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A plank road is a road composed of wooden planks or puncheon logs, as an efficient technology for traversing soft, marshy, or otherwise difficult ground. Plank roads were commonly found in the Canadian province of Ontario as well as the Northeast and Midwest of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by turnpike companies.

Origins

The Wittmoor bog trackway is the name given to each of two historic plank roads or boardwalks, trackway No. I being discovered in 1898 and trackway No. II in 1904^[1] in the Wittmoor bog in northern Hamburg, Germany. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the Roman Empire is on display at the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.^[2]^[3]

This type of plank road is known to have been used as early as 4,000 BC with, for example, the Post Track found in the Somerset levels near Glastonbury, England.^[4] This type of road was also constructed in Roman times.^{[citation needed]}

In North America

From the mid-1840s and to mid 1850s, the United States experienced the Plank Road Boom and a subsequent bust. The first plank road in the US was built in North Syracuse, New York, to transport salt and other goods;^[5] it appears to have copied earlier roads in Canada, which had copied Russian ones.^[6] The plank road boom, like many other early technologies, promised to transform the way people lived and worked and led to permissive changes in legislation seeking to spur development, speculative investment by private individuals, etc. Ultimately, the technology failed to live up to its promise, and millions of dollars in investments evaporated almost overnight.^[6]

Three plank roads, the Hackensack, the Paterson, and the Newark, were major arteries in northern New Jersey. The roads travelled over the New Jersey Meadowlands, connecting the cities for which they were named to the Hudson River waterfront.

U.S. Route 1 in Virginia follows the Boydton Plank Road from Petersburg southwards to just north of the North Carolina line.

On the U.S. West Coast the Canyon Road of Portland, Oregon was another important but short artery and was built between 1851 and 1856.

Kingston Road (Toronto) (Governor's Road) and Danforth Avenue, in Toronto, were plank roads built by the Don and Danforth Plank Road Company in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. Highway 2 from Toronto eastwards was a plank road in the 19th century that was later paved. In 1833 Scarborough-Markham Plank Road was authorized to build a road from Danforth Road to Highway 7 to Ringwood and east on Stouffville Road to Main Street Stouffville.

Plank roads are used exclusively in the Canadian fishing outport of Harrington Harbour, Quebec because the town is built directly over a hilly, rocky shore. ATVs are the only mode of transportation there.

In Australia

In Perth, Western Australia, plank roads were important in the early growth of the agricultural and outer urban areas because of the distances imposed by swamps and the relatively-infertile soil. As it cost £2,000/km to construct roads by conventional means, the local councils, known as road boards, were experimenting with cheaper approaches to road building. A method called Jandakot Corduroy had been developed at Jandakot south-east of Perth: a jarrah tramway lay upon 2.3-metre-long (7.5 ft) sleepers, bounded by two 70-centimetre-wide (28 in) strips of jarrah planks for cart and carriage wheels. The 90-centimetre (35 in) gap was filled with limestone rubble to be used by horses. This reduced the cost of road building by up to 85% after its widespread introduction in 1908.^[7] However, increased traffic and suburban development rendered the routes unsatisfactory over time, and by the 1950s, they had been replaced with bitumen surfaced roads.

References

^ The numbering of the trackways No. I for the younger northern one and No. II for the older southern one follows the local archive file of Archaeological Museum of Hamburg corresponding to early publications, in contrast to that Schindler uses a different numbering in his publication.
^ Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80.
^ Articus, Rüdiger; Brandt, Jochen; Först, Elke; Krause, Yvonne; Merkel, Michael; Mertens, Kathrin; Weiss, Rainer-Maria (2013). Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times. Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum. Vol. 103. Hamburg. p. 108. ISBN 978-3-931429-24-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. Rutgers University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1. Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
^ University of California Transportation Center. "The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-25.
^ ^a ^b Klein & Majewski. "Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America". Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
^ Cooper, W.S.; G. McDonald (1999). Diversity's Challenge: A History of the City of Stirling. City of Stirling. p. 169.

External links

The short film Military Roads (1943) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
The Plank Road Craze - Background Reading
Puncheon & corduroy roads
Longfellow, Rickie. "Back in Time: Plank Roads". Highway History, Federal Highway Administration.

