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{{Short description|Buddhist temple in Indonesia}}
{{Short description|9th-century Buddhist site in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox historic site
{{Infobox historic site
|name=Mendut
|name=Mendut
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|designation1_partof=[[Borobudur Temple Compounds]]
|designation1_partof=[[Borobudur Temple Compounds]]
|designation1_number=[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592]
|designation1_number=[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592]
|designation1_free1name=State Party
|designation1_free1name=Region
|designation1_free1value={{INA}}
|designation1_free1value=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]
|designation1_free2name=Region
|designation1_free2value=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]
}}
}}
'''Mendut''' is a ninth-century [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple, located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, [[Magelang]] Regency, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. The temple is located about three kilometres east from [[Borobudur]]. Mendut, Borobudur and [[Pawon]], all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.<ref name="moens">{{cite journal|title=Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang (''Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship'') |author=J. L. Moens |date=1951 |quote=trans. by Mark Long |url=http://www.borobudur.tv/Barabudur_Mendut_Pawon.pdf |journal=Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde |publisher=Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen |pages=326–386 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810210020/http://www.borobudur.tv/Barabudur_Mendut_Pawon.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref>
'''Mendut''' is a ninth-century [[Buddhist temple]], located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, [[Magelang]] Regency, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. The temple is located about three kilometres east of [[Borobudur]]. Mendut, Borobudur, and [[Pawon]], all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.<ref name="moens">{{cite journal|title=Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang (''Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship'') |author=J. L. Moens |date=1951 |quote=trans. by Mark Long |url=http://www.borobudur.tv/Barabudur_Mendut_Pawon.pdf |journal=Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde |publisher=Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen |pages=326–386 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810210020/http://www.borobudur.tv/Barabudur_Mendut_Pawon.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Candi Mendut TMnr 10015974.jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of Mendut temple before restoration, 1880.]]
[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Candi Mendut TMnr 10015974.jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of Mendut temple before restoration, 1880.]]
Built around early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The [[Karangtengah inscription]], the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of [[Sailendra]] dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that [[Dharanindra|King Indra]] of Sailendra has built a sacred building named ''Venuvana'' which means "bamboo forest". Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in Karangtengah inscription with Mendut temple.<ref>{{Cite book
Built around the early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The [[Karangtengah inscription]], the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of [[Sailendra|the Sailendra]] dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that [[Dharanindra|King Indra]] of Sailendra had built a sacred building named ''Venuvana'' which means "bamboo forest". Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in the Karangtengah inscription with the Mendut temple.<ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC&q=Venuvana+Mendut&pg=PA125
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC&q=Venuvana+Mendut&pg=PA125
| title = Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia
| title = Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia
| accessdate = 2011-12-04
| author = Daigorō Chihara
| author = Daigorō Chihara
| authorlink =
| date = 1996
| date = 1996
| work =
| work =
Line 44: Line 40:
</ref>
</ref>


In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had conducted research on this temple were JG de Casparis, {{ill|Theodoor van Erp|nl}}, and Arisatya Yogaswara.
In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had researched this temple were JG de Casparis, {{ill|Theodoor van Erp|nl}}, and Arisatya Yogaswara.


== Architecture ==
== Architecture ==
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[[Image:Buddha Mendut.jpg|thumb|left|The statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]], [[Avalokitesvara]], and [[Vajrapani]] inside the Mendut temple]]
[[Image:Buddha Mendut.jpg|thumb|left|The statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]], [[Avalokitesvara]], and [[Vajrapani]] inside the Mendut temple]]


