karma, at the left is a statue of Boddhisatva [[Avalokitesvara]] to liberate them from the karma of speech, and at the right is Boddhisatva [[Vajrapani]] to liberate from the karma of thought.<ref>The information board at the Mendut Temple vicinity</ref> |
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==Rituals== |
==Rituals== |
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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de Candi Mendut TMnr 20026894.jpg|thumb|left|The bas-relief of [[Hariti]] on inner northern wall of Mendut]] |
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de Candi Mendut TMnr 20026894.jpg|thumb|left|The bas-relief of [[Hariti]] on the inner northern wall of Mendut]] |
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During the full moon in May or June, [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhists in Indonesia]] observe the annual [[Vesak]] ritual by walking from Mendut through Pawon to Borobudur.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Meaning of Procession|work=Waisak|publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)|url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml|accessdate=2006-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml|archive-date=2009-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ritual takes the form of a mass Buddhist prayer and ''pradakshina'' (circumambulation) around the temple. |
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| ⚫ | Followers of traditional ''[[Kejawen]]'' (Javanese mysticism) or Buddhists, came to worship in the Mendut temple and it is believed to be able to fulfill wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.<ref name="KabMagelang"/> Childless couples, for example, pray at the bas-relief of [[Hariti]] for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is a symbol of fertility, patroness of motherhood, and protector of children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Candi Mendut : Sulit Punya Anak Memohon ke Dewi Kesuburan|publisher=Pos Metro Balikpapan|url=http://mobile.pusakapusaka.com/artikel_candi-mendut---sulit-punya-anak-memohon-ke-dewi-kesuburan.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131205053538/http://mobile.pusakapusaka.com/artikel_candi-mendut---sulit-punya-anak-memohon-ke-dewi-kesuburan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2013|language=Indonesian|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}</ref> |
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For local [[Javanese people|Javanese]], especially those who follow traditional [[Kejawen]] Javanese mysticism or Buddhism practices, praying in Mendut temple is believed to fulfill various wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.<ref name="KabMagelang"/> |
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<div style="clear:left;"></div> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{ |
{{Portal|Indonesia}} |
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[[File:Sakya_Muni_Buddha_Statue_in_Mendut_temple_Indonesia.jpg|267x267px|right|thumb|Sakya Muni Buddha Statue in the Mendut temple complex]] |
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* [[Buddhism in Indonesia]] |
* [[Buddhism in Indonesia]] |
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* [[Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism]] |
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* [[Borobudur]] |
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* [[Banyunibo]] |
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* [[Ngawen]] |
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* [[Pawon]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://wikimapia.org/1491343/Mendut-Temple-Complex Map of Mendut Temple] from wikimapia |
* [http://wikimapia.org/1491343/Mendut-Temple-Complex Map of Mendut Temple] from wikimapia |
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{{Indonesia topics}} |
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{{Buddhist Temples in Indonesia}} |
{{Buddhist Temples in Indonesia}} |
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{{Buddhism topics}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:9th-century Buddhist temples]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Indonesia]] |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Buddhist temples in Indonesia]] |
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Borobudur]] |
[[Category:Borobudur]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Shailendra dynasty]] |
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[[Category:Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java]] |
[[Category:Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Central Java]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:22, 1 February 2024
| Mendut | |
|---|---|
| Native name Javanese: ꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦠ꧀ | |
 | |
| Location | Magelang, Central Java |
| Coordinates | 7°36′20″S 110°13′44″E / 7.6055°S 110.229°E |
| Built | Originally built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty |
| Restored | 1925 |
| Restored by | Theodoor van Erp |
| Architect | Gunadharma |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, vi |
| Designated | 1991 (15th session) |
| Part of | Borobudur Temple Compounds |
| Reference no. | 592 |
| Region | Southeast Asia |
  Location within Java  Mendut (Indonesia) | |
Mendut is a ninth-century Buddhist temple, located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The temple is located about three kilometres east of Borobudur. Mendut, Borobudur, and Pawon, all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.[1]
History
[edit]
Built around the early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The Karangtengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of the Sailendra dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that King Indra of Sailendra had built a sacred building named Venuvana which means "bamboo forest". Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in the Karangtengah inscription with the Mendut temple.[2]
In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had researched this temple were JG de Casparis, Theodoor van Erp, and Arisatya Yogaswara.
Architecture
[edit]
The plan of the temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground.[3] The 26.4-metre tall temple is facing northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base is adorned with a Makara statue on each side, the side of the stairwell is carved with bas-relief of Jataka fable narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for pradakshina or circumambulating ritual, walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls are adorned with bas-reliefs of Boddhisattvas (Buddhist divinities), such as Avalokitesvara, Maitreya, Cunda, Ksitigarbha, Samantabhadra, Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, Vajrapani, Manjusri, Akasagarbha, and Boddhisattvadevi Prajnaparamita among other Buddhist figures. Originally the temple had two chambers, a small chamber in the front, and a large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing, it is supposed to have a stupa pinnacle with size and style probably just like the one in Sojiwan temple. The inner wall of the front chamber is adorned with a bas-relief of Hariti surrounded by children, Atavaka on the other side, Kalpataru, also groups of devatas divinities flying in heaven.
The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana was meant to liberate the devotees from bodily karma, at the left is a statue of Boddhisatva Avalokitesvara to liberate them from the karma of speech, and at the right is Boddhisatva Vajrapani to liberate from the karma of thought.[4]
Rituals
[edit]
During the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe the annual Vesak ritual by walking from Mendut through Pawon to Borobudur.[5] The ritual takes the form of a mass Buddhist prayer and pradakshina (circumambulation) around the temple.
Followers of traditional Kejawen (Javanese mysticism) or Buddhists, came to worship in the Mendut temple and it is believed to be able to fulfill wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.[3] Childless couples, for example, pray at the bas-relief of Hariti for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is a symbol of fertility, patroness of motherhood, and protector of children.[6]
See also
[edit]
- Buddhism in Indonesia
- Candi of Indonesia
- Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
- Borobudur
- Banyunibo
- Ngawen
- Pawon
References
[edit]- ^ J. L. Moens (1951). "Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang (Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship)" (PDF). Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: 326–386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10.
trans. by Mark Long
- ^ Daigorō Chihara (1996). Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia. p. 125. ISBN 9004105123.
- ^ a b "Candi Mendut". magelangkab.go.id (in Indonesian). Magelang Regency Government. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ The information board at the Mendut Temple vicinity
- ^ "The Meaning of Procession". Waisak. Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Candi Mendut : Sulit Punya Anak Memohon ke Dewi Kesuburan" (in Indonesian). Pos Metro Balikpapan. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
External links
[edit]- Map of Mendut Temple from wikimapia
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