Types of roads

[1] The numbering of the trackways No. I for the younger northern one and No. II for the older southern one follows the local archive file of Archaeological Museum of Hamburg corresponding to early publications, in contrast to that Schindler uses a different numbering in his publication.

[2] Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80.

[Articus-3] Articus, Rüdiger; Brandt, Jochen; Först, Elke; Krause, Yvonne; Merkel, Michael; Mertens, Kathrin; Weiss, Rainer-Maria (2013). Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times. Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum. Vol. 103. Hamburg. p. 108. ISBN 978-3-931429-24-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Ways_of_the_World-4] Lay, Maxwell G (1992). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. Rutgers University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1. Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2020-12-25.

[5] University of California Transportation Center. "The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-25.

[Klein-6] Klein & Majewski. "Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America". Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

[7] Cooper, W.S.; G. McDonald (1999). Diversity's Challenge: A History of the City of Stirling. City of Stirling. p. 169.

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+{{Short description|Road composed of wooden planks or puncheon logs}}
 [[File:puncheon.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of a plank road]]
 [[File:Wood mat road.JPG|thumb|right|A wood mat road in [[British Columbia]], used for temporary access over soft ground]]
-A '''plank road''' is a [[road]] composed of [[Plank (wood)|wooden planks]] or puncheon logs. Plank roads were commonly found in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]] as well as the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by [[toll road|turnpike]] companies.
+A '''plank road''' is a [[road]] composed of [[Plank (wood)|wooden planks]] or [[wikt:puncheon#Noun|puncheon logs]], as an efficient technology for traversing soft, marshy, or otherwise difficult ground. Plank roads were commonly found in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]] as well as the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by [[toll road|turnpike]] companies.
 ==Origins==
-The [[Wittmoor bog trackway]] is the name given to each of two historic [[plank road]]s or [[boardwalk]]s, trackway No. I being discovered in 1898 and trackway No. II in 1904<ref>The numbering of the trackways No. I for the younger northern one and No. II for the older southern one follows the local archive file of Archaeological Museum of Hamburg corresponding to early publications, in contrast to that Schindler uses a different numbering in his publication.</ref> in the ''Wittmoor'' [[bog]] in northern [[Hamburg]], Germany. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the [[Roman Empire]] is on display at the permanent exhibition of the [[Archäologisches Museum Hamburg|Archaeological Museum Hamburg]] in [[Harburg, Hamburg]].<ref>Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80.</ref><ref name="Articus">{{cite book | last1 =Articus | first1 =Rüdiger  | last2 =Brandt | first2 =Jochen | last3 =Först | first3 =Elke | last4 =Krause | first4 =Yvonne | last5 =Merkel | first5 =Michael | last6 =Mertens | first6 =Kathrin | last7 =Weiss | first7 =Rainer-Maria | title =Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times | series = Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum  | volume =103 | date =2013 | location = Hamburg | pages =108 | isbn =978-3-931429-24-9 }}</ref>
+The [[Wittmoor bog trackway]] is the name given to each of two historic plank roads or [[boardwalk]]s, trackway No. I being discovered in 1898 and trackway No. II in 1904<ref>The numbering of the trackways No. I for the younger northern one and No. II for the older southern one follows the local archive file of Archaeological Museum of Hamburg corresponding to early publications, in contrast to that Schindler uses a different numbering in his publication.</ref> in the ''Wittmoor'' [[bog]] in northern [[Hamburg]], Germany. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the [[Roman Empire]] is on display at the permanent exhibition of the [[Archäologisches Museum Hamburg|Archaeological Museum Hamburg]] in [[Harburg, Hamburg]].<ref>Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80.</ref><ref name="Articus">{{cite book |last1=Articus |first1=Rüdiger |last2=Brandt |first2=Jochen |last3=Först |first3=Elke |last4=Krause |first4=Yvonne |last5=Merkel |first5=Michael |last6=Mertens |first6=Kathrin |last7=Weiss |first7=Rainer-Maria |title=Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times |series=Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum |volume=103 |date=2013 |location=Hamburg |pages=108 |isbn=978-3-931429-24-9}}</ref>
