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{{Short description|Advocacy group for intersex people in the U.S. and Canada}}
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The '''Intersex Society of North America''' ('''ISNA''') was a non-profit advocacy group founded in 1993 by [[Cheryl Chase (activist)|Cheryl Chase]] to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries.<ref>[http://www.aissg.org/articles/HOLMES.HTM Re-membering a Queer Body], AISSG, syndicated copy of article from Undercurrents (May 1994: 11-13) by the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.</ref><ref>[http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/currents/article/view/37695/34194 Re-membering a Queer Body], UnderCurrents (May 1994: 11-13), Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.</ref><ref name="matthews2000">Matthews, Karen (Oct 22, 2000). Debate Grows Over Using Surgery on Infants with Ambiguous Genitals. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref><ref name="murrell1998:">Murrell, Nancy (October 28, 1998). Intersex group raises questions about genital surgery. ''[[Miami Herald]]''</ref><ref name="hackford-peer2005">Hackford-Peer, Kim (2005). Cheryl Chase Founds the Intersex Society of North America. in ''GLBT History, 1993-2004''; 2005, p28-30, 2p</ref> Other notable members included [[Morgan Holmes]], [[Max Beck]], [[Tiger Devore|Howard Devore]] and [[Alice Dreger]]. The organization closed in June 2008,<ref name="isnafarewell">Staff report (June 28, 2008). [http://www.isna.org/farewell_message Farewell message.] via ISNA.org</ref> and has been succeeded by a number of health, civil and human rights organizations.
The '''Intersex Society of North America''' ('''ISNA''') was a non-profit advocacy group founded in 1993 by [[Cheryl Chase (activist)|Cheryl Chase]] to end shame, secrecy, and unnecessary genital surgeries on intersex people.<ref>[http://www.aissg.org/articles/HOLMES.HTM Re-membering a Queer Body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511182712/http://www.aissg.org/articles/HOLMES.HTM |date=2013-05-11 }}, AISSG, syndicated copy of article from Undercurrents (May 1994: 11–13) by the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.</ref><ref>[http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/currents/article/view/37695/34194 Re-membering a Queer Body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235845/http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/currents/article/view/37695/34194 |date=2013-12-30 }}, UnderCurrents (May 1994: 11–13), Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.</ref><ref name="matthews2000">Matthews, Karen (Oct 22, 2000). Debate Grows Over Using Surgery on Infants with Ambiguous Genitals. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref><ref name="murrell1998:">Murrell, Nancy (October 28, 1998). Intersex group raises questions about genital surgery. ''[[Miami Herald]]''</ref><ref name="hackford-peer2005">Hackford-Peer, Kim (2005). Cheryl Chase Founds the Intersex Society of North America. in ''GLBT History, 1993–2004''; 2005, p28-30, 2p</ref> Other notable members included [[Morgan Holmes]], [[Max Beck]], [[Tiger Devore|Howard (Tiger) Devore]], [[Esther Morris Leidolf]] and [[Alice Dreger]]. The organization closed in June 2008,<ref name="isnafarewell">Staff report (June 28, 2008). [http://www.isna.org/farewell_message Farewell message.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803054856/http://www.isna.org/farewell_message |date=2008-08-03 }} via ISNA.org</ref> and has been succeeded by a number of health, civil and human rights organizations including [[interACT]].<ref name="isna">{{Cite web | title = Intersex Society of North America | url = http://isna.org/}}</ref>


==Advocacy==
==Intersex in the sex anatomy spectrum==
The Intersex Society of North America claimed that intersex is a socially constructed label that reflects actual biological variation. These variations range from chromosomal deviations from the standard male or female body, to deviations in reproductive organs that may or may not be visually expressed, to hormonal variations. The ISNA listed ambiguous genitalia as a commonly cited case of intersex, but there exist variations of lesser degree.<ref name="isna.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/faq/what_is_intersex |title=What is intersex? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> The ISNA claimed that intersex anatomy is not always present at birth, and not manifest until the child hits puberty.<ref name="isna.org"/> Considering the wide range of variations that are considered intersex, as well as ISNA’s perceived socially-constructed nature of gender and biological sex, the ISNA placed intersex within a '''sex anatomy spectrum'''. ISNA's argument was that intersex individuals can be thought of as being on a spectrum or [[Gender continuum|continuum]], in which there are no clear demarcations of where male ends and female begins.<ref name="isna.org"/>


