618th Bombardment Squadron: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox military unit |
{{Infobox military unit |
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|unit_name= 618th Bombardment Squadron |
|unit_name= 618th Bombardment Squadron |
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|image=Freeman Field Mutiny.jpg |
|image=Freeman Field Mutiny.jpg |
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|image_size=300 |
|image_size=300 |
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|caption=Officers of the 477th Bombardment Group at [[Freeman Field]], about to board air transports to take them to [[Godman Field]] |
|caption=Officers of the 477th Bombardment Group at [[Freeman Field]], about to board air transports to take them to [[Godman Field]]{{efn|The officers were under arrest for refusing to sign a document acknowledging that they had read a regulation denying them access to an all-white officers' club.}} |
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|dates=1943; 1944–1945 |
|dates=1943; 1944–1945 |
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|country={{ |
|country={{USA}} |
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|branch= |
|branch={{air force|USA}} |
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|type= |
|type= |
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|role=[[bomber |
|role=[[Medium bomber]] |
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|size= |
|size= |
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|command_structure= |
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|identification_symbol=[[File:618th Bombardment Squadron - Emblem.png|165px]] |
|identification_symbol=[[File:618th Bombardment Squadron - Emblem.png|165px]] |
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|identification_symbol_label=618th Bombardment Squadron emblem |
|identification_symbol_label=618th Bombardment Squadron emblem{{efn|Approved 18 August 1944. Description: On a light turquoise blue rectaangle, long axis horizontal, corners rounded, bordered dark blue, a caricatured yellow orange "Swoose" in flight, trimmed brown, blowing a blue cannon shell from the beak, encircled by white smoke ring, and having a plexiglass turret on the back with two guns firing, [[proper (heraldry)|proper]], while dropping a large dark blue aerial bomb with nose and fins dark red, all in front of a large white cloud formation to [[dexter and sinister]] base.}}<ref name=Maurer618BS>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 687–688</ref> |
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The '''618th Bombardment Squadron''' was activated in 1943 as one of the four squadrons of the [[477th Bombardment Group]], the first (and only) bombardment group in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] to include black pilots. Members of the squadron participated in the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]], protesting [[racial segregation]] in the military. The squadron was inactivated in 1945 after the 477th became a composite group that included [[bomber|bombardment]] and [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] squadrons. |
The '''618th Bombardment Squadron''' was activated in 1943 as one of the four squadrons of the [[477th Bombardment Group]], the first (and only) bombardment group in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] to include black pilots. Members of the squadron participated in the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]], protesting [[racial segregation]] in the military. The squadron was inactivated in 1945 after the 477th became a composite group that included [[bomber|bombardment]] and [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] squadrons. |
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The '''618th Bombardment Squadron''' was activated in June 1943 at [[MacDill Field]], Florida,<ref name=Maurer618BS/> as one of the four original [[squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] of the [[477th Bombardment Group]], but was inactivated in August.<ref name=Maurer477BG>Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 349–350</ref> |
The '''618th Bombardment Squadron''' was activated in June 1943 at [[MacDill Field]], Florida,<ref name=Maurer618BS/> as one of the four original [[squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] of the [[477th Bombardment Group]], but was inactivated in August.<ref name=Maurer477BG>Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 349–350</ref> |
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The 477th group was reactivated in January 1944 at [[Selfridge Field]], Michigan as the "first colored bombardment group in the [[Army Air Forces]]" with personnel drawn from Selfridge and from [[Tuskegee Army Air Field]], Alabama.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/094/561.xml |title=Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Jan–Jul 1944|publisher=Air Force History Index|url- |
The 477th group was reactivated in January 1944 at [[Selfridge Field]], Michigan as the "first colored bombardment group in the [[Army Air Forces]]" with personnel drawn from Selfridge and from [[Tuskegee Army Air Field]], Alabama.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/094/561.xml |title=Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Jan–Jul 1944|publisher=Air Force History Index|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> It was the second combat group to be activated with African American personnel and would be the only African-American bombardment group.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432451/477-fighter-group-afrc/ |last1=Robertson|first1=Patsy|title=Factsheet 477 Fighter Group (AFRC)|date=9 August 2017|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The group moved to [[Godman Field]], Kentucky, where the 618th was activated in May.<ref name=Maurer618BS/> The unit encountered problems attributed to the lack of experienced personnel, which required even basic training in military occupational specialties to be conducted within the unit, rather than at technical training schools.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/094/564.xml |title=Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Oct 1944 – Jan 1945|publisher=Air Force History Index|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> |
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Although designated a "colored" squadron, some officers, including the squadron leadership were white. The initial commander of the 477th group enforced racial segregation on the posts where the squadron was stationed. The squadron's members were involved in the civil rights action referred to as the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]]; the "mutiny" came about when African-American aviators became outraged enough by [[racial segregation]] in the military that they resorted to mass insistence that military regulations prohibiting discrimination be enforced. The Freeman Field Mutiny was a crucial event in the African-American struggle for equal civil rights.<ref>Moye, p. 133</ref> |
Although designated a "colored" squadron, some officers, including the squadron leadership were white. The initial commander of the 477th group enforced racial segregation on the posts where the squadron was stationed. The squadron's members were involved in the civil rights action referred to as the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]]; the "mutiny" came about when African-American aviators became outraged enough by [[racial segregation]] in the military that they resorted to mass insistence that military regulations prohibiting discrimination be enforced. The Freeman Field Mutiny was a crucial event in the African-American struggle for equal civil rights.<ref>Moye, p. 133</ref> |
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The 618th was inactivated in October 1945 after the 477th became a composite group formed of the [[99th Fighter Squadron]], [[617th Bombardment Squadron]] and 618th Bombardment Squadron.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/094/566.xml |title=Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Apr–Jul 1945|publisher=Air Force History Index| |