-This type of plank road is known to have been used as [[History of infrastructure|early as 4,000 BC]] with, for example, the [[Post Track]] found in the [[Somerset levels]] near [[Glastonbury]], England.<ref name="Ways_of_the_World">{{cite book | last = Lay | first = Maxwell G | title = Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them | publisher = Rutgers University Press | year = 1992 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2691-1| page = 43 }}</ref> This type of road was also constructed in [[Ancient Roman|Roman]] times.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
+This type of plank road is known to have been used as [[History of infrastructure|early as 4,000 BC]] with, for example, the [[Post Track]] found in the [[Somerset levels]] near [[Glastonbury]], England.<ref name="Ways_of_the_World">{{cite book |last=Lay |first=Maxwell G |title=Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3 |isbn=978-0-8135-2691-1 |page=43 |access-date=2020-12-25 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713031108/https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick&pg=PR3 |url-status=live }}</ref> This type of road was also constructed in [[Ancient Roman|Roman]] times.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
+==In North America==
-From the mid 1840s and to mid 1850s, the United States experienced the [[Plank Road Boom]] and a subsequent bust. The first plank road in the US was built in [[North Syracuse, New York]], to transport salt and other goods;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf |title=The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York |accessdate=2006-04-25 |author=University of California Transportation Center |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105083704/http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf |archivedate=November 5, 2005 }}</ref> it appears to have copied earlier roads in Canada, which had copied Russian ones.<ref name=Klein>{{cite web|url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/|accessdate=2014-04-18|title=Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America|author=Klein & Majewski}}</ref> The plank road boom, like many other early technologies, promised to transform the way people lived and worked and led to permissive changes in legislation seeking to spur development, speculative investment by private individuals, etc. Ultimately, the technology failed to live up to its promise, and millions of dollars in investments evaporated almost overnight.<ref name=Klein/>
+From the mid-1840s and to mid 1850s, the United States experienced the [[Plank Road Boom]] and a subsequent bust. The first plank road in the US was built in [[North Syracuse, New York]], to transport salt and other goods;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf |title=The Plank Road Boom of Antebellum, New York |access-date=2006-04-25 |author=University of California Transportation Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105083704/http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?267.pdf |archive-date=November 5, 2005}}</ref> it appears to have copied earlier roads in Canada, which had copied Russian ones.<ref name=Klein>{{cite web |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/ |access-date=2014-04-18 |title=Turnpikes and Toll Roads in 19th Century America |author=Klein & Majewski |archive-date=2016-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115072245/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/turnpikes-and-toll-roads-in-nineteenth-century-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The plank road boom, like many other early technologies, promised to transform the way people lived and worked and led to permissive changes in legislation seeking to spur development, speculative investment by private individuals, etc. Ultimately, the technology failed to live up to its promise, and millions of dollars in investments evaporated almost overnight.<ref name=Klein/>
 Three plank roads, the [[Hackensack Plank Road|Hackensack]], the [[Paterson Plank Road|Paterson]], and the [[Newark Plank Road|Newark]], were major arteries in northern [[New Jersey]]. The roads travelled over the [[New Jersey Meadowlands]], connecting the cities for which they were named to the [[Hudson River]] waterfront.
@@ Line 19: / Line 21: @@
 [[File:Plank road on St. George Island, Alaska, 1938.jpg|thumb|A plank road on one of the [[Pribilof Islands]], [[Alaska]]]]
-[[Kingston Road (Toronto)]] (Governor's Road) and [[Danforth Avenue]], in [[Toronto]], were plank roads built by the [[Don and Danforth Plank Road Company]] in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. [[Highway 2 (Ontario)|Highway 2]] from Toronto eastwards was a plank road in the 19th century that was later paved.
+[[Kingston Road (Toronto)]] (Governor's Road) and [[Danforth Avenue]], in [[Toronto]], were plank roads built by the [[Don and Danforth Plank Road Company]] in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. [[Highway 2 (Ontario)|Highway 2]] from Toronto eastwards was a plank road in the 19th century that was later paved. In 1833 [[Ontario Highway 48|Scarborough-Markham Plank Road]] was authorized to build a road from Danforth Road to Highway 7 to Ringwood and east on Stouffville Road to Main Street Stouffville.