===Physical integrity and bodily autonomy===
==Patient-centered model==
⚫
[[File:Phall-O-meter%27, Intersex Society of North Wellcome L0031936.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Phall-O-Meter]] satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth. It is based on research published by [[Suzanne Kessler]]]]
⚫
The ISNA advocated a move from what a "Concealment-Centered Model" to a '''Patient-Centered Model'''. This push was to move away from a model that teaches both that “intersex is a rare anatomical abnormality” and that there needs to be immediate surgery to normalize the child’s abnormal genitals, and moved toward the idea that “intersex is a relatively common anatomical variation from the ‘standard’ male and female types”. The attempt is to treat intersex as something that is natural, as to not ostracize the intersex community and allow people with intersex to be treated with the same ethical principles that doctors show to any other patient.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment">{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/compare |title=Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref>
⚫
{{main|Intersex medical interventions}}
⚫
ISNA stated that newborn intersex genitals should not be operated on, unless they need to be in order to maintain the child's physical health. It was (and to some extent still is) a common belief that a child's genitals needed to conform to average genitals of a male or female, so in the first 24 hours after birth, doctors could perform "extensive reconstructive surgery in order to avoid damage to the child's mental health"<ref name="Of Gender and Genitals">{{cite web|url=https://eee.uci.edu/13f/32555/home/01.+Sterling+-+Of+Gender+and+Genitals.pdf |title=Fausto-Sterling, Anne "Of Gender and Genitals" from Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000, &#91;Chapter 3, pp. 44–77&#93; |access-date=2014-06-29}}</ref> (56). On the other hand, the ISNA claimed there is "no evidence that children who grow up with intersex genitals are worse off psychologically than those who are altered"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/faq/concealment |title=What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |date=2004-01-22 |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626004731/http://www.isna.org/faq/concealment |archive-date=2014-06-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that there is "no evidence that early surgery relieves parental distress".<ref name="isnafarewell" /> They believed it to be inhumane to choose someone's genitals for them. This being said, the ISNA did not condemn surgery in general, and believed that intersex people should be allowed to opt for genital reconstruction, if they want to, when they can fully consent to the operations themselves.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment">{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/compare |title=Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment |last=Dreger |first=Alice |author-link=Alice Dreger |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626010402/http://www.isna.org/compare |archive-date=2014-06-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Alice Dreger has described how the work of clinical psychologist and surgeries survivor [[Tiger Devore]] was integral to the work of ISNA:
⚫
The Patient-Centered Model believes that “psychological distress is a legitimate concern and should be addressed by properly trained professionals”. This means that both people with intersex and family members who feel burdened in any way should seek both the help of counselors trained in [[sex and gender]] issues and the supports from a community of peers experiencing the same situation. This allows a network of support to help everyone through any trying times that might arise. The model also states that "care should be more focused on addressing stigma, not solely gender assignment and genital appearance."<ref name="isnafarewell" /> The Model attempts to much more caring toward people with intersex.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment" />


{{quotation|Devore contributed to ISNA and to the intersex rights movement the outline of what a reformed clinical system would look like: Intersex children would be given preliminary gender assignments as boys and girls (recognizing that all gender assignment is preliminary and does not require surgery); hormonal and surgical interventions would be limited to those that were needed to treat clear and present medical problems, with all elective interventions waiting until patients could consent for themselves; intersex children and adults (and their loved ones) would be provided professional, non-shaming psychosocial support and peer support.<ref name="dreger2018">{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-1-316-34319-7| pages = 55–73| last = Dreger| first = Alice| author-link = Alice Dreger | title = Bioethics in Action| chapter = Twenty Years of Working toward Intersex Rights| date = May 2018| doi = 10.1017/9781316343197.004}}</ref>}}
==Birth registrations and a third gender==
⚫
ISNA, like the 2013 [[International Intersex Forum#Third Forum, Malta, November–December 2013|International Intersex Forum]] believed that “newborns with intersex should be given a gender assignment as boy or girl”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/faq/patient-centered |title=What does ISNA recommend for children with intersex? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> Their reasoning is that they think it would be impossible to know where male ends and intersex begins or where female ends and intersex begins. They want to “make the world a safe place for intersex kids”, and they believe that marking them as a third gender would exile them.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment" />


⚫
The ISNA advocated a move from a "Concealment-Centered Model" to a '''Patient-Centered Model'''. This push was to move away from a model that teaches both that "intersex is a rare anatomical abnormality" and that there needs to be immediate surgery to normalize the child's abnormal genitals, and moved toward the idea that "intersex is a relatively common anatomical variation from the 'standard' male and female types". The attempt is to treat intersex as something that is natural, as to not ostracize the intersex community, and to allow intersex people to be treated with the same ethical principles that doctors show to any other patient.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment" />
==Surgery and intersex==
⚫
[[File:Phall-O-meter%27, Intersex Society of North Wellcome L0031936.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Phall-O-Meter]] satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth.]]
⚫
{{main|Intersex medical interventions}}
⚫
With surgery, the ISNA wanted to make it clear that newborn intersex genitals should not be operated on, unless there need to be in order to maintain the child’s physical health. It was (and to some extent still is) a common belief that a child's genitals needed to conform to average genitals of a male or female, so in the first 24 hours after birth, doctor's could undergo "extensive reconstructive surgery in order to avoid damage to the child's mental health”<ref name="Of Gender and Genitals">{{cite web|url=https://eee.uci.edu/13f/32555/home/01.+Sterling+-+Of+Gender+and+Genitals.pdf |title=Fausto-Sterling, Anne "Of Gender and Genitals" from Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000, &#91;Chapter 3, pp. 44-77&#93; |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> (56). On the other hand, the ISNA claimed there is "no evidence that children who grow up with intersex genitals are worse off psychologically than those who are altered"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/faq/concealment |title=What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |date=2004-01-22 |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> and that there is "no evidence that early surgery relieves parental distress"<ref name="isnafarewell" /> They believed it to be inhuman to choose someone's genitals for them. This being said, the ISNA didn't condone surgery in general, and believed that people with intersex should be allowed to opt for genital reconstruction, if they want to, when they can fully consent for the operations themselves.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment" />