The plan of temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground .<ref name="KabMagelang">{{cite web|title=Candi Mendut |website=magelangkab.go.id|publisher=Magelang Regency Government|url=http://www.magelangkab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165:candimendut&catid=80:beritapariwisata|language=Indonesian|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}</ref> The 26.4 metre tall temple is facing northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base is adorned with [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] statue on each sides, the side of the stairwall carved with bas-relief of [[Jataka]] [[fable]] narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for ''pradakshina'' or [[circumambulating]] ritual, walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls is adorned with bas-reliefs of [[Boddhisattva]]s (Buddhist divinities), such as [[Avalokitesvara]], [[Maitreya]], [[Cunda (Buddhism)|Cunda]], [[Ksitigarbha]], [[Samantabhadra]], Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, [[Vajrapani]], [[Manjusri]], [[Akasagarbha]], and Boddhisattvadevi [[Prajnaparamita]] among other buddhist figures. Originally the temple had two chambers, a small chamber in the front, and the large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing, it supposed to have a [[stupa]] pinnacle with size and style probably just like the one in [[Sojiwan]] temple. The inner wall of front chamber is adorned with bas-relief of [[Hariti]] surrounds by children, Atavaka on the other side, [[Kalpataru]], also groups of [[devatas]] divinities flying in heaven.
The plan of the temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground.<ref name="KabMagelang">{{cite web|title=Candi Mendut |website=magelangkab.go.id|publisher=Magelang Regency Government|url=http://www.magelangkab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165:candimendut&catid=80:beritapariwisata|language=Indonesian|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}</ref> The 26.4-metre tall temple is facing northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base is adorned with [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|a Makara]] statue on each side, the side of the stairwell is carved with bas-relief of [[Jataka]] [[fable]] narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for ''pradakshina'' or [[circumambulating]] ritual, walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls are adorned with bas-reliefs of [[Boddhisattva]]s (Buddhist divinities), such as [[Avalokitesvara]], [[Maitreya]], [[Cunda (Buddhism)|Cunda]], [[Ksitigarbha]], [[Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)|Samantabhadra]], Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, [[Vajrapani]], [[Manjusri]], [[Akasagarbha]], and Boddhisattvadevi [[Prajnaparamita]] among other Buddhist figures. Originally the temple had two chambers, a small chamber in the front, and a large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing, it is supposed to have a [[stupa]] pinnacle with size and style probably just like the one in [[Sojiwan]] temple. The inner wall of the front chamber is adorned with a bas-relief of [[Hariti]] surrounded by children, Atavaka on the other side, [[Kalpataru]], also groups of [[devatas]] divinities flying in heaven.


[[Image:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Location three Buddhist temples, Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut, in one straight line across [[Progo River]].]]
[[Image:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Location three Buddhist temples, Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut, in one straight line across [[Progo River]].]]
The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]] was meant to liberate the devotees from the bodily karma, at the left is statue of Boddhisatva [[Avalokitesvara]] to liberate from the karma of speech, at the right is Boddhisatva [[Vajrapani]] to liberate from karma of thought.<ref>The information board at the Mendut Temple vicinity</ref>
The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha [[Vairocana]] was meant to liberate the devotees from bodily karma, at the left is a statue of Boddhisatva [[Avalokitesvara]] to liberate them from the karma of speech, and at the right is Boddhisatva [[Vajrapani]] to liberate from the karma of thought.<ref>The information board at the Mendut Temple vicinity</ref>


==Rituals==
==Rituals==


[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de Candi Mendut TMnr 20026894.jpg|thumb|left|The bas-relief of [[Hariti]] on inner northern wall of Mendut]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de Candi Mendut TMnr 20026894.jpg|thumb|left|The bas-relief of [[Hariti]] on the inner northern wall of Mendut]]
During full moon in May or June, [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhists in Indonesia]] observe the annual [[Vesak]] ritual by walking from Mendut through Pawon to Borobudur.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Meaning of Procession|work=Waisak|publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)|url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml|accessdate=2006-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml|archive-date=2009-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ritual takes the form of a mass Buddhist prayer and ''pradakshina'' (circumambulation) around the temple.
During the full moon in May or June, [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhists in Indonesia]] observe the annual [[Vesak]] ritual by walking from Mendut through Pawon to Borobudur.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Meaning of Procession|work=Waisak|publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)|url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml|accessdate=2006-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml|archive-date=2009-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ritual takes the form of a mass Buddhist prayer and ''pradakshina'' (circumambulation) around the temple.


To followers of traditional ''[[Kejawen]]'' (Javanese mysticism) or Buddhism, praying in the Mendut temple is believed to fulfill wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.<ref name="KabMagelang"/> Childless couples, for example, pray at the bas-relief of [[Hariti]] for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is a symbol of fertility, patroness of motherhood and protector of children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Candi Mendut : Sulit Punya Anak Memohon ke Dewi Kesuburan|publisher=Pos Metro Balikpapan|url=http://mobile.pusakapusaka.com/artikel_candi-mendut---sulit-punya-anak-memohon-ke-dewi-kesuburan.html|language=Indonesian|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Followers of traditional ''[[Kejawen]]'' (Javanese mysticism) or Buddhists, came to worship in the Mendut temple and it is believed to be able to fulfill wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.<ref name="KabMagelang"/> Childless couples, for example, pray at the bas-relief of [[Hariti]] for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is a symbol of fertility, patroness of motherhood, and protector of children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Candi Mendut : Sulit Punya Anak Memohon ke Dewi Kesuburan|publisher=Pos Metro Balikpapan|url=http://mobile.pusakapusaka.com/artikel_candi-mendut---sulit-punya-anak-memohon-ke-dewi-kesuburan.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131205053538/http://mobile.pusakapusaka.com/artikel_candi-mendut---sulit-punya-anak-memohon-ke-dewi-kesuburan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2013|language=Indonesian|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}</ref>


