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{{short description|Ballet by Claude Debussy}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox ballet
{{Infobox ballet
| name = Jeux
| name = Jeux
| image = Jeux-1913.jpg
| image = Jeux-1913.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption = [[Tamara Karsavina]], [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] and Ludmilla Schollar in ''Jeux''
| caption = [[Tamara Karsavina]], [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] and [[Ludmilla Schollar]] in ''Jeux''
| choreographer = [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]
| choreographer = [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]
| composer = [[Claude Debussy]]
| composer = [[Claude Debussy]]
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| ballet_company = [[Ballets Russes]]
| ballet_company = [[Ballets Russes]]
| characters =
| characters =
| designer = [[Alexandre Benois]]
| designer = [[Léon Bakst]]
| setting =
| setting =
| created_for = [[Sergei Diaghilev]]
| created_for =
| genre =
| genre =
| type =
| type =
}}
}}


'''''Jeux''''' (''Games'') is the last work for [[orchestra]] written by [[Claude Debussy]]. Described as a "poème dansé" (literally a "danced poem"), it was originally intended to accompany a [[ballet]], and was written for the [[Ballets Russes]] of [[Sergei Diaghilev]] to choreography by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]. Debussy initially objected to the scenario, but reconsidered the commission when Diaghilev doubled the fee. Debussy wrote the score quickly, from mid-August to mid-September 1912.<ref name="Berman">{{cite journal | last=Berman | first=Laurence D. | title=''Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun'' and ''Jeux'': Debussy's Summer Rites | journal=19th-Century Music | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=225–238 | date=March 1980 | doi=10.1525/ncm.1980.3.3.02a00040 | jstor=746487}}</ref> Robert Orledge has analysed the chronology of Debussy's composition and preserved manuscripts of the score.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Orledge | first=Robert | title=The Genesis of Debussy's ''Jeux'' | journal=The Musical Times | volume=128 | issue=1728 | pages=68–73 | date=February 1987 | doi=10.2307/964775 | jstor=964775}}</ref>
'''''Jeux''''' (''Games'') is a [[ballet]] written by [[Claude Debussy]]. Described as a "poème dansé" (literally a "danced poem"), it was written for [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s [[Ballets Russes]] with choreography by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]. Debussy initially objected to the scenario but reconsidered the commission when Diaghilev doubled the fee. Debussy wrote the score quickly, from mid-August to mid-September 1912.<ref name="Berman">{{cite journal | last=Berman | first=Laurence D. | title=''Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun'' and ''Jeux'': Debussy's Summer Rites | journal=19th-Century Music | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=225–238 | date=March 1980 | doi=10.1525/ncm.1980.3.3.02a00040 | jstor=746487}}</ref> [[Robert Orledge]] has analysed the chronology of Debussy's composition and preserved manuscripts of the score.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Orledge | first=Robert | title=The Genesis of Debussy's ''Jeux'' | journal=The Musical Times | volume=128 | issue=1728 | pages=68–73 | date=February 1987 | doi=10.2307/964775 | jstor=964775}}</ref>


''Jeux'' was premiered under conductor [[Pierre Monteux]] on 15 May 1913 in [[Paris]]. However, the work was not well received, and soon eclipsed by [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]]'s ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'', which was premiered two weeks later by Diaghilev's company.<ref name="Berman"/>
''Jeux'' premiered on 15 May 1913 at the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]], Paris, conducted by [[Pierre Monteux]]. The work was not well received and was soon eclipsed by [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]]'s ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'', which was premiered two weeks later by Diaghilev's company.<ref name="Berman"/>


The first commercial recording was made by [[Victor de Sabata]] with the [[Orchestra Stabile Accademica di Santa Cecilia]] in 1947. A critical edition of the score, prepared by [[Pierre Boulez]] and Myriam Chimènes, was published in 1988.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Grayson | first=David | title=Music Reviews: ''Claude Debussy: Oeuvres complètes, ser. 5, vol. 8: Jeux, poème, dansé'', ed. Pierre Boulez & Myriam Chimènes | journal=Notes (2nd Ser.) | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=955–958 | date=March 1991 | jstor=941939}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Orledge | first=Robert | title=Music Reviews: ''Debussy, Claude: Jeux, poème, dansé''. Oeuvres complètes, ser. 5, vol. 8Edition de Pierre Boulez et Myriam Chimènes | journal=Music & Letters | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=163–166 | date=February 1991 | year=1991 | jstor=736537}}</ref>
The first commercial recording was made by [[Victor de Sabata]] with the [[Orchestra Stabile Accademica di Santa Cecilia]] in 1947. A critical edition of the score, prepared by [[Pierre Boulez]] and Myriam Chimènes, was published in 1988.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Grayson | first=David | title=Music Reviews: ''Claude Debussy: Oeuvres complètes, ser. 5, vol. 8: Jeux, poème, dansé'', ed. Pierre Boulez & Myriam Chimènes | journal=Notes |series=Second Series | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=955–958 | date=March 1991 | doi=10.2307/941939 | jstor=941939}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Orledge | first=Robert | title=Music Reviews: ''Debussy, Claude: Jeux, poème, dansé''. Oeuvres complètes, ser. 5, vol. 8. Edition de Pierre Boulez et Myriam Chimènes | journal=Music & Letters | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=163–166 | date=February 1991 | jstor=736537| doi=10.1093/ml/72.1.163 }}</ref>