⚫
The Patient-Centered Model believes that "psychological distress is a legitimate concern and should be addressed by properly trained professionals". This means that both intersex people and family members who feel burdened in any way should seek both the help of counselors trained in [[sex and gender]] issues and the support from a community of peers experiencing the same situation. This allows a network of support to help everyone through any trying times that might arise. The model also states that "care should be more focused on addressing stigma, not solely gender assignment and genital appearance."<ref name="isnafarewell" /> The Model attempts a more caring approach toward people with intersex characteristics.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment" />
⚫
==First North American demonstration by intersex people==
⚫
Members of ISNA held the first ever North American demonstration about intersex issues: a 1996 demonstration by [[Morgan Holmes]], [[Max Beck]] and others as ''Hermaphrodites with Attitude'' outside the Annual Meeting of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in Boston.<ref>[http://www.isna.org/books/chrysalis/beck Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets], Intersex Society of North America, October 1996</ref> [[Georgiann Davis]] describes how, when the intersex movement began, "medical professional refused to engage intersex activists", and how rapidly the movement's strategy developed. "By the year 2000, Chase was delivering a plenary address to the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, a group she was once protesting against... It marked the first time an activist’s perspective was solicited by organizers of a major medical conference."<ref name="davis" />


⚫
Released in August 2006, the '''Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders''' was a document published in ''Pediatrics'' that mapped out a new standard of care for intersex people.<ref name="lee">{{cite journal |title=Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International Consensus Conference on Intersex |journal=Pediatrics |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=e488–500 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16882788 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0738|pmc=2082839 |last1=Lee |first1=P. A. |last2=Houk |first2=C. P. |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. F. |last4=Hughes |first4=I. A. }}</ref> According to the ISNA, it made three ground-breaking changes that advocated a Patient-Centered Model, a cautious approach to surgery, and an attempt to get rid of misleading language, all of which were backed by the ISNA. However, the statement still permits surgeries, and both clinicians<ref name="creighton2014">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/19419899.2013.831214| issn = 1941-9899| volume = 5| issue = 1| pages = 34–43| last1 = Creighton| first1 = Sarah M.| last2 = Michala| first2 = Lina| last3 = Mushtaq| first3 = Imran| last4 = Yaron| first4 = Michal| s2cid = 89605693| title = Childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia: glimpses of practice changes or more of the same?| journal = Psychology and Sexuality| date = January 2, 2014| url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1415959/1/Creighton_Childhood_surgery.pdf| access-date = February 7, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180719102451/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1415959/1/Creighton_Childhood_surgery.pdf| archive-date = July 19, 2018| url-status = live| doi-access = free}}</ref> and civil society organizations<ref name="interact2016un">{{Cite web| last = interACT| author-link = Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth| title = Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture| date = June 2016| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CAT_ICS_USA_24552_E.pdf| access-date = 2017-02-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000043/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CAT_ICS_USA_24552_E.pdf| archive-date = 2017-01-04| url-status = live}}</ref> question implementation. Intersex scholars such as [[Georgiann Davis]]<ref name="davis-dsd">{{cite journal |url=http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090 |first=Georgiann |last=Davis |author-link=Georgiann Davis |date=2011 |title=DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology |editor1-first=PJ |editor1-last=McGann |editor2-first=David J. |editor2-last=Hutson |journal=Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology) |series=Advances in Medical Sociology |volume=12 |pages=155–182 |doi=10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012 |isbn=978-0-85724-575-5 |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110225916/http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Morgan Holmes]]<ref name="morgan-name">{{cite journal | year = 2011| title = The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge in the Clinic | journal = Somatechnics | volume = 1 | issue = 2| pages = 87–114 | doi = 10.3366/soma.2011.0026 | last1 = Holmes| first1 = Morgan|author-link = Morgan Holmes}}</ref> state that, instead, the statement retrenched medical authority over infants and children with intersex conditions.
⚫
The 1996 demonstration is now commemorated internationally as [[Intersex Awareness Day]].<ref name="Star Online 1">{{cite web | title = The 14 days of intersex | publisher = [[Star Observer]] | url = http://www.starobserver.com.au/opinion/2011/10/25/the-14-days-of-intersex/64300 | accessdate = 11 October 2012}}</ref>