{{clear left}}
{{clear left}}
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== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
[[File:Sakya_Muni_Buddha_Statue_in_Mendut_temple_Indonesia.jpg|267x267px|right|thumb|Sakya Muni Buddha Statue in the Mendut temple complex]]

⚫
* [[Buddhism in Indonesia]]
⚫
* [[Candi of Indonesia]]
* [[Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism]]
* [[Borobudur]]
* [[Borobudur]]
* [[Banyunibo]]
* [[Ngawen]]
* [[Pawon]]
* [[Pawon]]
⚫
* [[Candi of Indonesia]]
⚫
* [[Buddhism in Indonesia]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 04:22, 1 February 2024

Mendut
Native name
ꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦠ꧀ (Javanese)
LocationMagelang, Central Java
Coordinates7°36′20″S 110°13′44″E / 7.6055°S 110.229°E / -7.6055; 110.229
BuiltOriginally built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty
Restored1925
Restored byTheodoor van Erp [nl]
ArchitectGunadharma
TypeCultural
Criteriai, ii, vi
Designated1991 (15th session)
Part ofBorobudur Temple Compounds
Reference no.592
RegionSoutheast Asia
Mendut is located in Java
Mendut
Location within Java
Mendut is located in Indonesia
Mendut
Mendut (Indonesia)

Mendut is a ninth-century Buddhist temple, located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The temple is located about three kilometres east of Borobudur. Mendut, Borobudur, and Pawon, all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.[1]

History

[edit]
The ruins of Mendut temple before restoration, 1880.

Built around the early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The Karangtengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of the Sailendra dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that King Indra of Sailendra had built a sacred building named Venuvana which means "bamboo forest". Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in the Karangtengah inscription with the Mendut temple.[2]

In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had researched this temple were JG de Casparis, Theodoor van Erp [nl], and Arisatya Yogaswara.

Architecture

[edit]
The statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana, Avalokitesvara, and Vajrapani inside the Mendut temple

The plan of the temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground.[3] The 26.4-metre tall temple is facing northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base is adorned with a Makara statue on each side, the side of the stairwell is carved with bas-relief of Jataka fable narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for pradakshina or circumambulating ritual, walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls are adorned with bas-reliefs of Boddhisattvas (Buddhist divinities), such as Avalokitesvara, Maitreya, Cunda, Ksitigarbha, Samantabhadra, Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, Vajrapani, Manjusri, Akasagarbha, and Boddhisattvadevi Prajnaparamita among other Buddhist figures. Originally the temple had two chambers, a small chamber in the front, and a large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing, it is supposed to have a stupa pinnacle with size and style probably just like the one in Sojiwan temple. The inner wall of the front chamber is adorned with a bas-relief of Hariti surrounded by children, Atavaka on the other side, Kalpataru, also groups of devatas divinities flying in heaven.

Location three Buddhist temples, Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut, in one straight line across Progo River.

The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana was meant to liberate the devotees from bodily karma, at the left is a statue of Boddhisatva Avalokitesvara to liberate them from the karma of speech, and at the right is Boddhisatva Vajrapani to liberate from the karma of thought.[4]

Rituals

[edit]
The bas-relief of Hariti on the inner northern wall of Mendut

During the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe the annual Vesak ritual by walking from Mendut through Pawon to Borobudur.[5] The ritual takes the form of a mass Buddhist prayer and pradakshina (circumambulation) around the temple.

Followers of traditional Kejawen (Javanese mysticism) or Buddhists, came to worship in the Mendut temple and it is believed to be able to fulfill wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.[3] Childless couples, for example, pray at the bas-relief of Hariti for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is a symbol of fertility, patroness of motherhood, and protector of children.[6]

See also

[edit]
Sakya Muni Buddha Statue in the Mendut temple complex

References

[edit]
  1. ^ J. L. Moens (1951). "Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang (Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship)" (PDF). Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: 326–386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10. trans. by Mark Long
  2. ^ Daigorō Chihara (1996). Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia. p. 125. ISBN 9004105123.
  3. ^ a b "Candi Mendut". magelangkab.go.id (in Indonesian). Magelang Regency Government. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  4. ^ The information board at the Mendut Temple vicinity
  5. ^ "The Meaning of Procession". Waisak. Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
  6. ^ "Candi Mendut : Sulit Punya Anak Memohon ke Dewi Kesuburan" (in Indonesian). Pos Metro Balikpapan. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
[edit]
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