 Plank roads are used exclusively in the Canadian fishing [[outport]] of [[Harrington Harbour]], [[Quebec]] because the town is built directly over a hilly, rocky shore. ATVs are the only mode of transportation there.
 ==In Australia==
-In [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]], plank roads were important in the early growth of the agricultural and outer urban areas because of the distances imposed by swamps and the relatively-infertile soil. As it cost £2,000/km to construct roads by conventional means, the local councils, known as road boards, were experimenting with cheaper approaches to road building. A method called Jandakot [[Corduroy road|Corduroy]] had been developed at [[Jandakot, Western Australia|Jandakot]] south-east of Perth: a [[jarrah]] tramway lay upon {{convert|2.3|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} [[railroad tie|sleepers]], bounded by two {{convert|70|cm|in|adj=mid|-wide}} strips of jarrah planks for cart and carriage wheels. The {{convert|90|cm|in|adj=on}} gap was filled with limestone rubble to be used by horses. This reduced the cost of road building by up to 85% after its widespread introduction in 1908.<ref>{{cite book |last= Cooper |first= W.S. |author2=G. McDonald | title= Diversity's Challenge: A History of the City of Stirling |publisher= City of Stirling |year= 1999 | pages=169}}</ref> However, increased traffic and suburban development rendered the routes unsatisfactory over time, and by the 1950s, they had been replaced with [[bitumen]] surfaced roads.
+In [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]], plank roads were important in the early growth of the agricultural and outer urban areas because of the distances imposed by swamps and the relatively-infertile soil. As it cost £2,000/km to construct roads by conventional means, the local councils, known as road boards, were experimenting with cheaper approaches to road building. A method called Jandakot [[Corduroy road|Corduroy]] had been developed at [[Jandakot, Western Australia|Jandakot]] south-east of Perth: a [[jarrah]] tramway lay upon {{convert|2.3|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} [[railroad tie|sleepers]], bounded by two {{convert|70|cm|in|adj=mid|-wide}} strips of jarrah planks for cart and carriage wheels. The {{convert|90|cm|in|adj=on}} gap was filled with limestone rubble to be used by horses. This reduced the cost of road building by up to 85% after its widespread introduction in 1908.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=W.S. |author2=G. McDonald |title=Diversity's Challenge: A History of the City of Stirling |publisher=City of Stirling |year=1999 |pages=169}}</ref> However, increased traffic and suburban development rendered the routes unsatisfactory over time, and by the 1950s, they had been replaced with [[bitumen]] surfaced roads.
 ==See also==
-* [[Board track racing]]
+*[[Board track racing]]
-* [[Boardwalk]]
+*[[Boardwalk]]
-* [[Corduroy road]]
+*[[Corduroy road]]
-* [[Duckboards]]
+*[[Duckboards]]
-* [[Gallery road]]
+*[[Gallery road]]
-* [[Historic roads and trails]]
+*[[Historic roads and trails]]
-* [[Marston Mat]] - a 20th-century equivalent for airport runways
+*[[Marston Mat]] - a 20th-century equivalent for airport runways
-* [[Old Plank Road]] (California)
+*[[Old Plank Road]] (California)
-* [[Old Plank Road Trail]]
+*[[Old Plank Road Trail (Illinois)|Old Plank Road Trail]]
-* [[Sweet Track]] and [[Post Track]]
+*[[Sweet Track]] and [[Post Track]]
-* [[List of plank roads in New York]]
+*[[List of plank roads in New York]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 45: / Line 47: @@
 {{Commons category|Plank roads}}
 *{{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.29327|name=Military Roads (1943)}}<!--see date on film title itself, not target page-->
-* [http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-17451_18670_18793-52863--,00.html The Plank Road Craze - Background Reading]
+*[http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-17451_18670_18793-52863--,00.html The Plank Road Craze - Background Reading]
-* [http://www.fs.usda.gov/eng/pubs/htmlpubs/htm00232839/page08l.htm Puncheon & corduroy roads]
+*[http://www.fs.usda.gov/eng/pubs/htmlpubs/htm00232839/page08l.htm Puncheon & corduroy roads]
-* Longfellow, Rickie. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528061042/http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/back0508.cfm Back in Time: Plank Roads]". ''Highway History'', [[Federal Highway Administration]].
+*Longfellow, Rickie. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528061042/http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/back0508.cfm Back in Time: Plank Roads]". ''Highway History'', [[Federal Highway Administration]].
 {{Road types}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Plank Road}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Plank road}}
 [[Category:Plank road| ]]
+[[Types of roads]]
 [[Category:Road infrastructure]]
 [[Category:Footpaths]]