The number of tempo markings in ''Jeux'' is around 60, sufficient that [[Émile Vuillermoz]] described the score as changing "speed and nuance every two measures".<ref name="Berman"/> The thematic motifs of ''Jeux'' are likewise very short, often two measures long or constructed from two single-measure building blocks.<ref name="Pasler">{{cite journal | last=Pasler | first=Jann | title=Debussy, ''Jeux'': Playing with Time and Form | journal=19th-Century Music | volume=6 | issue=1 | pages=60–75 | date=Summer 1982 | doi=10.1525/ncm.1982.6.1.02a00070 | jstor=746487}}</ref> L.D. Berman has analysed ''Jeux'' in the context of Debussy's earlier ''[[Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune]]''.<ref name="Berman"/> Jann Pasler has analysed in detail Debussy's motivic construction.<ref name="Pasler"/>
There are about sixty different tempo markings in the work, enough for [[Émile Vuillermoz]] to describe the score as changing "speed and nuance every two measures".<ref name="Berman"/> The thematic [[Motif (music)|motifs]] of ''Jeux'' are likewise very short, often two measures long or constructed from two single-measure building blocks.<ref name="Pasler">{{cite journal | last=Pasler | first=Jann | title=Debussy, ''Jeux'': Playing with Time and Form | journal=19th-Century Music | volume=6 | issue=1 | pages=60–75 | date=Summer 1982 | doi=10.1525/ncm.1982.6.1.02a00070 | jstor=746487}}</ref> L.D. Berman has analysed ''Jeux'' in the context of Debussy's earlier ''[[Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune]]''.<ref name="Berman"/> Jann Pasler has analysed in detail Debussy's motivic construction.<ref name="Pasler"/>


==Scenario==
==Scenario==
[[File:Jeux by A. Benois 01.jpg|thumb|right|"Venetian holiday in the 16th century. Set design by Alexandre Benois for an unrealized production of ''Games'']]
[[File:Jeux by A. Benois 01.jpg|thumb|right|"Venetian holiday in the 16th century." Set design by [[Alexandre Benois]] for an unrealized production of ''Jeux'']]
According to Nijinsky's Diaries, made during the weeks before his psychological breakdown, Diaghilev intended the music to describe a [[homosexuality|homosexual]] encounter between three young men, and Nijinsky wanted to include an [[airplane crash]]. The final version of the story involved a man, two girls, and a game of [[tennis]]. The scenario was described to the audience at the premiere as follows:
According to Nijinsky's Diaries, made during the weeks before his psychological breakdown, Diaghilev intended the music to describe a [[homosexuality|homosexual]] encounter between three young men, and Nijinsky wanted to include an [[airplane crash]]. The final version of the story involved a man, two girls, and a game of [[tennis]]. The scenario was described to the audience at the premiere as follows:


<blockquote>"The scene is a garden at dusk; a tennis ball has been lost; a boy and two girls are searching for it. The artificial light of the large electric lamps shedding fantastic rays about them suggests the idea of childish games: they play hide and seek, they try to catch one another, they quarrel, they sulk without cause. The night is warm, the sky is bathed in pale light; they embrace. But the spell is broken by another tennis ball thrown in mischievously by an unknown hand. Surprised and alarmed, the boy and girls disappear into the nocturnal depths of the garden."</blockquote>
<blockquote>The scene is a garden at dusk; a tennis ball has been lost; a boy and two girls are searching for it. The artificial light of the large electric lamps shedding fantastic rays about them suggests the idea of childish games: they play hide and seek, they try to catch one another, they quarrel, they sulk without cause. The night is warm, the sky is bathed in pale light; they embrace. But the spell is broken by another tennis ball thrown in mischievously by an unknown hand. Surprised and alarmed, the boy and girls disappear into the nocturnal depths of the garden.</blockquote>


==References==
==References==
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== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
* ''Nijinsky's Bloomsbury Ballet: Reconstruction of Dance and Design for'' Jeux, by Millicent Hodson, Pendragon Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57647-042-8
* ''Nijinsky's Bloomsbury Ballet: Reconstruction of Dance and Design for'' Jeux, by Millicent Hodson, Pendragon Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-57647-042-8}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.sfsymphony.org/templates/pgmnote.asp?nodeid=3791&callid=117 San Francisco Symphony Program Notes]
*[http://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/DEBUSSY-Jeux,-Poeme-danse-%E2%94%82-C%E2%80%99est-l%E2%80%99extase-(songs.aspx San Francisco Symphony Program Notes]
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*{{IMSLP2|work=Jeux_%28Debussy%2C_Claude%29|cname=Jeux}}