⚫
===First North American demonstration by intersex people===
⚫
==Language==
⚫
Members of ISNA held the first ever North American demonstration about intersex issues: a 1996 demonstration by Morgan Holmes, [[Max Beck]] and others as ''Hermaphrodites with Attitude'' outside the Annual Meeting of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in Boston.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/books/chrysalis/beck |title=Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets |last=Beck |first=Max |author-link=Max Beck |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005043221/http://www.isna.org/books/chrysalis/beck |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref> Georgiann Davis describes how, when the intersex movement began, "medical professional refused to engage intersex activists", and how rapidly the movement's strategy developed. "By the year 2000, Chase was delivering a plenary address to the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, a group she was once protesting against... It marked the first time an activist's perspective was solicited by organizers of a major medical conference."<ref name="davis">{{cite web |url=http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090 |title="DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology |access-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110225916/http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
⚫
In a significant shift from publishing a regular journal titled ''[[Hermaphrodites with Attitude]]'' and demonstrating using the same name, the last stated goal of the organization was to eradicate what the organization deemed as "misleading language".<ref name="isnafarewell" /> The ISNA claimed that nomenclature based on [[hermaphroditism]] was stigmatizing<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/faq/hermaphrodite |title=Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> to intersex individuals, as well as potentially panic-inducing to parents of intersex children. The suggested solution put forth by the ISNA was to restructure the system of intersex taxonomy and nomenclature to not include the words ‘hermaphrodite’, ‘hermaphroditism’, ‘sex reversal’, or other similar terms.<ref name="http://www.isna.org/node/979">{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/node/979 |title=Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> This "standard division of many intersex types into true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, and female pseudohermaphroditism"<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J |title=Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=729–33 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16200837 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2005.18.8.729}}</ref> is described by the ISNA and its advocates as confusing and clinically problematic.<ref name="http://www.isna.org/node/979"/>


⚫
The 1996 demonstration is now commemorated internationally as [[Intersex Awareness Day]].<ref name="Star Online 1">{{cite web | title = The 14 days of intersex | publisher = [[Star Observer]] | url = http://www.starobserver.com.au/opinion/2011/10/25/the-14-days-of-intersex/64300 | access-date = 11 October 2012 | date = 2011-10-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120622105212/http://www.starobserver.com.au/opinion/2011/10/25/the-14-days-of-intersex/64300 | archive-date = 22 June 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref>
⚫
The ISNA attempted to dispel what it sees as "harmful language" by providing information on intersex definitions and prevalence. The Intersex Society of North America stated that the term [[hermaphrodite]] is a "mythological term" and a "physiologic impossibility"; true hermaphrodite’s cannot exist.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


===Identification documents===
⚫
While some intersex people seek to reclaim the word “hermaphrodite” with pride to reference themselves (much like the words “dyke” and “queer” have been reclaimed by LBGT people), the ISNA suggested that be avoided. They believed that it will not help the cause of intersex rights and could in fact be counter productive as people would not understand that word is being used as an attempt to empower intersex people, not classify them.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
⚫
ISNA, like the 2013 [[International Intersex Forum#Third Forum, Malta, November–December 2013|International Intersex Forum]] believed that "newborns with intersex should be given a gender assignment as boy or girl".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/faq/patient-centered |title=What does ISNA recommend for children with intersex? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625191830/http://www.isna.org/faq/patient-centered |archive-date=2014-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> Their reasoning is that they think it would be impossible to know where male ends and intersex begins or where female ends and intersex begins. They want to "make the world a safe place for intersex kids", and they believe that marking them as a third gender would exile them.<ref name="Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment" />


