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[[File:Shahi Tegin 728 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Trilingual coin of [[Tegin Shah]] towards the end of his reign. Iranian god [[Atar|Adur]] on the reverse. Obverse legend: "His Excellence, the '''Iltäbär''' of [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]], Worshipper of the highest God, His Excellence, the King, the divine Tegin […]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/coins/coin105?ref=showcases/showcase14&language=en | title = The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF "KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH" Chorasan Tegin Shah | last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael | last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus | newspaper = Pro.geo.univie.ac.at | publisher = Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna | access-date = July 16, 2017 | archive-date = October 31, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065822/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/coins/coin105?ref=showcases%2Fshowcase14&language=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> Date in [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]]: 728 CE]]
'''Elteber''' ([[Old Turkic]]: [[File:Old Turkic letter R2.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter B2.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter T2.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter L2.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter I.svg|10px]], elteber<ref>[http://irq.kaznpu.kz/index.php?l=i&wi=29&lang=e&mod=3 Ethno Cultural Dictionary, TÜRIK BITIG]</ref>) was the [[client king]] of an autonomous but [[tributary (political)|tributary]] [[tribe]] or [[polity]] in the hierarchy of the [[Göktürks|Turkic khaganates]] and [[Khazar Khaganate]].
An '''elteber''' ({{lang-otk|𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼|elteber}}<ref>[http://irq.kaznpu.kz/index.php?l=i&wi=29&lang=e&mod=3 Ethno Cultural Dictionary, TÜRIK BITIG]</ref> or ''(h)elitbär''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 頡利發 ''xié-lì-fā'' < [[Middle Chinese|EMCh]]: *''γεt-li<sup>H</sup>-puat'') was a [[client king]] of an autonomous but [[tributary (political)|tributary]] [[tribe]] or [[polity]] in the hierarchy of the [[Turkic tribal confederations|Turkic khaganates]] including [[Khazar Khaganate]].


In the case of the Khazar [[Khaganate]], the rulers of such [[vassal]] peoples as the [[Volga Bulgars]] (only until 969, after that they were independent and created a powerful state), [[Burtas]] and [[North Caucasian Huns]] were titled elteber or some variant such as '''''Ilutwer''''', '''''Ilutver''''' ([[North Caucasian Huns]]), '''''Yiltawar''''' or '''İltäbär''' ([[Volga Bulgaria]]) (until 969). An Elteber ([[Almış]]) is known to have met the famous [[Muslim]] traveller [[Ibn Fadlan]] and requested assistance from the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] of [[Baghdad]].
In the case of the Khazar [[Khaganate]], the rulers of such [[vassal]] peoples as the [[Volga Bulgars]] (only until 969, after that they were independent and created a powerful state), [[Burtas]] and [[North Caucasian Huns]] were titled elteber or some variant such as '''''Ilutwer''''', '''''Ilutver''''' ([[North Caucasian Huns]]), '''''Yiltawar''''' or '''İltäbär''' ([[Volga Bulgaria]]) (until 969). An Elteber ([[Almış]]) is known to have met the famous [[Muslim]] traveller [[Ibn Fadlan]] and requested assistance from the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] of [[Baghdad]].


The earliest extant mention of the term is for a ruler of the [[North Caucasian Huns]] in the 680s, referred to in [[Christianity|Christian]] sources from [[Caucasian Albania]] as ''[[Alp Ilutuer]]''. The title was also mentioned in ''Letter to [[Kültegin]]'' in 732. It was used by rulers of pre-Islamic Volga Bulgaria during the period of their vassalage to the Khazars.
The earliest extant mention of the term is for a ruler of the [[North Caucasian Huns]] in the 680s, referred to in [[Christianity|Christian]] sources from [[Caucasian Albania]] as ''[[Alp Ilutuer]]''. The title was also mentioned in ''Letter to [[Kültegin]]'' in 732. It was used by rulers of pre-Islamic Volga Bulgaria during the period of their vassalage to the Khazars.