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*{{IMSLP2|id=Jeux_%28Debussy%2C_Claude%29|cname=Jeux}}

{{Ballet}}
{{Claude Debussy}}
{{Claude Debussy}}
{{Authority control}}


⚫
[[Category:Compositions by Claude Debussy]]
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[[Category:Ballets Russes productions|Jeux (Debussy)]]
[[Category:Ballets by Vaslav Nijinsky]]
[[Category:Ballets by Vaslav Nijinsky]]
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[[Category:Ballets by Claude Debussy]]
[[Category:1913 ballet premieres]]
[[Category:1913 ballet premieres]]
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[[Category:Ballets Russes productions|Jeux (Debussy)]]

Revision as of 14:36, 21 January 2024

Jeux
Tamara Karsavina, Vaslav Nijinsky and Ludmilla Schollar in Jeux
ChoreographerVaslav Nijinsky
MusicClaude Debussy
Premiere15 May 1913
Paris
Original ballet companyBallets Russes
DesignLéon Bakst

Jeux (Games) is a ballet written by Claude Debussy. Described as a "poème dansé" (literally a "danced poem"), it was written for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes with choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky. Debussy initially objected to the scenario but reconsidered the commission when Diaghilev doubled the fee. Debussy wrote the score quickly, from mid-August to mid-September 1912.[1] Robert Orledge has analysed the chronology of Debussy's composition and preserved manuscripts of the score.[2]

Jeux premiered on 15 May 1913 at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, conducted by Pierre Monteux. The work was not well received and was soon eclipsed by Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, which was premiered two weeks later by Diaghilev's company.[1]

The first commercial recording was made by Victor de Sabata with the Orchestra Stabile Accademica di Santa Cecilia in 1947. A critical edition of the score, prepared by Pierre Boulez and Myriam Chimènes, was published in 1988.[3][4]

There are about sixty different tempo markings in the work, enough for Émile Vuillermoz to describe the score as changing "speed and nuance every two measures".[1] The thematic motifs of Jeux are likewise very short, often two measures long or constructed from two single-measure building blocks.[5] L.D. Berman has analysed Jeux in the context of Debussy's earlier Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune.[1] Jann Pasler has analysed in detail Debussy's motivic construction.[5]

Scenario

"Venetian holiday in the 16th century." Set design by Alexandre Benois for an unrealized production of Jeux

According to Nijinsky's Diaries, made during the weeks before his psychological breakdown, Diaghilev intended the music to describe a homosexual encounter between three young men, and Nijinsky wanted to include an airplane crash. The final version of the story involved a man, two girls, and a game of tennis. The scenario was described to the audience at the premiere as follows:

The scene is a garden at dusk; a tennis ball has been lost; a boy and two girls are searching for it. The artificial light of the large electric lamps shedding fantastic rays about them suggests the idea of childish games: they play hide and seek, they try to catch one another, they quarrel, they sulk without cause. The night is warm, the sky is bathed in pale light; they embrace. But the spell is broken by another tennis ball thrown in mischievously by an unknown hand. Surprised and alarmed, the boy and girls disappear into the nocturnal depths of the garden.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Berman, Laurence D. (March 1980). "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun and Jeux: Debussy's Summer Rites". 19th-Century Music. 3 (3): 225–238. doi:10.1525/ncm.1980.3.3.02a00040. JSTOR 746487.
  2. ^ Orledge, Robert (February 1987). "The Genesis of Debussy's Jeux". The Musical Times. 128 (1728): 68–73. doi:10.2307/964775. JSTOR 964775.
  3. ^ Grayson, David (March 1991). "Music Reviews: Claude Debussy: Oeuvres complètes, ser. 5, vol. 8: Jeux, poème, dansé, ed. Pierre Boulez & Myriam Chimènes". Notes. Second Series. 47 (3): 955–958. doi:10.2307/941939. JSTOR 941939.
  4. ^ Orledge, Robert (February 1991). "Music Reviews: Debussy, Claude: Jeux, poème, dansé. Oeuvres complètes, ser. 5, vol. 8. Edition de Pierre Boulez et Myriam Chimènes". Music & Letters. 72 (1): 163–166. doi:10.1093/ml/72.1.163. JSTOR 736537.
  5. ^ a b Pasler, Jann (Summer 1982). "Debussy, Jeux: Playing with Time and Form". 19th-Century Music. 6 (1): 60–75. doi:10.1525/ncm.1982.6.1.02a00070. JSTOR 746487.

Bibliography

  • Nijinsky's Bloomsbury Ballet: Reconstruction of Dance and Design for Jeux, by Millicent Hodson, Pendragon Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57647-042-8
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