===Publications===
==ISNA and the "Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders"==
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{{main|Hermaphrodites with Attitude}}
⚫
Released in August 2006, the '''Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders''' was a document published in ''Pediatrics'' that mapped out a new standard of care for people with intersex.<ref name="lee">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee PA, Houk CP, Ahmed SF, Hughes IA |title=Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International Consensus Conference on Intersex |journal=Pediatrics |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=e488–500 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16882788 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0738}}</ref> According to the ISNA, it made three ground-breaking changes that advocated a Patient-Centered Model, a cautious approach to surgery, and an attempt to get rid of misleading language, all of which were backed by the ISNA. However, the statement still permits surgeries, and both clinicians<ref name="creighton2014">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/19419899.2013.831214| issn = 1941-9899| volume = 5| issue = 1| pages = 34–43| last1 = Creighton| first1 = Sarah M.| last2 = Michala| first2 = Lina| last3 = Mushtaq| first3 = Imran| last4 = Yaron| first4 = Michal| title = Childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia: glimpses of practice changes or more of the same?| journal = Psychology and Sexuality| accessdate = 2015-07-19| date = January 2, 2014| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19419899.2013.831214}}</ref> and civil society organizations<ref name="interact2016un">{{Cite web| last = interACT| authorlink = Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth | title = Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture| date = June 2016| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CAT_ICS_USA_24552_E.pdf}}</ref> question implementation. Intersex scholars such as [[Georgiann Davis]]<ref name="davis-dsd">{{cite web|url=http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090 |first=Georgiann |last=Davis|authorlink=Georgiann Davis| date =2011|title =DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology|editor1-first= PJ |editor1-last=McGann|editor2-first=David J. |editor2-last=Hutson|journal=Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology)|volume =12|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited|pages=155-182}}</ref> and [[Morgan Holmes]]<ref name="morgan-name">{{cite journal | year = 2011| title = The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge in the Clinic | url = http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/soma.2011.0026?journalCode=soma | journal = Somatechnics | volume = 1 | issue = 2| pages = 87–114 | doi = 10.3366/soma.2011.0026 | last1 = Holmes| first1 = Morgan|authorlink = Morgan Holmes}}</ref> state that, instead, the statement retrenched medical authority over infants and children with intersex conditions.
ISNA published the journal ''[[Hermaphrodites with Attitude]]'', edited by [[Cheryl Chase (activist)|Cheryl Chase]], between 1994 and 2005.<ref name="isnahwa">{{cite web|title=Hermaphrodites with Attitude|url=http://www.isna.org/library/hwa|publisher=Intersex Society of North America|access-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814041832/http://www.isna.org/library/hwa|archive-date=14 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first issue appeared in Winter 1994, containing six pages of articles, analysis and case studies, including articles by people with lived experience, activists, doctors and academics. It was distributed to subscribers in five countries and 14 States of the United States.<ref name="hwa1">{{cite journal | journal = Hermaphrodites with Attitude | title = Hermaphrodites with Attitude | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | date = 1994 | url = http://www.isna.org/files/hwa/winter1995.pdf | access-date = 2017-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160910052757/http://www.isna.org/files/hwa/winter1995.pdf | archive-date = 2016-09-10 | url-status = live }}</ref>


⚫
===Language===
⚫
==International activism==
⚫
In a significant shift from publishing a regular journal titled ''Hermaphrodites with Attitude'' and demonstrating using the same name, the last stated goal of the organization was to eradicate what the organization deemed as "misleading language".<ref name="isnafarewell" /> The ISNA claimed that nomenclature based on [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditism]] was stigmatizing<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/faq/hermaphrodite |title=Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite? |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701061246/http://www.isna.org/faq/hermaphrodite |archive-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to intersex individuals, as well as potentially panic-inducing to parents of intersex children. The suggested solution put forth by the ISNA was to restructure the system of intersex taxonomy and nomenclature to not include the words 'hermaphrodite', 'hermaphroditism', 'sex reversal', or other similar terms.<ref name="http://www.isna.org/node/979">{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/node/979 |title=Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103173537/http://www.isna.org/node/979 |archive-date=2018-01-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> This "standard division of many intersex types into true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, and female pseudohermaphroditism"<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J |title=Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=729–33 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16200837 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2005.18.8.729|s2cid=39459050 }}</ref> is described by the ISNA and its advocates as confusing and clinically problematic.<ref name="http://www.isna.org/node/979"/>
⚫
ISNA made various efforts to spread intersex activism,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gayalliance.org/directory/intersex-society-of-north-america-isna.html |title=Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) |publisher=Gay Alliance |accessdate=2014-06-29 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150310203029/http://www.gayalliance.org/directory/intersex-society-of-north-america-isna.html |archive-date=2015-03-10}}</ref> and were a resource for a 1999 [[Intersex rights in Colombia|Colombian court case decision]] on surgical guidelines for intersex children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Case 1 Part I (Sentencia SU-337/99)|url=http://www.isna.org/node/166}}</ref>


⚫
The ISNA attempted to dispel what it sees as "harmful language" by providing information on intersex definitions and prevalence. The Intersex Society of North America stated that the term hermaphrodite is a "mythological term" and a "physiologic impossibility"; true hermaphrodites cannot exist.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
==ISNA closes==
⚫
By 2008, even though ISNA felt that they were able to come to a “consensus on improvements to [medical] care” for people born intersex with a large amount of the medical community, they ran into many problems in implementing these ideas. There was a “concern among many healthcare professionals, parents, and mainstream healthcare system funders that ISNA’s views are biased”, and many of these people feared that they would be shunned by colleagues if it was found out they were associated with the ISNA. The ISNA gave a statement saying that "at present, the new standard of care exists as little more than ideals on paper, thus falling short of its aim[s]" to fulfill its goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/farewell_message |title=Dear ISNA Friends and Supporters |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |accessdate=2014-06-29}}</ref> The ISNA decided its best course of action was to “support a new organization with a mission to promote integrated, comprehensive approaches to care that enhance the overall health and well-being of persons [who are intersex] and their families.” The ISNA transferred all of its remaining funds, assets, and copyrights to [[Accord Alliance]] and then closed.