Rásonyi (1942:92), apud Golden (1980:149), glossed an "il teber" as "one who steps on the ''il'' at the head of conquered tribes"; with ''il'' descending from Proto-Turkic *''ēl'' "realm" (Clauson, 1972:121; Sevortijan, 1974:339) whereas ''täbär'' from Turkic root *''täp-'' "to kick with foot" (or *''tep-'' / *''dēp-'' "to stamp, tramp"). However, [[Marcel Erdal|Erdal]] (2007:81-82) objects to Rásonyi's proposal: Erdal points out that "the Orkhon Turkic aorist of ''täp-'' would be ''täpär''" and instead suggests a non-Turkic origin for the title. [[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas]] (2016:72–73) proposes an Iranian etymology; he compares the Turkic title ''(H)elteber'' to Manichean [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] ''l’dβr'', Written [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] ''δātβar'', Sogdian ''ryttpyr'' / ''dyttpyr'' (*''litbir''), etc. from Middle Iranian *''lātbär'' < [[Proto-Iranian language|Old Iranian]] *''dāta-bara'' "who brings the law", ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] roots *''dʰēH'' "to put, place" & ''bʰer-'' "to bring", respectively.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Volga Bulgaria]]
*[[Volga Bulgaria]]
*[[Ibn Fadlan]]
*[[Eastern Europe]]
*[[Eastern Europe]]
*[[Zunbils|Rutbils of Zabulistan]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*[[Kevin Alan Brook]]. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
*[[Kevin Alan Brook]]. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018.
*[[Gerard Clauson]]. “él:”, in ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
*[[Douglas M. Dunlop]]. ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
*[[Douglas M. Dunlop]]. ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
*[[Peter B. Golden]]. ''Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars.'' Budapest: Akademia Kiado, 1980.
*[[Marcel Erdal]], "The Khazar Language" in ''The World of the Khazars''. Brill, 2007. pp.&nbsp;75–108.
*[[Peter B. Golden]]. ''Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars.'' Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980.
*[[Norman Golb]] and [[Omeljan Pritsak]], ''Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century.'' Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.
*[[Norman Golb]] and [[Omeljan Pritsak]], ''Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
*[[András Róna-Tas]], "[https://www.academia.edu/10108013/Bayan_and_Asparuch Bayan and Asparuχ. Nine Notes on Turks and Iranians in East Europe]", in Éva Á. Csató ''et al.''(ed.), ''Turks and Iranians. Interactions in Language and History.'' ''The Gunnar Jarring Memorial Program at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study.'' (''Turcologica'', Vol. 105), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-447-10537-8, pp.&nbsp;65–78.
*Ervand Sevortjan. ''Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages'' (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2fturcet&text_number=1382&root=config "*tep- / *dēp-"] in [[Sergei Starostin]], [[Vladimir Dybo]], Oleg Mudrak (2003), ''Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages'', Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.


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{{Khazaria}}

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[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Khazar titles]]
[[Category:Khazar titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Volga Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Volga Bulgaria]]
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[[Category:Titles of the Göktürks]]
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{{CAsia-hist-stub}}


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{{Khazaria}}

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{{CAsia-hist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:58, 18 January 2024

Trilingual coin of Tegin Shah towards the end of his reign. Iranian god Adur on the reverse. Obverse legend: "His Excellence, the Iltäbär of Khalaj, Worshipper of the highest God, His Excellence, the King, the divine Tegin […]".[1] Date in Pahlavi: 728 CE

An elteber (Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼, romanized: elteber[2] or (h)elitbär; Chinese 頡利發 xié-lì-fā < EMCh: *γεt-liH-puat) was a client king of an autonomous but tributary tribe or polity in the hierarchy of the Turkic khaganates including Khazar Khaganate.

In the case of the Khazar Khaganate, the rulers of such vassal peoples as the Volga Bulgars (only until 969, after that they were independent and created a powerful state), Burtas and North Caucasian Huns were titled elteber or some variant such as Ilutwer, Ilutver (North Caucasian Huns), Yiltawar or İltäbär (Volga Bulgaria) (until 969). An Elteber (Almış) is known to have met the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Fadlan and requested assistance from the Abbasids of Baghdad.

The earliest extant mention of the term is for a ruler of the North Caucasian Huns in the 680s, referred to in Christian sources from Caucasian Albania as Alp Ilutuer. The title was also mentioned in Letter to Kültegin in 732. It was used by rulers of pre-Islamic Volga Bulgaria during the period of their vassalage to the Khazars.

Rásonyi (1942:92), apud Golden (1980:149), glossed an "il teber" as "one who steps on the il at the head of conquered tribes"; with il descending from Proto-Turkic *ēl "realm" (Clauson, 1972:121; Sevortijan, 1974:339) whereas täbär from Turkic root *täp- "to kick with foot" (or *tep- / *dēp- "to stamp, tramp"). However, Erdal (2007:81-82) objects to Rásonyi's proposal: Erdal points out that "the Orkhon Turkic aorist of täp- would be täpär" and instead suggests a non-Turkic origin for the title. Róna-Tas (2016:72–73) proposes an Iranian etymology; he compares the Turkic title (H)elteber to Manichean Bactrian l’dβr, Written Sogdian δātβar, Sogdian ryttpyr / dyttpyr (*litbir), etc. from Middle Iranian *lātbär < Old Iranian *dāta-bara "who brings the law", ultimately from Proto-Indo-European roots *dʰēH "to put, place" & bʰer- "to bring", respectively.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. "The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF "KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH" Chorasan Tegin Shah". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
  2. ^ Ethno Cultural Dictionary, TÜRIK BITIG
  • Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018.
  • Gerard Clauson. “él:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
  • Douglas M. Dunlop. The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
  • Marcel Erdal, "The Khazar Language" in The World of the Khazars. Brill, 2007. pp. 75–108.
  • Peter B. Golden. Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980.
  • Norman Golb and Omeljan Pritsak, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
  • András Róna-Tas, "Bayan and Asparuχ. Nine Notes on Turks and Iranians in East Europe", in Éva Á. Csató et al.(ed.), Turks and Iranians. Interactions in Language and History. The Gunnar Jarring Memorial Program at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study. (Turcologica, Vol. 105), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-447-10537-8, pp. 65–78.
  • Ervand Sevortjan. Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
  • "*tep- / *dēp-" in Sergei Starostin, Vladimir Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003), Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
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