The 618th was inactivated in October 1945 without deploying to a combat zone after the 477th became a composite group formed of the [[99th Fighter Squadron]], [[617th Bombardment Squadron]] and 618th Bombardment Squadron.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/094/566.xml |title=Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Apr–Jul 1945|publisher=Air Force History Index|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> At this time, Colonel [[Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.]], a black officer, assumed command of the group. The squadron's inactivation reduced the group to a single fighter squadron and a single bombardment squadron.<ref name=Maurer477BG/> |
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==Lineage== |
==Lineage== |
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===Notes=== |
===Notes=== |
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; Explanatory notes |
; Explanatory notes |
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{{notelist}} |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
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; Citations |
; Citations |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}} |
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}} |
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* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II| |
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|orig-year= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf |edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979|pages=349–350}} |
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* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II| |
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402|page=688}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Moye|first=J. Todd|title=Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (USA)|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-538655-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/freedomflyerstus0000moye/page/133 133]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/freedomflyerstus0000moye/page/133}} |
* {{cite book|last=Moye|first=J. Todd|title=Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (USA)|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-538655-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/freedomflyerstus0000moye/page/133 133]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/freedomflyerstus0000moye/page/133}} |
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Latest revision as of 23:11, 21 January 2024
| 618th Bombardment Squadron | |
|---|---|
 Officers of the 477th Bombardment Group at Freeman Field, about to board air transports to take them to Godman Field[a] | |
| Active | 1943; 1944–1945 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Medium bomber |
| Insignia | |
| 618th Bombardment Squadron emblem[b][1] |  |
The 618th Bombardment Squadron was activated in 1943 as one of the four squadrons of the 477th Bombardment Group, the first (and only) bombardment group in the United States Army Air Forces to include black pilots. Members of the squadron participated in the Freeman Field Mutiny, protesting racial segregation in the military. The squadron was inactivated in 1945 after the 477th became a composite group that included bombardment and fighter squadrons.
History
[edit]The 618th Bombardment Squadron was activated in June 1943 at MacDill Field, Florida,[1] as one of the four original squadrons of the 477th Bombardment Group, but was inactivated in August.[2]
The 477th group was reactivated in January 1944 at Selfridge Field, Michigan as the "first colored bombardment group in the Army Air Forces" with personnel drawn from Selfridge and from Tuskegee Army Air Field, Alabama.[3] It was the second combat group to be activated with African American personnel and would be the only African-American bombardment group.[4] The group moved to Godman Field, Kentucky, where the 618th was activated in May.[1] The unit encountered problems attributed to the lack of experienced personnel, which required even basic training in military occupational specialties to be conducted within the unit, rather than at technical training schools.[5]
Although designated a "colored" squadron, some officers, including the squadron leadership were white. The initial commander of the 477th group enforced racial segregation on the posts where the squadron was stationed. The squadron's members were involved in the civil rights action referred to as the Freeman Field Mutiny; the "mutiny" came about when African-American aviators became outraged enough by racial segregation in the military that they resorted to mass insistence that military regulations prohibiting discrimination be enforced. The Freeman Field Mutiny was a crucial event in the African-American struggle for equal civil rights.[6]
The 618th was inactivated in October 1945 without deploying to a combat zone after the 477th became a composite group formed of the 99th Fighter Squadron, 617th Bombardment Squadron and 618th Bombardment Squadron.[7] At this time, Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a black officer, assumed command of the group. The squadron's inactivation reduced the group to a single fighter squadron and a single bombardment squadron.[2]
Lineage
[edit]- Constituted as the 618th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 13 May 1943
- Activated on 1 June 1943
- Inactivated on 25 August 1943
- Activated on 15 May 1944
- Inactivated on 8 October 1945[1]
Assignments
[edit]- 477th Bombardment Group: 1 June 1943 – 25 August 1943
- 477th Bombardment Group (later 477th Composite Group): 15 May 44 – 8 October 1945[1]
Stations
[edit]- MacDill Field, Florida: 1 June 1943 – 25 August 1943
- Godman Field, Kentucky: 15 May 1944
- Atterbury Army Air Field: 29 August 1944
- Freeman Field, Indiana: 2 March 1945
- Godman Field, Kentucky: 27 April 1945 – 8 October 1945[1]
Aircraft
[edit]- Martin B-26 Marauder, 1943
- North American B-25 Mitchell, 1944–1945[1]
See also
[edit]- Tuskegee Airmen
- B-25 Mitchell units of the United States Army Air Forces
- List of Martin B-26 Marauder operators
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- Explanatory notes
- ^ The officers were under arrest for refusing to sign a document acknowledging that they had read a regulation denying them access to an all-white officers' club.
- ^ Approved 18 August 1944. Description: On a light turquoise blue rectaangle, long axis horizontal, corners rounded, bordered dark blue, a caricatured yellow orange "Swoose" in flight, trimmed brown, blowing a blue cannon shell from the beak, encircled by white smoke ring, and having a plexiglass turret on the back with two guns firing, proper, while dropping a large dark blue aerial bomb with nose and fins dark red, all in front of a large white cloud formation to dexter and sinister base.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 687–688
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 349–350
- ^ "Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Jan–Jul 1944". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (9 August 2017). "Factsheet 477 Fighter Group (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ^ "Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Oct 1944 – Jan 1945". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ^ Moye, p. 133
- ^ "Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Apr–Jul 1945". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Bibliography
[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 349–350. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. p. 688. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Moye, J. Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (USA). p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4.
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