⚫
While some intersex people seek to reclaim the word "hermaphrodite" with pride to reference themselves (much like the words "dyke" and "queer" have been reclaimed by LBGT people), the ISNA suggested that be avoided. They believed that it will not help the cause of intersex rights and could in fact be counter productive as people would not understand that word is being used as an attempt to empower intersex people, not classify them.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
==Successor organizations==

⚫
===International work===
{{further|Intersex rights in Colombia}}
⚫
ISNA made various efforts to spread intersex activism,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gayalliance.org/directory/intersex-society-of-north-america-isna.html |title=Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) |publisher=Gay Alliance |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310203029/http://www.gayalliance.org/directory/intersex-society-of-north-america-isna.html |archive-date=2015-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were a resource for a 1999 [[Intersex rights in Colombia|Colombian court case decision]] on surgical guidelines for intersex children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Case 1 Part I (Sentencia SU-337/99)|url=http://www.isna.org/node/166|access-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711213537/http://www.isna.org/node/166|archive-date=2012-07-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Closure and succession==
{{main|Intersex civil society organizations}}
{{main|Intersex civil society organizations}}
⚫
By 2008, even though ISNA felt that they were able to come to a "consensus on improvements to [medical] care" for people born intersex with a large amount of the medical community, they ran into many problems in implementing these ideas. There was a "concern among many healthcare professionals, parents, and mainstream healthcare system funders that ISNA's views are biased", and many of these people feared that they would be shunned by colleagues if it was found out they were associated with the ISNA. The ISNA gave a statement saying that "at present, the new standard of care exists as little more than ideals on paper, thus falling short of its aim[s]" to fulfill its goals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.org/farewell_message |title=Dear ISNA Friends and Supporters |publisher=Intersex Society of North America |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625050346/http://www.isna.org/farewell_message |archive-date=2014-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ISNA decided its best course of action was to "support a new organization with a mission to promote integrated, comprehensive approaches to care that enhance the overall health and well-being of persons [who are intersex] and their families."
The [[Accord Alliance]], which opened in April 2008, is a direct successor to ISNA. Its goal is to “improve the way health care is made available” to people born intersex.<ref name="isnafarewell" />


The ISNA website identifies [[interACT]] as a successor, and the organization charged with preserving the site as a "historical archive".<ref name="isna" /> The [[Accord Alliance]], which opened in April 2008, was also a successor to ISNA.<ref name="isnafarewell" />
⚫
Writing in ''Sociology of Diagnosis'', [[Georgiann Davis]] describes [[Organisation Intersex International]] (OII) and ISNA as "activist organisations".<ref name="davis">[http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090 “DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term”: Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology], [[Georgiann Davis]] (2011), in PJ McGann, David J. Hutson (ed.) Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology, Volume 12), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.155-182.</ref> OII continues today with affiliates in many countries. Other intersex and DSD activist and advocacy organisations also continue their work around the world. Many of those organizations participate in the [[International Intersex Forum]].

⚫
Writing in ''Sociology of Diagnosis'', [[Georgiann Davis]] describes [[Organisation Intersex International]] (OII) and ISNA as "activist organisations".<ref name="davis" /> OII continues today with affiliates in many countries. Other intersex and DSD activist and advocacy organisations also continue their work around the world. [[interACT]], [[Organisation Intersex International]], and many other organizations participate in the [[International Intersex Forum]].


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Intersex rights in the United States]]
⚫
* ''[[Hermaphrodites with Attitude]]''
* [[Intersex Awareness Day]]
* [[Intersex Awareness Day]]
* [[Intersex civil society organizations]]
* [[Intersex civil society organizations]]
⚫
* [[Timeline of intersex history]]
* [[Intersex human rights]]
* [[Intersex human rights]]
* [[Intersex rights by country]]
* [[Intersex rights by country]]
⚫
* [[Intersex rights in the United States]]
⚫
* [[Timeline of intersex history]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
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[[Category:Intersex medical and health organizations]]
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[[Category:Intersex rights in the United States]]
[[Category:Intersex rights in the United States]]
[[Category:Felipa de Souza Award]]

Latest revision as of 11:32, 27 January 2024

Intersex Society of North America
AbbreviationISNA
Formation1993
Dissolved2008
TypeNGO
PurposeIntersex human rights
Region served
United States and Canada
Websiteisna.org

The Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) was a non-profit advocacy group founded in 1993 by Cheryl Chase to end shame, secrecy, and unnecessary genital surgeries on intersex people.[1][2][3][4][5] Other notable members included Morgan Holmes, Max Beck, Howard (Tiger) Devore, Esther Morris Leidolf and Alice Dreger. The organization closed in June 2008,[6] and has been succeeded by a number of health, civil and human rights organizations including interACT.[7]

Advocacy

[edit]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

[edit]
The Phall-O-Meter satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth. It is based on research published by Suzanne Kessler
Main article: Intersex medical interventions

