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{{Short description|Imperial state in China from 907 to 923}}
{{For|other dynasties called "Liang" or "Later Liang"|Liang (disambiguation){{!}}Liang}}
{{For|other dynasties called "Liang" or "Later Liang"|Liang (disambiguation){{!}}Liang}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Infobox former country
|native_name = 梁
|native_name = 梁
|conventional_long_name = Liang
|conventional_long_name = Liang
|common_name = Later Liang
|common_name = Later Liang
|
|
|continent = Asia
|region = East Asia
|country = China
|era = Five Dynasties
|era = Five Dynasties
|status = Empire
|status = Empire
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|
|
|event_start = Established
|event_start = Established
|date_start = June 1
|date_start = 1 June
|event_end = Surrender of [[Kaifeng]]
|event_end = Surrender of [[Kaifeng]]
|date_end = November 19, 923
|date_end = 19 November
|
|
|event1 =
|event1 =
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|p1 = Tang dynasty
|p1 = Tang dynasty
|s1 = Later Tang
|s1 = Later Tang
|s2 = Min (Ten Kingdoms)
|s2 = Yan (Five Dynasties period){{!}}Jie Yan
|s3 = Zhao (Five Dynasties period){{!}}Zhao
|
|
|image_map = L.LIANG.jpg
|image_map = L.LIANG.jpg
|image_map_caption =
|image_map_caption =
|
|
|capital = [[Luoyang]] (907–913)<br>[[Kaifeng]] (913–923)
|capital = [[Luoyang]] (907–913)<br />[[Kaifeng]] (913–923)
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=
|
|
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|leader1 = [[Zhu Wen|Emperor Taizu]]
|leader1 = [[Zhu Wen|Emperor Taizu]]
|leader2 = [[Zhu Yougui]]
|leader2 = [[Zhu Yougui]]
|leader3 = [[Zhu Zhen|Emperor Modi]]
|leader3 = [[Zhu Youzhen|Emperor Modi]]
|year_leader1 = 907–912
|year_leader1 = 907–912
|year_leader2 = 912–913
|year_leader2 = 912–913
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|stat_pop5 =
|stat_pop5 =
|footnotes =
|footnotes =
|today = {{flag|China}}
|today = China
}}
}}
[[File:Painted stone relief of a warrior.jpg|thumb|Stone relief from the [[tomb of Wang Chuzhi]]. National Museum, Beijing]]
[[File:Painted stone relief of a warrior.jpg|thumb|Stone relief from the [[tomb of Wang Chuzhi]]. National Museum, Beijing]]
⚫
The '''Later Liang''' ({{zh|t=後梁|s=后梁|p=Hòu Liáng}}) (June 1, 907–923) was one of the [[Five Dynasties]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] in [[China]]. It was founded by [[Zhu Wen]], posthumously known as Taizu of Later Liang, after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by [[Later Tang]].


⚫
'''Liang''', known in historiography as the '''Later Liang''' ({{zh|t=後梁|s=后梁|p=Hòu Liáng}}) (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the '''Zhu Liang''' ({{zh|c=朱梁}}), was an [[Dynasties in Chinese history|imperial dynasty of China]] and the first of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period#Five Dynasties|Five Dynasties]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]. It was founded by [[Zhu Wen]] (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the [[Emperor Ai of Tang|last emperor]] of the [[Tang dynasty]] to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the [[Later Tang|Later Tang dynasty]].
⚫
==Formation of the Later Liang==

⚫
[[Zhu Wen]] initially allied himself as [[Huang Chao]]’s lieutenant. However, he took Huang’s best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in [[Kaifeng]]. By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang Dynasty capitals of [[Chang'an]] and [[Luoyang]]. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di ([[Emperor Ai of Tang]]), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.
⚫
==Formation==
⚫
[[Zhu Wen]] initially allied himself as [[Huang Chao]]'s lieutenant. However, he took Huang's best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in [[Kaifeng]].{{citation need|date=July 2021}} By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang dynasty capitals of [[Chang'an]] and [[Luoyang]]. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di ([[Emperor Ai of Tang]]), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.


Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in [[Kaifeng]] in 907. The name Liang refers to the [[Henan]] region in which the heart of the regime rested.
Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in [[Kaifeng]] in 907. The name Liang refers to the [[Henan]] region in which the heart of the regime rested.