ISNA stated that newborn intersex genitals should not be operated on, unless they need to be in order to maintain the child's physical health. It was (and to some extent still is) a common belief that a child's genitals needed to conform to average genitals of a male or female, so in the first 24 hours after birth, doctors could perform "extensive reconstructive surgery in order to avoid damage to the child's mental health"[8] (56). On the other hand, the ISNA claimed there is "no evidence that children who grow up with intersex genitals are worse off psychologically than those who are altered"[9] and that there is "no evidence that early surgery relieves parental distress".[6] They believed it to be inhumane to choose someone's genitals for them. This being said, the ISNA did not condemn surgery in general, and believed that intersex people should be allowed to opt for genital reconstruction, if they want to, when they can fully consent to the operations themselves.[10]

Alice Dreger has described how the work of clinical psychologist and surgeries survivor Tiger Devore was integral to the work of ISNA:

Devore contributed to ISNA and to the intersex rights movement the outline of what a reformed clinical system would look like: Intersex children would be given preliminary gender assignments as boys and girls (recognizing that all gender assignment is preliminary and does not require surgery); hormonal and surgical interventions would be limited to those that were needed to treat clear and present medical problems, with all elective interventions waiting until patients could consent for themselves; intersex children and adults (and their loved ones) would be provided professional, non-shaming psychosocial support and peer support.[11]

The ISNA advocated a move from a "Concealment-Centered Model" to a Patient-Centered Model. This push was to move away from a model that teaches both that "intersex is a rare anatomical abnormality" and that there needs to be immediate surgery to normalize the child's abnormal genitals, and moved toward the idea that "intersex is a relatively common anatomical variation from the 'standard' male and female types". The attempt is to treat intersex as something that is natural, as to not ostracize the intersex community, and to allow intersex people to be treated with the same ethical principles that doctors show to any other patient.[10]

The Patient-Centered Model believes that "psychological distress is a legitimate concern and should be addressed by properly trained professionals". This means that both intersex people and family members who feel burdened in any way should seek both the help of counselors trained in sex and gender issues and the support from a community of peers experiencing the same situation. This allows a network of support to help everyone through any trying times that might arise. The model also states that "care should be more focused on addressing stigma, not solely gender assignment and genital appearance."[6] The Model attempts a more caring approach toward people with intersex characteristics.[10]

Released in August 2006, the Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders was a document published in Pediatrics that mapped out a new standard of care for intersex people.[12] According to the ISNA, it made three ground-breaking changes that advocated a Patient-Centered Model, a cautious approach to surgery, and an attempt to get rid of misleading language, all of which were backed by the ISNA. However, the statement still permits surgeries, and both clinicians[13] and civil society organizations[14] question implementation. Intersex scholars such as Georgiann Davis[15] and Morgan Holmes[16] state that, instead, the statement retrenched medical authority over infants and children with intersex conditions.

First North American demonstration by intersex people

[edit]

Members of ISNA held the first ever North American demonstration about intersex issues: a 1996 demonstration by Morgan Holmes, Max Beck and others as Hermaphrodites with Attitude outside the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Boston.[17] Georgiann Davis describes how, when the intersex movement began, "medical professional refused to engage intersex activists", and how rapidly the movement's strategy developed. "By the year 2000, Chase was delivering a plenary address to the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, a group she was once protesting against... It marked the first time an activist's perspective was solicited by organizers of a major medical conference."[18]

The 1996 demonstration is now commemorated internationally as Intersex Awareness Day.[19]

Identification documents

[edit]

ISNA, like the 2013 International Intersex Forum believed that "newborns with intersex should be given a gender assignment as boy or girl".[20] Their reasoning is that they think it would be impossible to know where male ends and intersex begins or where female ends and intersex begins. They want to "make the world a safe place for intersex kids", and they believe that marking them as a third gender would exile them.[10]

Publications

[edit]
Main article: Hermaphrodites with Attitude

ISNA published the journal Hermaphrodites with Attitude, edited by Cheryl Chase, between 1994 and 2005.[21] The first issue appeared in Winter 1994, containing six pages of articles, analysis and case studies, including articles by people with lived experience, activists, doctors and academics. It was distributed to subscribers in five countries and 14 States of the United States.[22]

Language

[edit]

In a significant shift from publishing a regular journal titled Hermaphrodites with Attitude and demonstrating using the same name, the last stated goal of the organization was to eradicate what the organization deemed as "misleading language".[6] The ISNA claimed that nomenclature based on hermaphroditism was stigmatizing[23] to intersex individuals, as well as potentially panic-inducing to parents of intersex children. The suggested solution put forth by the ISNA was to restructure the system of intersex taxonomy and nomenclature to not include the words 'hermaphrodite', 'hermaphroditism', 'sex reversal', or other similar terms.[24] This "standard division of many intersex types into true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, and female pseudohermaphroditism"[25] is described by the ISNA and its advocates as confusing and clinically problematic.[24]

The ISNA attempted to dispel what it sees as "harmful language" by providing information on intersex definitions and prevalence. The Intersex Society of North America stated that the term hermaphrodite is a "mythological term" and a "physiologic impossibility"; true hermaphrodites cannot exist.[23]

While some intersex people seek to reclaim the word "hermaphrodite" with pride to reference themselves (much like the words "dyke" and "queer" have been reclaimed by LBGT people), the ISNA suggested that be avoided. They believed that it will not help the cause of intersex rights and could in fact be counter productive as people would not understand that word is being used as an attempt to empower intersex people, not classify them.[23]

International work

[edit]
Further information: Intersex rights in Colombia

ISNA made various efforts to spread intersex activism,[26] and were a resource for a 1999 Colombian court case decision on surgical guidelines for intersex children.[27]

Closure and succession

[edit]
Main article: Intersex civil society organizations

By 2008, even though ISNA felt that they were able to come to a "consensus on improvements to [medical] care" for people born intersex with a large amount of the medical community, they ran into many problems in implementing these ideas. There was a "concern among many healthcare professionals, parents, and mainstream healthcare system funders that ISNA's views are biased", and many of these people feared that they would be shunned by colleagues if it was found out they were associated with the ISNA. The ISNA gave a statement saying that "at present, the new standard of care exists as little more than ideals on paper, thus falling short of its aim[s]" to fulfill its goals.[28] The ISNA decided its best course of action was to "support a new organization with a mission to promote integrated, comprehensive approaches to care that enhance the overall health and well-being of persons [who are intersex] and their families."

The ISNA website identifies interACT as a successor, and the organization charged with preserving the site as a "historical archive".[7] The Accord Alliance, which opened in April 2008, was also a successor to ISNA.[6]

Writing in Sociology of Diagnosis, Georgiann Davis describes Organisation Intersex International (OII) and ISNA as "activist organisations".[18] OII continues today with affiliates in many countries. Other intersex and DSD activist and advocacy organisations also continue their work around the world. interACT, Organisation Intersex International, and many other organizations participate in the International Intersex Forum.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Re-membering a Queer Body Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, AISSG, syndicated copy of article from Undercurrents (May 1994: 11–13) by the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.
  2. ^ Re-membering a Queer Body Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, UnderCurrents (May 1994: 11–13), Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario.
  3. ^ Matthews, Karen (Oct 22, 2000). Debate Grows Over Using Surgery on Infants with Ambiguous Genitals. Los Angeles Times
  4. ^ Murrell, Nancy (October 28, 1998). Intersex group raises questions about genital surgery. Miami Herald
  5. ^ Hackford-Peer, Kim (2005). Cheryl Chase Founds the Intersex Society of North America. in GLBT History, 1993–2004; 2005, p28-30, 2p
  6. ^ a b c d e Staff report (June 28, 2008). Farewell message. Archived 2008-08-03 at the Wayback Machine via ISNA.org
  7. ^ a b "Intersex Society of North America".
  8. ^ "Fausto-Sterling, Anne "Of Gender and Genitals" from Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000, [Chapter 3, pp. 44–77]" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  9. ^ "What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated?". Intersex Society of North America. 2004-01-22. Archived from the original on 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  10. ^ a b c d Dreger, Alice. "Shifting the Paradigm of Intersex Treatment". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2014-06-26. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  11. ^ Dreger, Alice (May 2018). "Twenty Years of Working toward Intersex Rights". Bioethics in Action. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–73. doi:10.1017/9781316343197.004. ISBN 978-1-316-34319-7.
  12. ^ Lee, P. A.; Houk, C. P.; Ahmed, S. F.; Hughes, I. A. (August 2006). "Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International Consensus Conference on Intersex". Pediatrics. 118 (2): e488–500. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0738. PMC 2082839. PMID 16882788.
  13. ^ Creighton, Sarah M.; Michala, Lina; Mushtaq, Imran; Yaron, Michal (January 2, 2014). "Childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia: glimpses of practice changes or more of the same?" (PDF). Psychology and Sexuality. 5 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.831214. ISSN 1941-9899. S2CID 89605693. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  14. ^ interACT (June 2016). "Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
  15. ^ Davis, Georgiann (2011). McGann, PJ; Hutson, David J. (eds.). "DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology". Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology). Advances in Medical Sociology. 12: 155–182. doi:10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012. ISBN 978-0-85724-575-5. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  16. ^ Holmes, Morgan (2011). "The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge in the Clinic". Somatechnics. 1 (2): 87–114. doi:10.3366/soma.2011.0026.
  17. ^ Beck, Max. "Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05.
  18. ^ a b ""DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology". Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  19. ^ "The 14 days of intersex". Star Observer. 2011-10-25. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  20. ^ "What does ISNA recommend for children with intersex?". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  21. ^ "Hermaphrodites with Attitude". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  22. ^ "Hermaphrodites with Attitude" (PDF). Hermaphrodites with Attitude. 1 (1). 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  23. ^ a b c "Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  24. ^ a b "Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  25. ^ Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J (August 2005). "Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (8): 729–33. doi:10.1515/jpem.2005.18.8.729. PMID 16200837. S2CID 39459050.
  26. ^ "Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)". Gay Alliance. Archived from the original on 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  27. ^ "Case 1 Part I (Sentencia SU-337/99)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
  28. ^ "Dear ISNA Friends and Supporters". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
[edit]
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