==Extent of control==
==Extent of control==
The Later Liang controlled most of northern [[China]], though much of [[Shaanxi]] (controlled by the [[Qi (Five Dynasties)|Qi]]) as well as [[Hebei]] (controlled by the [[Yan (Ten Kingdoms)|Yan state]]) and [[Shanxi]] (controlled by [[Shato|Shatuo Turks]]) remained largely outside Later Liang control.
The Later Liang controlled most of northern [[China proper|China]], though much of [[Shaanxi]] (controlled by the [[Qi (Five Dynasties)|Qi]]) as well as [[Hebei]] (controlled by the [[Yan (Ten Kingdoms)|Yan state]]) and [[Shanxi]] (controlled by [[Shato|Shatuo Turks]] state Jin) remained largely outside Later Liang control.



==End of the dynasty==
==End of the dynasty==
The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the [[Shatuo Turks]], due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and [[Li Keyong]], a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang Dynasty. After [[Li Keyong]]’s death, his son, [[Li Cunxu]], continued to expand his [[Jin (Later Tang precursor)|State of Jin]]. Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found [[Later Tang]].
The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the [[Shatuo Turks]], due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and [[Li Keyong]], a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang dynasty. After [[Li Keyong]]'s death, his son, [[Li Cunxu]], continued to expand his [[Jin (Later Tang precursor)|State of Jin]]. Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found [[Later Tang]].


==Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang==
==Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang==
[[File:Two Emperors of the Qi and Liang Dynasties, in Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), by Rashid al-Din Iran, 1306.jpg|thumb|Two Emperors of the Qi and Liang Dynasties, in ''[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]'' (Compendium of Chronicles), by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]], Iran, 1306 CE]]
Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed the [[Mandate of Heaven]] posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song Dynasty historian [[Xue Juzheng]] did exactly this in his work ''[[Old History of the Five Dynasties|History of the Five Dynasties]]''.
Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed the [[Mandate of Heaven]] posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song dynasty historian [[Xue Juzheng]] did exactly this in his work ''[[Old History of the Five Dynasties|History of the Five Dynasties]]''.


Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. Among these was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the [[Song Dynasty]], which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties.
Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. Among these was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the [[Song dynasty]], which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties.


==Rulers of the Later Liang==
== Rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|-
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! [[Temple name]]s !! [[Posthumous name]]s !! [[Chinese family name|Family names]] and [[Chinese name|given name]] !! Chinese naming conventions !! Durations of reigns !! [[Era name]]s and their according durations
! [[Temple name]]s !! [[Posthumous name]]s !! [[Chinese family name|Family names]] and [[Chinese name|given name]] !! Chinese naming conventions !! Durations of reigns !! [[Era name]]s and their according durations
|-
|-
| Taìzǔ (太祖) || Xiànwǔ (獻武) || [[Zhu Wen|Zhū Wēn (朱溫)]] || Family name and given name || 907–912 || Kaīpíng (開平) 907–911<br> Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912
| Taìzǔ (太祖) || Too Tedious;thus unused when referring to this sovereign|| [[Zhu Wen|Zhū Wēn (朱溫)]] || Family name and given name || 907–912 || Kaīpíng (開平) 907–911<br /> Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912
|-
|-
| Did not exist || ''none'' ||[[Zhu Yougui|Zhu Yougui (朱友珪)]] || Family name and given name || 912–913||Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913<br> Fènglì (鳳曆) 913
| Did not exist || ''none'' ||[[Zhu Yougui|Zhu Yougui (朱友珪)]] || Family name and given name || 912–913||Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913<br /> Fènglì (鳳曆) 913
|-
|-
| Did not exist || Mò (末)<ref>''Mo'' ("last") is not a true [[posthumous name]], but he is often referred to as "Emperor Mo" as the last emperor of the dynasty.</ref> || [[Zhu Zhen|Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱)]] || Family name and given name || 913–923 || Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915<br> Zhēnmíng (貞明) 915–921<br> Lóngdé (龍德) 921–923
| Did not exist || Mò (末){{NoteTag|''Mo'' ("last") is not a true [[posthumous name]], but he is often referred to as "Emperor Mo" as the last emperor of the dynasty.}} || [[Zhu Youzhen|Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱)]] || Family name and given name || 913–923 || Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915<br /> Zhēnmíng (貞明) 915–921<br /> Lóngdé (龍德) 921–923
|}
|}


==Rulers family tree==
=== Rulers' family tree ===
{{Later Liang (Five Dynasties) rulers family tree}}

{{chart/start|summary=Later Liang Rulers family tree}}
{{chart |border=1| | |Tzu | Tzu=<small>Zhu Wen 朱溫 852–912<br></small>'''[[Zhu Wen|Taizu]] 太祖'''<br /> 907–912| boxstyle_Tzu=border-width:2px}}
{{chart |border=1| |,|-|^|-|.| }}
{{chart |border=1|s3 | |s8 | s3=<small>3| boxstyle_s3=border-width:0px| s8=<small>8| boxstyle_s8=border-width:0px}}
{{chart |border=1|Yog | |Mod | Yog='''[[Zhu Yougui]]'''<br /><small> 朱友圭 d. 913</small><br>912–913| boxstyle_Yog=border-width:2px| Mod=<small>Zhu Zhen 朱瑱 888–923</small><br>'''[[Zhu Zhen|Modi]] 末帝<br />''' 913–923| boxstyle_Mod=border-width:2px}}
{{chart/end}}



==See also==
==See also==
⚫
*[[Jiedushi]]
⚫
*[[Tang Dynasty]]
*[[Huang Chao]]
*[[Huang Chao]]
⚫
*[[Jiedushi]]
⚫
*[[Tang dynasty]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |author=Mote, F.W. |title=Imperial China: 900–1800 |publisher= Harvard University Press |year=1999 |ISBN=0-674-01212-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Mote |first = F.W. |title = Imperial China: 900–1800 |publisher = Harvard University Press |year = 1999 |ISBN = 0-674-01212-7 }}
{{refend}}


{{-}}
{{5d10k}}
{{5d10k}}


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[[Category:Later Liang (Five Dynasties)| ]]
[[Category:Later Liang (Five Dynasties)| ]]
[[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Dynasties in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in China]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in China]]
[[Category:907 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:907 establishments]]
[[Category:923 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:923 disestablishments]]
[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 907]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 900s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 920s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 920s]]

Latest revision as of 18:59, 27 January 2024

For other dynasties called "Liang" or "Later Liang", see Liang.
Liang
梁
907–923
CapitalLuoyang (907–913)
Kaifeng (913–923)
Common languagesMiddle Chinese
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 907–912
Emperor Taizu
• 912–913
Zhu Yougui
• 913–923
Emperor Modi
Historical eraFive Dynasties
• Established
1 June 907
• Surrender of Kaifeng
19 November 923
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tang dynasty
Later Tang
Jie Yan
Zhao
Today part ofChina
Stone relief from the tomb of Wang Chuzhi. National Museum, Beijing

Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang (simplified Chinese: 后梁; traditional Chinese: 後梁; pinyin: Hòu Liáng) (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the Zhu Liang (Chinese: 朱梁), was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.

Formation

[edit]

Zhu Wen initially allied himself as Huang Chao's lieutenant. However, he took Huang's best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in Kaifeng.[citation needed] By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang dynasty capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di (Emperor Ai of Tang), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.

Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in Kaifeng in 907. The name Liang refers to the Henan region in which the heart of the regime rested.

Extent of control

[edit]

The Later Liang controlled most of northern China, though much of Shaanxi (controlled by the Qi) as well as Hebei (controlled by the Yan state) and Shanxi (controlled by Shatuo Turks state Jin) remained largely outside Later Liang control.

End of the dynasty

[edit]

The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the Shatuo Turks, due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and Li Keyong, a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang dynasty. After Li Keyong's death, his son, Li Cunxu, continued to expand his State of Jin. Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found Later Tang.

Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang

[edit]
Two Emperors of the Qi and Liang Dynasties, in Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), by Rashid al-Din, Iran, 1306 CE

Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed the Mandate of Heaven posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song dynasty historian Xue Juzheng did exactly this in his work History of the Five Dynasties.

Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the Mandate of Heaven. Among these was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the Song dynasty, which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties.

Rulers

[edit]
Temple names Posthumous names Family names and given name Chinese naming conventions Durations of reigns Era names and their according durations
Taìzǔ (太祖) Too Tedious;thus unused when referring to this sovereign Zhū Wēn (朱溫) Family name and given name 907–912 Kaīpíng (開平) 907–911
Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912
Did not exist none Zhu Yougui (朱友珪) Family name and given name 912–913 Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913
Fènglì (鳳曆) 913
Did not exist Mò (末)[note 1] Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱) Family name and given name 913–923 Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915
Zhēnmíng (貞明) 915–921
Lóngdé (龍德) 921–923

Rulers' family tree

[edit]
Later Liang
Zhu Wen 朱溫 852–912

Taizu 太祖
907–912
38
Zhu Yougui
朱友圭 d. 913
912–913		Zhu Zhen 朱瑱 888–923
Modi 末帝
 913–923


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mo ("last") is not a true posthumous name, but he is often referred to as "Emperor Mo" as the last emperor of the dynasty.

References

[edit]
  • Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
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